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This paper introduces the joint problem of locating hubs on a network and determining transportation prices between the hubs. Two levels of decision makers are present in the problem acting non-cooperatively: hub transportation provider and customers. The objective of the hub transportation provider is to locate hubs and to set the prices (per unit of commodity) of crossing the hub arcs maximizing its profit, whereas the customers aim is to send their commodities, in the cheapest way, having the possibility of using the hub arcs at the price set by the hub transportation provider or using the existing network at a predefined tariff. The problem is modeled as a nonlinear bilevel programming formulation, which is in turn linearized, and strengthened through variable reductions as well as valid inequalities. The case in which the price of each hub arc is determined by applying a common discount factor to the predefined tariff in the existing network is also studied. Computational results of mixed integer programming models and a metaheuristic on instances adapted from the literature are presented.

This paper introduces a multi-period, two-dimensional vehicle loading and dispatching problem, called Two-Dimensional Vehicle Loading and Dispatching Problem with Incompatibility Constraints (VLDP). The problem concerns preparing a single-origin single-destination transportation plan of loading required orders to vehicles at the origin and dispatching the vehicles to deliver the orders to the destination within their due dates. The decision maker uses their own fleet of vehicles, with each vehicle having a fixed transportation cost per trip, and may outsource additional vehicles at a higher cost. VLDP involves constraints regarding the due dates of the orders, pairwise incompatibility of orders packed in the same vehicle, incompatibility of orders and vehicles, as well as area and weight capacity of the vehicles. An order can be delivered earlier than its due date, incurring an earliness penalty due to storage requirements at the destination. The objective is to minimize the total vehicle usage and earliness penalty costs. A Mixed-Integer Linear Programming model (MILP) is provided, as well as an Adaptive Large Neighbourhood Search (ALNS) algorithm. Results of computational experiments on instances derived from real-world data show the effectiveness of the ALNS algorithm.

Bu çalışma, Ankara ilinde bitkisel gıda ürünü işleyip ihracat faaliyetinde bulunan gıda sanayi işletmelerinin mevcut durumlarını ve sosyo-ekonomik yapılarını ortaya koymak, üretim ve ihracat faaliyetlerini incelemek, karşılaşılan sorunları belirlemek ve çözüm önerileri geliştirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmada Ankara ilinde bitkisel gıda ürünü işleyip ihracat faaliyetinde bulunan 60 adet gıda sanayi işletmesi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırmaya gönüllü olarak katılan 43 işletmeye uygulanan anketler yardımıyla veri ve bilgiler toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre işletmelerin %86,05’i işletme sahibi, %13,95’i ise profesyonel yönetici tarafından yönetildiği belirlenmiştir. İşletmelerin %58,92’sinin üretimde kullandığı hammaddeyi diğer illerden temin ettiği, %54,98’inin faaliyetlerini ulusal çapta sürdürdüğü, %46.52’sinin fiili ihracat değerlerinin toplam ciro içindeki payı %1 ile %10 arasında gerçekleştiği ve %25,58’inin reklam ve tanıtım faaliyetlerini kullanmadığı belirlenmiştir. İşletmeler için vergi yüksekliği ve nitelikli işgücü sorunu üretimde dikkati çekmektedir. Ayrıca işletmelerin ihracatta karşılaştığı sorunların; işgücü maliyetlerinin yüksekliği, nitelikli personel bulunamaması, finansman yetersizliği, nakliye sorunları, navlun hizmetlerinin yüksekliği, ihracat teşviklerinin yetersizliği ve döviz kuru değişimlerinin olumsuz etkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir., This study was carried out in order to reveal the current status and socio-economic structures of the food industry enterprises that process and export food products of non-animal origin in Ankara, to examine their production and export activities, to identify the problems encountered and to develop solutions. In the research, it has been determined that there are 60 food industry enterprises that process food products of non-animal origin and engage in export activities in the province of Ankara. However, data and information were collected with the help of questionnaires applied to 43 enterprises that voluntarily participated in the research. According to the results obtained from the enterprises, it has been determined that 86.05% of the enterprises are managed by their owners, and it was determined that 13.95% are managed by a professional manager. It has been determined that 58.92% of the enterprises procure the raw materials used in production from other provinces, 54.98% continue their activities on a national scale, and it has been determined that the share of actual export values in the total turnover of 46,52% is between 1% and 10%, and 25.58% of them do not use advertising and promotion activities. The high tax rate and the problem of qualified labor for businesses draw attention in production. In addition, the problems faced by enterprises in exporting have been determined to have high labor costs, a lack of qualified personnel, insufficient financing, transportation problems, high freight services, insufficient export incentives, and exchange rate changes.

A four-year-old Anatolian Shepherd bitch was brought to our clinic with an intermittent purulent-hemorrhagic vaginal discharge complaint with no general symptoms for six months following the last parturition. There were no signs of mass or lesion on the vaginal wall during physical examination. Anechogenic uterine content, hyperechoic structures freely floating in the lumen, and suspicious fetal tissue remnants were detected by ultrasonography in only the left uterine horn. Hematological parameters revealed the chronic uterine infection. The unilateral ovariohysterectomy operation was performed for the more affected left horn to maintain the patient’s fertility. Two fetal bone remnants were detected in the reddish infectious uterine content at the postsurgical uterine incision. Throughout the postoperative five months, vaginal discharge or any general signs of complication were not observed. We thought that the last fetus might have undergone uterine retention and autolysis in the following weeks, which caused the chronic uterine infection. Obstetrical controls are well-advised in all parturitions to reveal any fetal remnant cases/complications and to have a normal postpartum process.

Laparoscopic artificial insemination technique (LAI) is described to overcome reduced fertility problems in sheep artificial insemination (AI) programmes with frozen semen. Later on, this technology was modified for endangered non-domestic cats to deposit low quality or reduced number of sperm cells hardly obtained by electro-ejaculation into the oviduct. This technique by passes the complex structure of cervix and efficiently transfers the sperm cells to the point of fertilization. In recent years, rabbits are becoming popular transgenic animal models producing various therapeutic and commercial products, as well as being experimental animals for disease models. The worldwide transportation of frozen semen and re-establishment of transgenic lines using AI technology has become a common practice. Therefore, this study was designed to describe a laparoscopic intrauterine insemination technique, which might assist in conceiving the animals with limited number of sperm cells. The female rabbits were laparoscopically (n = 22) or vaginally (n = 13) inseminated with frozen-thawed semen samples containing approximately 10 × 106 motile sperm. The laparoscopic insemination technique provided higher pregnancy rate (45.5%) than vaginal insemination technique (7.7%) (p < .05). In conclusion, the described laparoscopic AI might be a new alternative technique, thus enabling limited or low-quality frozen sperm samples to establish pregnancy in rabbits.

In canine geriatric medicine has many different research areas such as cardiology, endocrinology, dentistry. However, diagnosing many related diseases and complications can be late related to thoughts that spayed dog's genital exams are thought of as unneeded approaches. Reproductive infections, mammary/gynecologic tumoural diseases, and their complications decrease their life quality and have a considerable mortality rate in aged intact and spayed bitches. Therefore, an effective gynecologic health check program supported with different imaging techniques is highly needed in small animal clinics. In this review, it is planned an annual gynecologic examination for older/geriatrics dogs and presented the main steps to early diagnose and prevent genital diseases with high mortality and lower their life quality and longevity.

The effectiveness of infrared thermography (IRT) in the diagnosis of pseudopregnant rabbits, the change of these images in the pseudopregnancy process, and its relationship with serum progesterone (P4) level was investigated. Fourteen healthy female rabbits of New Zealand breed were divided into two study groups. Pseudopregnancy induction was performed in the first study group with GnRH injection (0.2 ml Buserelin acetate, intramuscularly) on the 0th day of the study (Group 1, n=7). The second group (Group 2, n=7) was given placebo (0.2 ml 0.9% NaCl, intramuscularly). Rectal temperature was taken from all rabbits on days 0-5-10 and 15, eye, nasal tip, and vulvar IRT were applied, and serum P4 valueswere measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. In the pseudopregnant group, the temperatures of the eyes, nose, and vulva were higher on the 10th day (p

We solve a delivery problem arising in e-commerce logistics. We consider a retailer with an online store and a network of stores operating in an omni-channel strategy. The fulfillment decision for an online order, which contains a number of items, involves the allocation of these items to the stores where they are available and the selection of one store for consolidation of the items into the final package to be dispatched to the customer. The transportation between the stores and the customer is handled by a third-party logistic provider which uses a concave pricing policy based on the distance between the origin and the destination, as well as on the weight of the items. We present an online problem which is defined for a set of orders placed over time, and a mixed integer programming formulation defined for each order. The main characteristics of this problem are that the solution of the formulation for each order impacts those of the subsequent orders, and the problem must be solved in real time. For the solution of the formulation, we propose an iterative matheuristic based on the solution of the set covering model and local search. Computational results on randomly generated instances are provided, which demonstrate that our algorithm is capable of producing high-quality results.

Hiring is a fundamental, frequent activity for all organizations. Hiring decisions have been reported to be subject to conscious and unconscious biases in the literature. The field of Computational Ethics aims to quantify and maximize the ethicality of decisions. This paper attempts to apply Computational Ethics to the shortlisting process in hiring through the use of Linear Programming. Given a set of applicants for a job with numerical qualification values, the author aims to determine weights for each qualification type to compute scores and resulting rankings for each applicant. To this end, Abstract Moral Theories of Utilitarianism, Maximin/Leximin, Egalitarianism, and Prioritarianism are utilized and applied to a set of randomly generated applicant data. Computational experiments demonstrate that the models are scalable and return interpretable results. The necessity of a quota-based shortlisting system to alleviate disadvantaged candidates is highlighted. The author recommends the use of the Maximin model and iteratively eliminating the applicant with the lowest score. WOS:000823108100003 2-s2.0-85117366761 Science Citation Index Expanded Q1-Q2 Article Uluslararası işbirliği ile yapılan - EVET Temmuz 2022 YÖK - 2021-22

Marine algae, which are the primary producers living in aquatic areas, are the subject of many studies due to their importance as they are eukaryotic and eutrophic organisms that play a crucial role in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, fuel, and textile industries. Macroalgae are known in producing several macronutrients, micronutrients, and other important biologically active compounds (e.g. polyphenols, enzymes, and antibiotics) with potential pharmacological uses. In this research, we aimed to investigate the chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities (with three assays), total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents of the methanol, ethanol, acetone, and water extracts of Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot. The LC-ESI-MS/MS assessment allowed the identification of seven compounds containing gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hidroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, salicylic acid, biochanin A, and diosgenin. TPC and TFC of the extracts were calculated as in the range of 10.34±0.13-64.67±0.02 µg GAEs/mg extract and 12.73±2.68-36.78±1.08 µg QEs/mg extract, respectively. All extracts of C. fragile showed antimicrobial activity against all test pathogens at different levels. The methanol, ethanol, and acetone extracts showed different levels of activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria (MIC: 3.125-1.562 mg/mL). The water extract showed the highest activity in ABTS•+ (70.43±14.85%) and DPPH• (72.61±11.44%) assays while the acetone extract exhibited the best activity in CUPRAC (absorbance: 0.60±0.15) assay. The results we obtained approved that C. fragile could be valued as a natural source of bioactive agents for food preservatives and in other industrial and pharmaceutical fields. Sucul alanlarda yaşayan birincil üreticiler olan deniz algleri, önemleri nedeniyle birçok araştırmaya konu olmakla birlikte ilaç, kozmetik, gıda, yakıt ve tekstil endüstrilerinde önemli rol oynayan ökaryotik ve ötrofik organizmalardır. Makroalgler, potansiyel farmakolojik kullanımları olan birkaç makro besin, mikro besin ve diğer önemli biyolojik olarak aktif bileşikler (örneğin polifenoller, enzimler ve antibiyotikler) üretmesiyle bilinmektedir. Bu araştırmada, Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot 1889’un metanol, etanol, aseton ve su ekstrelerinin kimyasal bileşimi, antimikrobiyal ve antioksidan aktiviteleri (3 yöntem ile), toplam fenolik (TPC) ve flavonoid (TFC) içeriklerini araştırmayı amaçlandı. LC-ESI-MS/MS analizleri gallik asit, 4-hidroksibenzaldehit, 4-hidroksibenzoik asit, p-kumarik asit, salisilik asit, biokanin A ve diosgenin içeren yedi bileşiğin tanımlanmasına izin verdi. Ekstrelerin TPC ve TFC değerleri sırasıyla 10,34±0,13-64,67±0,02 µg GAEs/mg ekstre ve 12,73±2,68-36,78±1,08 µg QEs/mg ekstre olarak hesaplandı. Metanol, etanol ve aseton ekstreleri gram negatif ve gram pozitif bakterilere karşı farklı seviyelerde aktivite göstermiştir (MİK: 3.125-1.562 mg/mL). Su ekstresi ABTS•+ (%70,43±14,85) ve DPPH• (%72,61±11,44) testlerine en yüksek aktiviteyi gösterirken, aseton ekstresi CUPRAC (absorbans: 0,60±0,15) testinde en yüksek aktiviteyi gösterdi. Elde ettiğimiz sonuçlar, C. fragile'in gıda koruyucuları ve diğer endüstriyel ve farmasötik alanlarda doğal bir biyoaktif madde kaynağı olarak değerlendirilebileceğini onaylamaktadır.

The Workload Allocation Problem consists of assigning a sequence of (Formula presented.) operations to workers. The order of these operations is fixed. Each operation consists of a batch of B units, hence a total of (Formula presented.) jobs have to be performed. Each worker is assigned to an ordered subset of consecutive jobs. Workers have different skills, and therefore jobs take a variable time to process, depending on the assigned worker. The study of this problem is rooted in the operations of Calzedonia. In this paper, we briefly introduce the application before presenting algorithms for solving the problem exactly and heuristically. Our computational results compare the performance of a stand-alone mathematical formulation solved by CPLEX, a sequential exact algorithm, and a metaheuristic, with a simple heuristic implemented in the company.

The amount of food waste production in China catering industry is approximately 17–18 Mt per year. This sector accounts for about 20% of the total food losses in China. China's National Development and Reform commission has ratified 100 pilot cities in five batches to implement food waste treatment projects. Almost the 80% of these projects is based on anaerobic digestion. So, it is very important to understand clearly which is the environmental impact of these new bioenergy, or waste to energy, chains (especially at a small scale). For this reason, a Life Cycle Assessment case study is presented in this work, based on an anaerobic digestion plant, fed with the non edible food waste produced by 29 canteens, which operate inside the campus of the Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST). The analyzed impacts are: Climate Change, Acidification, Eutrophication, and Photochemical Oxidation. The functional unit is represented by 1 kWh of produced electricity. This work demonstrates that small scale biogas plants can be realized inside big Chinese University campuses and can efficiently reduce the environmental impact of food waste management, especially if the pyrolysis process is coupled to dispose the digestate.

The main purpose of examining multiparous species with real-time ultrasonography is to determine the gestational age and make various fetal measurements for early diagnosis of growth anomalies and sibling mismatches. This study investigated changes in fetometric measurements, obstetric Doppler indices and placental image analysis results based on gestational age and fetal location in fetuses located cranially and caudally between 16 and 24 days gestation in 22 healthy pregnant New Zealand rabbits. The first study group consisted of fetuses positioned at the cranial end (n = 22) while the second group consisted of fetuses positioned at the caudal end (n = 22) in each pregnancy. Fetal biparietal head diameter (BPD) and trunk diameter (TD) were measured, and mean grayness values (MGV) were determined from placental image analysis of each fetus. Using Doppler USG, the pulsatile (PI) and resistance (RI) indices of the uterine artery (UtA) and umbilical artery (UmA) were recorded. By the end of the study, BPD and TD values for cranial and caudal fetuses had significantly increased with gestational age (P 0.001). The MGV values of caudal fetuses were significantly higher (except for the 16th day) (P 0.05). The UtA PI value of the caudal fetuses was significantly higher (except for the 18th day) (P 0.01). The UtA RI values of caudal fetuses were significantly higher than cranial ones on the 16 and 24th days (P 0.05). The PI of the UmA increased until the 20th day before decreasing significantly in both study groups (P 0.001). The UmA RI value decreased according to the gestational age in both groups (P 0.001). It was significantly higher in the caudal fetuses on the 20th day (P 0.05). The somatic rate of all fetuses peaked at the end of the second trimester, although caudal fetuses had higher fetometric values, and this location difference also affected placental echotexture. In both vessels of caudal fetuses, pulsatility and resistance values were higher. The 20th day of pregnancy was a threshold for the Doppler exam results. In conclusion, growth and metabolic status of fetuses located in different uterine locations in healthy pregnant New Zealand rabbits vary. Based on the these growth curves and hemodynamic data, more comprehensive studies of intrauterine life may be possible.

This paper addresses a humanitarian logistics problem connected with the Syrian refugee crisis. The ongoing conflict in Syria has caused displacement of millions of people. Cash-based interventions play an important role in aiding people in the post-crisis period to enhance their well-being in the medium and longer term. The paper presents a study on how to design a network of administrative facilities to support the roll-out of cash-based interventions. The resulting multi-level network consists of a central registration facility, local temporary facilities, mobile facilities and vehicles for door-to-door visits. The goal is to reach the maximum number of eligible beneficiaries within a specified time period while minimizing logistics costs, subject to a limit on total security risk exposure. A mixed integer programming model is formulated to optimize the inter-related facility location and routing decisions under multiple objectives. The authors develop a hierarchical multi-objective metaheuristic algorithm to obtain efficient solutions. An application of the model and the solution algorithm to real data from a region in the southeast of Turkey is presented, with associated managerial insights., ESRC; Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK)

In this study, firstly 4-chloroacetyldiphenylether was synthesized from the reaction of diphenylether with chloroacetylchloride at AlCl3 catalysis. Then, 4-phenoxyphenyl-chloroglyoxime was obtained from reaction of isonitroso-4-acetyldiphenylether and hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Subsequently, substituted-amino glyoxime derivatives were originally synthesized from the reaction of this phenoxyphenylchloroglyoxime with 2-amino-4-phenylthiazole and 2-fluorenamine. The structures of the obtained compounds were tried to be elucidated using FT-IR and 1H-NMR techniques. In addition, Anti-bacterial properties of two starting materials synthesized, substituted-aminoglioxime derivatives synthesized and two amine compounds were investigated against the strains of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (MSSA), Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 70603, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076 and Sarcina lutea ATCC 9341., Bu çalışmada önce difenileterin kloroasetilklorür ile AlCl3 katalizörlüğündeki reaksiyonundan 4-kloroasetildifenileter sentezlenmiştir. Sonra bunun nitrosolama metoduyla isonitroso-4-asetildifenileteri ve hidroksilaminhidroklorür ile asidik ortamdaki reaksiyonundan 4-fenoksifenilkloroglioksimi elde edildi. Daha sonra bu anti-fenoksifenilkloroglioksimin 2-amino-4-feniltiyazol ve 2-fluorenamin ile reaksiyonundan orijinal olarak sübstitüe-aminogliksim türevleri sentezlendi. Elde edilen bileşiklerin yapıları FT-IR ve 1H-NMR teknikleri kullanılarak aydınlatıldı. Ayrıca sentezlenen iki başlangıç maddesi, sentezlenen sübstitüe-aminoglioksim türevleri ve iki amin bileşiğinin, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, metisilin duyarlı Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (MSSA), Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 70603, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076 ve Sarcina lutea ATCC 9341 suşlarına karşı anti-bakteriyel özellikleri araştırıldı.

This paper presents new structural properties for the carrier–vehicle traveling salesman problem. The authors provide a new mixed-integer second-order conic optimization formulation, with associated optimality cuts based on the structural properties, and an iterated local search (ILS) algorithm. Computational experiments on instances from the literature demonstrate the superiority of the new formulation to the existing models and algorithms in the literature, and the high-quality solutions found by the ILS algorithm.

It is known that components such as polyphenols, flavonoids and polysaccharides have antimicrobial activity in macroalgae in aquatic environments. In this study, it was aimed to determine the antimicrobial activities of E.intestinalis (L.) Nees methanol, 70% ethanol and water extracts against different pathogenic microorganisms, which are economically important marine macroalgae. According to Broth Microdilution Method; Antimicrobial activities of different extracts of the studied species against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, Sarcina lutea and Bacillus cereus standard bacterial strains and Candida albicans fungus strain were evaluated by determining the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC).According to the findings, it was observed that the water extract of the studied species showed no antimicrobial activity against any test organism. The methanol extract of E.intestinalis was found to have antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina lutea ,Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans strain, while ethanol extract was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,Sarcina lutea and Candida albicans strains. The highest antibacterial effect was observed in E.intestinalis (L.) Nees methanol extract and the most effective strain was Bacillus cereus (0.390 mg/ml). Nowadays, algae are of great importance in terms of being very useful drug raw material, containing the basic components, being more effective and less toxic, as well as being models for drugs with original drug-like physiological activity. Since the data obtained with this study are intended for prospective application, it is thought that alternative drug applications will be provided as a basis for the studies aimed at reducing the use of commonly used antibiotic and antifungal agents against pathogenic microorganisms.

ΔΕΝ ΔΙΑΤΙΘΕΤΑΙ ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ, A four-year-old pluriparous sheep was brought to our clinic with the complaints of mild anorexia and a wound on the ventral abdominal area, with part of a dead lamb protruding from this lesion. Clinical examination revealed that there was a fetal retention into the ruptured gravid uterine horn that was trapped within a ventral hernia. At herniorrhaphy after removing the dead fetus, strong connections between the uterine and abdominal wall and chronic scars/necrosed tissues were detected in the wound edges, which revealed the long time lapse between the unnoticed herniation-tearing and surgery. Although many ventral hernia cases have been reported in ovine pregnancies, the high maternal resilience in this ruptured hysterocele case, which had a two-week-old history at minimum, is clinically remarkable.

This paper introduces the static bike relocation problem with multiple vehicles and visits, the objective of which is to rebalance at minimum cost the stations of a bike sharing system using a fleet of vehicles. The vehicles have identical capacities and service time limits, and are allowed to visit the stations multiple times. We present an integer programming formulation, implemented under a branch-and-cut scheme, in addition to an iterated local search metaheuristic that employs efficient move evaluation procedures. Results of computational experiments on instances ranging from 10 to 200 vertices are provided and analyzed. We also examine the impact of the vehicle capacity and of the number of visits and vehicles on the performance of the proposed algorithms.

Bu araştırmanın amacı, kış sporuyla uğraşan sporcuların sporda imgeleme ile sportif güven arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın evrenini, kış sporu ile uğraşan sporcular oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma örneklemini; 6 spor branşından (buz hokeyi, curling, snowboard, alp disiplini, kayaklı koşu, kayak) yaşları 18 ile 30 arasında değişen 74 kadın ve 131 erkek olmak üzere toplam 205 sporcu oluşturmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmada sporcuların sporda imgeleme ile sportif güven arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda araştırmaya katılan sporcuların sporda imgeleme alt boyutları ile sportif güven arasındaki puanlarının; cinsiyet, spor türü, spor tipi, spor yaşı, millilik süreleri arasında istatistiki olarak pozitif yönlü, millilik durumu ve yaş grupları arasında negatif yönlü bir ilişkinin olduğu saptanmıştır., In this study, it is aimed for analyzing of relationship between imagination in sports and sportive confidence of athletes who are interested in winter sports. Subjects of the study are composed of the athletes who are interested in winter sports. Research samples include 74 females and 131 males totally 205 athletes from different sport branches (ice hockey, curling, snowboard, alpine style, biathlon and skiing) and aging from 18 to 30. It has been found that there is an important relation between imagination in sports and confidence in sports. According to results, we found that there is a positive relationship between sub dimensions of imagery in sports and confidence in sports; gender, sport branches, sport type, sport aging and duration of being national athlete and a negative relationship in being national athlete and age groups.

Effect of sericin pretreatment of sperm cells on the osmotic tolerance, ability to undergo acrosome reaction induced by calcium ionophore (CI), heparin (H) or lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), post-thaw sperm quality and in vivo fertility was evaluated in four successive experiments in rabbit. In experiment 1, fresh semen was pretreated with sericin (0, 0.1% or 0.5% w/v) before exposing to fructose solutions adjusted to either 50, 100, 290, 500 or 1000 mOsm/L. Sericin pretreatment increased sperm livability in addition to live-membrane intact and total membrane intact sperm rates (P < 0.05) in 50 and 290 mOsm/L groups. In experiment 2, sperm samples were pretreated by either 0.1 or 0.5% sericin after removal of the semen plasma. CI, H or LPC were used to induce acrosome reaction in pretreated sperm samples. Sericin pretreatment, reduced the ability of sperm cells to undergo acrosome reaction (P < 0.05) in vitro. In experiment 3, ejaculates were frozen with or without sericin pretreatment in DMSO-sucrose extender. In post-thaw samples sericin pretreatment improved total and progressive motility, livability, membrane and acrosome integrity in a dose dependent manner (P < 0.05). In vivo fertility trials by artificial inseminations revealed contradictory results in experiment 4. Although 0.5% sericin pretreatment totally inhibited fertility, 0.1% sericin provided high pregnancy rates. In conclusion; sericin pretreatment enhances osmotic tolerance and post-thaw sperm quality, but reduces the ability of rabbit sperm cells to undergo in vitro induced acrosome reaction, but this effect is restored in vivo by dose dependent manner.

In this report, an unusual condition of fetal maceration conveyed with retention of fetal debris was diagnosed 5-months after breeding in a hound bitch. A five years old bitch due to loss of appetite and abdominal distention, five months after breeding. Although presenting a distended belly and mammary glands, no signs of parturition have been reported. At surgery, a reddish free intra-abdominal fluid was suctioned, and hysterectomy was performed; ovaries were not excised to avoid any compromise of hunting performance. Fur and bone remnants floating in a brown-green, mucous and odorless fluid were detected at inspection of the uterus. In this case, the evaluation of the uterus showed that all the fetuses underwent maceration and autolysis at least 3 months after the pregnancy putative, apparently without any ascending bacterial contamination. Although it was seen that compatible with chronic uterine inflammation findings (leukocytosis and anemia), closed cervical position and odorless uterine content may be an unusual sequel to canine fetal death.

Kış Sporları ile ilgilenen Sporcuların Sporda İmgeleme ile Sportif Güven Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesiAmaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, kış sporuyla uğraşan sporcuların sporda imgeleme ile sportif güven arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir.Materyol ve Metot: Araştırmanın evrenini, kış sporu ile uğraşan sporcular oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma örneklemini; 6 spor branşından (buz hokeyi, curling, snowboard, alp disiplini, kayaklı koşu, kayak) yaşları 18 ile 30 arasında değişen 74 bayan ve 131 erkek olmak üzere toplam 205 sporcu oluşturmaktadır.Veri toplamak amacı ile tüm katılımcılara sosyodemografik veri formu ile Sporda İmgeleme Envanteri (SİE) ve Sürekli Sportif Güven Envanteri (SSGE) ölçekleri uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizi IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 paket programı ile yapılmıştır. Sosyodemografik veriler için frekans analizi, normal dağılımın belirlenmesi için Shapiro – Wilk testi, ölçek puanlarının cinsiyet, spor türü, spor tipi ve millilik durumuna göre dağılımını incelemek için Independent-Samples T- Testi, sporcuları spor yaşı, yaş grupları ve millilik süreleri değişkenlerinin belirlenmesi için One-Way ANOVA ve LSD testi, ölçekler arası ilişkinin belirlenmesi için korelasyon analizi uygulamıştır. Analizlerde istatistiki anlamlılık düzeyi (p≤0.05) olarak alınmıştır.Bulgular: Yapılan çalışmada sporcuların sporda imgeleme ile sportif güven arasında anlamlı bir ilişki (p≤0.05) bulunmuştur.Sonuç: Çalışma sonucunda araştırmaya katılan sporcuların sporda imgeleme alt boyutları ile sportif güven arasındaki puanlarının; cinsiyet, spor türü, spor tipi, spor yaşı, millilik süreleri arasında istatistiki olarak pozitif yönlü (p>0.05), millilik durumu ve yaş grupları arasında negatif yönlü bir ilişkinin olduğu saptanmıştır (p≤0.05).Anahtar Kelimeler: Güven, imgeleme, spor, sporcu. An Analysis of Relationship Between Imagination in Sports and Sportive Confidence of Athletes Who Are Interested in Winter SportsAim: In this studty, It is aimed at analyzing of relationship between imagination in sports and sportive confidence of athletes who are interested in winter sportsMaterial and Methods: Subjects of the study are composed of the athletes who are interested in winter sports. Research samples include 74 female and 131 male totally 205 athletes from different sport branches (ice hockey, curling, snowboard, Alpine Style, biathlon and skiing) and aging from 18 to 30. Sociodemographic Data Form, Inventory of Imagination in Sports and Constant Inventory of Confidence in Sports were applied all participants to collect data. IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 software is used to analyse the obtained data. Frequency analysis is used for sociodemographical data, Shapiro – Wilk test is applied to determine the normality of scale items, Independent-Samples T- Test is used to analyze the dimensions of scale scores according to gender, sport branches, kind of sport and being national athlete, LSD and One-Way ANOVA tests are used to analyze age of sport, age groups, duration of being national athlete, Correlation Analysis is applied for the relationship between the two scale scores. Significance of analysis is determined as (p≤0.05).Result: It has been found out that there is an important relation between imagination in sports and confidence in sports (p≤0.05).Conclusion: According to results, It has been found out that there is a positive relationship between sub dimensions of imagination in sports and confidence in sports; gender, sport branches, sport type, sport aging and duration of being national athlete (p>.05) and a negative relationship in statue of being national athlete and age groups (p≤0.05).Key Words: Athlete, confidence, imagination, sport. 88

This study presents new exact algorithms for the clustered vehicle routing problem (CluVRP). The CluVRP is a generalization of the capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP), in which the customers are grouped into clusters. As in the CVRP, all the customers must be visited exactly once, but a vehicle visiting one customer in a cluster must visit all the remaining customers therein before leaving it. Based on an exponential time preprocessing scheme, an integer programming formulation for the CluVRP is presented. The formulation is enhanced by a polynomial time graph reduction scheme. Two exact algorithms for the CluVRP, a branch and cut as well as a branch and cut and price, are presented. The computational performances of the algorithms are tested on benchmark instances adapted from the vehicle routing problem literature as well as real-world instances from a solid waste collection application.

Foetal growth and haemodynamic features were investigated in singleton and twin pregnancies in Karya ewes with B-mode/ Doppler ultrasonography. Nineteen healthy singleton (n = 9) and twin (n = 10) pregnant Karya ewes were used. Foetal biometric and haemodynamic measurements were made at 15-day intervals on the 29 foetuses during pregnancy. Biparietal head diameter (BPD), thoracic diameter (TD), umbilical cord diameter (UCD), foetal heart rate (FHR), peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), pulsatility index (PI), and resistance index (RI) were recorded. The BPD was higher in twins on days 55 and 130 of pregnancy (P < 0.05), and the TD was higher in singletons on day 115 of pregnancy (P < 0.01). UCD was higher in twins on day 55 of pregnancy (P < 0.01). On day 130 of pregnancy, PSV and EDV were higher in twin foetuses (P < 0.05). PI and RI were lower in twins on day 40 of pregnancy (P < 0.05). Foetal growth and umbilical artery blood flow show some differences depending on the numbers of foetuses and the gestational stage. Additionally, BPD, TD, and FHR were reliable for estimation of gestational age during twin pregnancies.

The sudden introduction of males to anestrous females stimulates synchronous ovulations. The effectiveness of males to induce this response is androgen dependent. The aim of the present study was to compare the reproductive response of anestrous does to the introduction of teaser bucks treated with or without deslorelin implants, which continuously release a GnRH agonist. While 5 bucks were acutely treated with a single subcutaneous implant containing 7.4 mg of deslorelin (Suprelorin, Virbac) (group Des), other 5 bucks remained as controls (group Con). Each buck was placed with one group of 8 adult females. Deslorelin implants were inserted on Day -6 and from Day 0 to Day 9, bucks were joined with females from 07:00 to 08:00 and from 19:00 to 20:00 every day. Testosterone concentration was measured from blood samples collected twice a day (12 h apart, am/pm) on Days -11, -10, -9 and from Day -6 to Day -1, and collected immediately after buck stimulation from Day 0 to Day 9. Does that came into estrus and that showed short estrous cycles was registered from Day 0 to Day 9. Transrectal ultrasound examination for recording cyclicity on basis of presence of corpus luteum was done between Days 22 and 27, whereas ultrasonographic pregnancy diagnosis was carried out on Day 49. Testosterone concentration was greater in Des than Con bucks before joining them with females (36.0 ± 7.6 nmol/L vs 15.0 ± 6.8 nmol/L; P = 0.04), but the difference disappeared when all the experiment was analyzed together. Non significant differences were observed in reproductive response of does stimulated by treated or control males. Therefore, we concluded that both treated and control bucks were fully capable of inducing reproductive activity in anestrous does.

This paper introduces the Multi-Vehicle Probabilistic Covering Tour Problem (MVPCTP) which extends the Covering Tour Problem (CTP) by incorporating multiple vehicles and probabilistic coverage. As in the CTP, total demand of customers is attracted to the visited facility vertices within the coverage range. The objective function is to maximize the expected customer demand covered. The MVPCTP is first formulated as an integer non-linear programming problem, and then a linearization is proposed, which is strengthened by several sets of valid inequalities. An effective branch-and-cut algorithm is developed in addition to a local search heuristic based on Variable Neighborhood Search to obtain upper bounds. Extensive computational experiments are performed on new benchmark instances adapted from the literature.

Food and beverage sector is a dynamic sector with an intense competition. With the influence of various factors,food consumption habits have changed over time and emerging new trends started to affect the sector, food andbeverage consumption.The aim of this study is to reveal new trends in food and beverage consumption and todetermine the usage patterns of these trends in Turkey's food and beverage sector. As a result of the study; health,convenience, pleasure, sustainability, authenticity approaches have been identified as the five main trends thathave an important place in the food and beverage consumption and also will affect both consumption and thesector in the future., Gıda ve içeceksektörü yoğun rekabete sahip dinamik bir sektördür. Çeşitli faktörlerinetkisiyle zaman içerisinde gıda tüketim alışkanlıkları değişmiş ve ortaya çıkanyeni trendler sektörü, gıda ve içecek tüketimini etkilemeye başlamıştır. Buçalışmanın amacı, gıda ve içecek tüketimindeki yeni trendleri ortaya koymak ve butrendlerin Türkiye gıda ve içecek sektöründeki kullanım şekillerinibelirlemektir. Çalışmanın sonucundasağlık, kolaylık, keyif, sürdürülebilirlik, otantiklik yaklaşımları, gıda veiçecek tüketiminde önemli yere sahip olan ve gelecekte de hem tüketimi hem desektörü etkileyecek olan beş ana trend olarak belirlenmiştir.

Sermayenin, toprak ve emek gibi diğer üretim faktörlerinin üretimdeki verimliliğini yükselttiği için tarım işletmeleri açısından taşıdığı önem açıktır ve rantabl çalışabilmek için işletmelerde gerekli sermaye unsurlarından her birinin belirli oranlarda bulunması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada Ankara ilinde tarımsal kredi kullanan 139 işletmenin sermaye yapıları tespit edilmiştir.Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda işletme başına ortalama 497685 TL olarak hesaplanan aktif sermayenin %74.43’ ünü çiftlik sermayesi, %25.57’sini işletme sermayesi oluşturmaktadır. Aktif sermayenin %58.79'unu toprak sermayesi, %12.61'ini alet ve makine sermayesi, %10.02'si bina sermayesi, %7.26'sı hayvan sermayesinden oluşmaktadır. İşletmeler genelinde sermayenin %83.06' sı öz sermayeden, %16.94'ü ise yabancı sermayeden meydana gelmektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca kredi geri ödenebilirliğini etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi amacıyla lojistik regresyon analizi yapılmış ve kaldıraç oranı, ekonomik rantabilite oranı, arazi varlığı ve tasarruf eğilimi değişkenlerinin bağımlı değişkenle anlamlı derecede ilişkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Retrieving containers from a bay in a port terminal yard is a time consuming activity. The Block Retrieval Problem (BRTP) aims at minimizing the number of relocations, the unproductive moves of hindering containers, while retrieving target containers belonging to a customer. The choice of relocations leads to alternative bay configurations, some of which would minimize the relocations of forthcoming retrievals. The Bi-objective Block Retrieval Problem (2BRTP) includes a secondary objective, the minimization of the expected number of relocations for retrieving the containers of the next customer. This paper provides NP -Hardness proofs for both the BRTP and 2BRTP. A branch-and-bound algorithm and a linear time heuristic are developed for the BRTP; a branch-and-bound algorithm and a beam search algorithm are presented for the 2BRTP. Extensive computational tests on randomly generated instances as well as instances adapted from the literature are performed, and the results are presented.

[EN] We introduce an interesting variant of the well-known Chinese postman problem (CPP). While in the CPP the cost of traversing an edge is a constant (equal to its length), in the variant we present here the cost of traversing an edge depends on its length and on the weight of the vehicle at the moment it is traversed. This problem is inspired by the perspective of minimizing pollution in transportation, since the amount of pollution emitted by a vehicle not only depends on the travel distance but also on its load, among other factors. We define the problem, study its computational complexity, provide two mathematical programming formulations, and propose two metaheuristics for its solution. Extensive computational experiments reveal the extraordinary difficulty of this problem., The work by Angel Corberan, Isaac Plana, and Jose M. Sanchis was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) through [project MTM2015-68097-P] (MINECO/FEDER) and by the Generalitat Valenciana [project GVPROMETEO2013-049]. Gilbert Laporte was supported by the Canadian Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council under [Grant 2015-06189].

This paper introduces the Twin Robot Palletising Problem (TRPP) in which two robots must be scheduled and routed to pick up and deliver products at specified locations along a rail. The robots are initially located at the opposite ends of the rail and must preserve a minimum safe distance from one another. The objective is to minimise the makespan, defined as the time required to complete all operations and for both robots to return to their starting positions. The paper presents a proof of NP-Hardness of the TRPP, as well as two mixed integer linear programming models. Local search operators are introduced, before an iterated local search and an iterated local search and a genetic algorithm are developed, in which a linear-time scheduling algorithm and dynamic programming are utilised to evaluate the quality of solutions. Extensive computational results demonstrate the limits of the mathematical models, the effectiveness of the metaheuristics, and the savings obtained using twin robots instead of a single one.

This paper studies a real-life multi-attribute profit collecting vehicle routing problem, arising in the collection operations of a charity organisation in the United Kingdom. The problem involves a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles of different capacities, mandatory visits to a subset of vertices, time windows, rest requirements associated with maximum driving and working times, and partial collection. A mixed integer programming formulation of the problem is described, along with three matheuristics based on Tabu Search and Large Neighbourhood Search. Computational results on instances derived from the case study are presented, and insights are given from a practical implementation.

Airline companies seek to solve the problem of determining an assignment of crews to a pre-determined flight schedule with minimum total cost, called the Crew Pairing Problem (CPP). Most of the existing studies focus on the CPP of North American airlines, which widely differs from that of most European airline companies in terms of the objective function, the flight structure, and the planning horizon. In this study, we develop an optimization-driven heuristic algorithm that can efficiently handle large-scale instances of the CPP that must be solved on a monthly basis. We perform computational experiments using flight schedules of an European airline company to test the performance of the solution method. Our computational results demonstrate that our algorithm is able to provide high-quality solutions to monthly instances with up to 27 000 flight legs. 2015 Operational Research Society Ltd. Acknowledgements-This project is funded in part by TUBITAK grant 110M308. We thank the five anonymous referees for their valuable comments, which have improved the paper substantially. Scopus

WOS: 000391173600012, Son yıllarda bitkiler ve bitkisel ürünler, düşük toksisite ve yan etkilerinden dolayı farmakoloji ve gıda endüstrilerinde artan bir önem kazanmışlardır. Asteraceae familyasına ait olan Taraxacum cinsi,eski çağlardan buyana geleneksel tıpta kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada iki Taraxacum türünün (Taraxacum mirabile ve Taraxacum farinosum) antioksidan, mutajenik ve antimutajenik özellikleri araştırıldı. Antioksidan özellikler; DPPH radikal süpürme, indirgeme gücü (CUPRAC ve FRAP) ve fosfomolibdenyum yöntemlerini içeren farklı test sistemleri ile araştırıldı. Aynı zamanda toplam fenolik ve toplam flavonoit içerikleri de bildirildi. Mutajenik ve antimutajenik aktiviteler Ames yöntemi ile test edildi. Taraxacum türlerinin orta düzeyde antioksidan ve ortadan güçlüye değişen oranlarda antimutajenik aktiviteye sahip olduğu görüldü. Buna rağmen türler mutajenik bulunmadı. T. mirabile’nin toplam fenolik ve flavonoit içerikleri (23.43 mgGAE/g ekstre ve 4.58 mgRE/g ekstre) T. farinosum’dan (17.54 mgGAE/g ekstre ve 3.37 mgRE/g ekstre) daha yüksek olduğu belirlendi., Plant or plant products have gained increasing importance in pharmacology and food industries in recent years due to their lower toxicity and side effects. The genus Taraxacum belonging to Asteraceae family have been used in traditional medicine since ancient times. In this study, antioxidant, mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of two Taraxacum species namely T. mirabile and T. farinosum were investigated. Antioxidant properties were determined by different test systems including DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power (CUPRAC and FRAP assays) and phosphomolybdenum assays. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also reported. Mutagenic and anti-mutagenic activities were tested by Ames assay. It was seen that Taraxacum species have moderate antioxidant and antimutagenic activities ranging between moderate to strong. However, the species were found to be non-mutagenic. It was determined that total phenolic and flavonoid contents in T. mirabile (23.43 mgGAE/g extract and 4.58 mgRE/g extract) were higher than T. farinosum (17.54 mgGAE/g extract and 3.37 mgRE/g extract).

Agricultural credits which become one of the most important tools of agricultural policies, play a role in adimension that can not be ignored in the develpment of the agriculture sector and in the struggle against ruralpoverty. The existence of the low profit margins in agricultural holdings and obtaining product by providinginput in certain periods necessitates the use of agricultural credits in different structure from other types ofcredits and the occurence of the low interest rates. Due to the problems related with the adequate use of credits inthe agricultural sector, the application of low interest (subsidized ) credits was started for the first time by thedecision of the Council of Ministers in 2004.In this study, it is aimed to determine subsidized credit usage ofagricultural holdings in the province Ankara and Turkey, the distribution in production branches. In thisresearch, according to the results obtained from the data collected through a survey from 139 agriculturalholdings, it was determined that the rate of %32.41 subsidized credits were used in the average of the holdingsbetween the years 2009 and 2013. It has been determined that when the usage rate of the subsidized credit in thefirst group holdings are %25.91, it is %31.98 in the second group and %40.49 in the third group. In addition tointerest rates, reduction of credit costs (31.65%) and formalities (29.50%) have been emphasized in the use ofcredit by the farmers., Tarım politikalarının en önemli araçlarından biri haline gelen tarımsal krediler, tarım sektörünün gelişmesindeve kırsal yoksullukla mücadelede göz ardı edilemeyecek boyutta rol oynamaktadır. Tarım işletmelerinde karmarjının düşük olması ve belirli dönemlerde girdi sağlanarak ürün elde edilmesi, tarımsal kredi kullanımınındiğer kredilerden farklı bir yapıda olmasını ve faiz oranlarının düşüklüğünü zorunlu kılmaktadır. Tarımkesiminde yeterli kredi kullanımına ilişkin yaşanan sorunlar yüzünden, 2004 yılında ilk kez Bakanlar KuruluKararı ile sektörde düşük faizli (sübvansiyonlu) kredi uygulamasına başlanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de veAnkara ilinde tarım işletmelerinin sübvansiyonlu kredi kullanımı ve kredinin üretim kollarına dağılımınınbelirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada 139 tarım işletmesinden anket yoluyla toplanan verilerden elde edilensonuçlara göre, işletmeler ortalamasında 2009-2013 yılları arasında %32.41 oranında sübvansiyonlu kredikullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Sübvansiyonlu kredi kullanım oranı 1. grup işletmelerde %25.91 iken, 2. grupta%31.98 ve 3. grupta %40.49 olarak belirlenmiştir. Çiftçilerin kredi kullanımında, uygun faiz oranı yanında,kredi masrafların düşürülmesi (%31.65) ve formalitelerin azaltılması (%29.50) önemli konular olarak ortayakonulmuştur.

Reproductive biotechnology encompasses powerful tools to enhance the efficiency and profitability of livestock reproduction, production, and product quality. These technologies include genomic selection, evaluation of semen (from bulls, bucks, and rams) using advanced cell and molecular technologies, semen cryopreservation and artificial insemination, estrus synchronization, superovulation of the females (cows, dams, and ewes), ovum pick-up, in vitro fertilization and embryo culture, embryo transfer, and pregnancy detection. The extent of applications of these modern technologies and their economic impacts for livestock production in Turkey are elusive. As a result, there is an urgent need for sound economic analyses, research and education, training of animal producers to facilitate technology transfer, and informing of the public of the benefits of animal biotechnology. The objective of this study was to provide a review of key reproductive technologies and economic analyses of them, followed by an outlook on the future production of cattle, goats, and sheep in Turkey. This review is an important resource for students, researchers, and producers for a better understanding and for the application of cutting-edge biotechnology in efficient, sustainable, and profitable livestock production.

Bu çalışma; Ankara ilinde tüketicilerin ekmek tercihlerine etki edenfaktörlerin belirlenmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada anketekatılacak ekmek tüketici sayısı basit tesadüfi örnekleme yoluyla belirlenmiş veanketler 2015 yılında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, Ankara ilindehane başına günlük 2.4 adet (600 g), kişi başına 1.4 adet (350 g) ekmektüketildiği belirlenmiştir. Kişi başına geleneksel beyaz ekmek 2.3 adet (575g), tam buğday ekmeği 1.3 adet (325 g) olarak tüketilmektedir. Tüketicilerin%59.9’u aldıkları ekmeği aynı gün tüketmediklerini ve bu ekmeklerin %10.1’inihayvan beslemede kullanmak için bayat ekmek toplayan kişilere verildikleriniifade etmişlerdir. Kalan ekmeklerin %2.2’sinin ise çöpe atıldığıbelirlenmiştir. Yapılan korelasyon analizi sonuçlarına göre; ekmek fiyatlarısatın alma gücü açısından farklı gelir düzeyindeki tüketicilere göre farklılıkgöstermektedir. Gelir düzeyi yüksek olan tüketiciler ekmek fiyatlarını düşük,geliri düşük olan tüketiciler ise ekmek fiyatlarını yüksek bulmuşlardır (p, This study was carried out to determine thefactors affecting consumers' bread preferences in Ankara. The number of breadconsumers to participate in the survey was determined by simple random samplingand surveys were conducted in 2015. As a result of the research, it wasdetermined that 2.4 per day (600 g) per householdand 1.4 per person (350 g) of bread were consumed in the province of Ankara.The traditional white bread is consumed as 2.3 pieces (575 g) and whole wheatbread as 1.3 pieces (325 g) per person. 59.9% of the consumers stated that theydid not consume the bread they bought the same day and they were given to thepeople who collected stale bread to use 10.1% of these breads for animalfeeding. It was determined that 2.2% of the remaining breads were garbage.According to the results of correlation analysis; Bread prices differ in termsof purchasing power from consumers with different income levels. Consumers witha high income level found bread prices low and consumers with low income foundbread prices high (p

Agricultural credit aims to increase production value by playing an important role in running all businessoperations of enterprises, increasing productivity and overcoming financial problems in compliance withtechnology. In this study, the agricultural production value, agricultural credit volume and credit performance of81 provinces in Turkey were examined together and evaluated similarities and differences of provinces withmultidimensional scaling method analysis. According to the results, it has been determined that agriculturalproduction value, agricultural loan amount and agricultural credit performance ratio are separated each other.The results pointed to focus some of the provinces on the effective use of agricultural credits and theimprovement of agricultural credit performance accordingly. In addition, it has been concluded that it is notenough to take into account only the agricultural production potential in the provinces, and it is also importantthat the enterprises implement the credit effectively in the production and marketing process., Tarımsal kredi, işletmelerin tüm işletmecilik faaliyetlerini yürütmede, verimliliği artırmada ve teknolojiyeuyumda karşılaşılan finansal sorunların aşılmasında önemli rol oynayarak üretim değerini artırmayıamaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de 81 ilin tarımsal üretim değeri, tarımsal kredi hacmi ve krediperformansı birlikte değerlendirilerek, illerin birbirlerine olan benzerlik ve farklılıkları, çok boyutlu ölçeklemeyöntemi yardımı ile incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, illerin tarımsal üretim değeri, tarımsal kredimiktarı ve tarımsal kredi performans oranı açısından ayrıştıkları belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, tarımsal kredilerinetkin bir şekilde kullandırılması ve buna bağlı olarak tarımsal kredi performansının iyileştirilmesi açısından bazıillerin mercek altına alınmasının gerekliliğine işaret etmiştir. Ayrıca, illerde sadece tarımsal üretim potansiyelinigöz önüne almanın yeterli olmadığı, aynı zamanda işletmelerin üretim ve pazarlama sürecinde kredinin etkin birşekilde uygulanmasının da önemli olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Bu çalışmada; Ankara ilinde, ekmek fırınlarının üretim yapısı, fırınların un tercihleri ve fırınlardan kaynaklı ekmek israfının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada Ankara ilinde faaliyet gösteren 180 adet ekmek fırını ile Tam Sayım Yöntemi kullanılarak, 2015 yılı içinde gerçekleştirilen anket verilerinden faydalanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; Ankara’da günlük yaklaşık 6 milyon ekmek üretildiği, bir fırının ortalama ekmek üretiminin yaklaşık 3500 adet/gün olduğu tespit edilmiş ve üretilen toplam ekmeğin %81.8’inin geleneksel beyaz ekmek, %11.5’inin tam buğday ekmeği olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ekmek fırınları ile bayi ve bakkallar arasındaki “ekmek iadesi” önemli bir problem olarak tespit edilmiştir. Fırınlar tarafından günlük ekmek üretim miktarı ayarlanamadığından üretilen ekmeğin tamamının satılamadığı ve bu ekmeklerin iade olarak fırınlara geri gönderildiği belirlenmiştir. Bayi ve bakkallardan fırınlara geri dönen ekmeklerin fire oranının, günlük üretilen ekmeğin %5.6’sını oluşturduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu fire ile birlikte günde 336000 adet ekmeğin, fırınlar tarafından hayvan beslenmesinde kullanılmak üzere çok düşük fiyatlarla satışının yapıldığı belirlenirken, insan gıdası olarak değerlendirilemeyen bu ekmeklerin buğday karşılığı 86.5 ton/gün olarak hesaplanmıştır.

Bu çalışmada, çeşitli klinik örnekler (150), çiğ süt (49) ve dondurma (6) gibi gıdalardan izole ve identifiye edilen toplam 205 Staphylococcus aureus suşu, genetik çeşitlilik, metisiline dirençli S. aureus (MRSA) oranı, Panton Valentin Toksin (PVL) üretimi ve bazı antibiyotiklere duyarlılık yönünden araştırıldı. S. aureus suşlarının genetik ilişkilerini ve çeşitliliklerini belirlemek için Pulsed field jel elektroforezi (PFGE) yöntemi kullanıldı. PFGE sonuçları % 80 benzerlik oranına göre değerlendirildiğinde; S. aureus suşları, 21 alt tiple temsil edilen 180 farklı pulsotipe ayrıldı. Analiz edilen 55 gıda suşu arasında 43 farklı pulsotip ve 9 alt tip görülürken; 150 klinik suş 137 farklı pulsotipe ve 12 alt tipe ayrıldı. MRSA suşları ise kendi arasında 15 pulsotip ve 2 alt tipe ayrıldı. Restriksiyon profilleri değerlendirildiğinde, çalışılan tüm suşlar arasında yüksek oranda genetik çeşitliliğin olduğu görüldü. Genotipik analizler, farklı gruplarda bulunan suşların köken olarak aynı olmadıklarını ve ilişkisiz izolat olarak belirlendiklerini gösterdi. MRSA oranının tespitinde moleküler yöntem referans alınarak agar tarama ve disk difüzyon yönteminin duyarlılık ve özgüllüğü karşılaştırıldı. Agar tarama yöntemi referans yöntemle % 100 uyumlu bulunurken, disk difüzyon yönteminin duyarlılık ve özgüllüğü sırası ile % 83.3 ve % 99.4 olarak belirlendi. Klinik kaynaklı 17 (% 11.3) suş ve gıda kaynaklı 1 (% 1.8) suş olmak üzere toplamda 18 (% 8.8) suş MRSA olarak tespit edildi. Gıda kaynaklı hiçbir suş PVL pozitif bulunmazken, klinik kaynaklı 7 (% 4.6) suş PVL pozitif olarak saptandı. Antibiyotik duyarlılık testi, 14 farklı antibiyotiğe karşı disk difüzyon metodu ile yapıldı. Gıda izolatlarının en fazla direnç gösterdiği antibiyotiğin penisilin (% 69.1) olduğu; bunu % 4.6 ile tetrasiklin, % 2 ile gentamisin, seftazidim ve sefuroksimin'in takip ettiği görüldü. Klinik kaynaklı izolatlarda ise en yüksek direnç oranları penisilin (% 94), eritromisin (% 12.7) ve seftazidime (%12) karşı belirlendi. MRSA suşlarındaki direnç oranlarının MSSA ( metisilin duyarlı S. aureus) suşlarına göre oldukça yüksek olduğu görüldü. MRSA ve MSSA suşlarında sırasıyla; penisilin'e, % 100, % 86.1, sefuroksim'e % 55.6, % 0, ofloksasin'e % 38.9, % 1.1, amoksisilin/klavulanik asit'e % 38.9, % 0 ve gentamisin'e % 33.3, % 0.5 oranlarında direnç saptandı. Çalışılan suşların hiçbirinde vankomisin ve linezolid'e direnç tespit edilmedi. MRSA enfeksiyonlarının tedavisinde linezolid'in vankomisine alternatif olabileceği düşünüldü. In this study, a total of 205 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated and identified from various clinical specimens (150), foods such as raw milk (49) and ice cream (6) were investigated in terms of their genetic diversity, rate of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), production of Panton Valentine Toxin ( PVL ) and susceptibility against some antibiotics. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to determine the genetic relationships and diversity of S. aureus isolates. When the PFGE results were evaluated according to the 80% similarity rate; S. aureus strains were divided into 180 different pulsotypes representing 21 subtypes. Among the 55 food isolates analyzed, 43 different pulsotypes and 9 subtypes were observed; 150 clinical strains were divided into 137 different pulsotypes and 12 subtypes. MRSA strains were divided into 15 pulsotypes and 2 subtypes among them. When the restriction profiles were evaluated, it was seen that there was high genetic diversity among all strains studied. Genotypic analyzes showed that the strains found in the different groups were not identical in origin and were identified as unrelated isolates. Sensitivity and specificity of agar screening and disc diffusion method were compared with reference to molecular method for the determination of MRSA ratio. While the agar screening method was 100 % compatible with the reference method, sensitivity and specificity of disc diffusion method were 83.3 % and 99.4 % respectively. A total of 18 (8.8 %) strains were identified as MRSA strains, 17 of which were clinical (11.3 %) and 1 (1.8 %) of the strains originated from food. Seven (4.6 %) clinically-originated strains were found to be PVL-positive while none of the foodborne strains had PVL-positive strains. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by disc diffusion method against 14 different antibiotics.Penicillin was the most common antibiotic that food isolates resistant to (69.1 %), followed by tetracycline (4.6 %), gentamicin, ceftazidime and cefuroxime (2 %). The highest resistance rates in clinical isolates were determined against penicillin (94%), erythromycin (12.7 %) and ceftazidime (12 %). Resistance rates in MRSA strains were found to be significantly higher than MSSA (methicillin susceptible S. aureus) strains. The rasistance rates of MRSA and MSSA strains were found as follows, respectively; penicillin, 100 %, 86.1 %, cefuroxime 55.6 %, 0%, ofloxacin 38.9 %, 1.1 %, amoxycillin / clavulanic acid 38.9 %, 0 % and gentamicin 33.3 %, 0.5 %. Resistance to vancomycin and linezolid was not detected in any of the strains studied. It was concluded that linezolid may be an alternative to vancomycin in the treatment of MRSA infections. 110

Due to copyright restrictions, the access to the full text of this article is only available via subscription. Airline schedule planning problems are typically decomposed into smaller problems, which are solved in a sequential manner, due to the complexity of the overall problems. This results in suboptimal solutions as well as feasibility issues in the consecutive phases. In this study, we address the integrated fleet assignment and crew pairing problem (IFACPP) of a European Airline. The specific network and cost structures allow us to develop novel approaches to this integrated problem. We propose an optimization-driven algorithm that can efficiently handle large scale instances of the IFACPP. We perform a computational study on real-world monthly flight schedules to test the performance of our solution method. Based on the results on instances with up to 27,500 flight legs, we show that our algorithm provides solutions with significant cost savings over the sequential approach. TÜBİTAK

Collection costs associated with servicing a major UK charity’s donation banks and collecting unsold goods from their retail shops can account for up to 20% of the overall income gained. Bank and shop collections are commingled and are typically made on fixed days of the week irrespective of the amounts of materials waiting to be collected. Using collection records from a major UK charity, this paper considers what vehicle routing and scheduling benefits could accrue if bank and shop servicing requirements were monitored, the former using remote sensing technology to allow more proactive collection scheduling. A vehicle routing and scheduling algorithm employing tabu search methods was developed, and suggested time and distance savings of up to 30% over the current fixed schedules when a minimum bank and shop fill level of between 50% and 60% was used as a collection trigger. For the case study investigated, this led to a potential revenue gain of 5% for the charity and estimated CO2 savings of around 0.5 tonnes per week across the fleet of six heterogeneous vehicles.

This paper introduces FLP Spreadsheet Solver, an open source spreadsheet based Decision Support System for Facility Location Problems. Structure of the spreadsheets, interface of the solver, and a Tabu Search algorithm implemented within the solver are described. An integer programming formulation of the underlying facility location problem is provided. Computational tests show that FLP Spreadsheet Solver can solve benchmark p-median and capacitated p-median instances to near optimality. The paper also includes a case study consisting of the application of FLP Spreadsheet Solver to a healthcare facility location problem.

Obstetrical emergencies are common in small ruminants and requires immediate intervention to prevent the mortality associated with it. The activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function of fetus is initial step in the parturition process in the small ruminants. Dystocia is the most common obstetrical emergency of small ruminants, which can occur due to either maternal or fetal causes. Ring womb/incomplete cervical dilation was found to be the most common maternal cause resulting in dystocia. Among the fetal causes of dystocia, fetal maldisposition was found to the prominent cause. Different authors report several unusual cases of dystocia. This included rare conditions like congenital polycystic kidney disease, fetal ascites, facial dysmorphism, rhabdomyoma, arthrogryposis, hydrallantois, fetal goitre, uterine adhesion, secondary abdominal pregnancy, ventral abdominal hysterocele, and prepubic tendon rupture. Thus, the objectives of this review are to identify and analyse the common and rare obstetrical emergencies of small ruminants. This review also describes guidelines for diagnosing and managing such obstetrical emergencies.

This article introduces, models, and solves a generalization of the orienteering problem, called the the orienteering problem with variable profits (OPVP). The OPVP is defined on a complete undirected graph G = (V,E), with a depot at vertex 0. Every vertex i∈V \{0} has a profit pi to be collected, and an associated collection parameter αi∈[0, 1]. The vehicle may make a number of “passes,” collecting 100αi percent of the remaining profit at each pass. In an alternative model, the vehicle may spend a continuous amount of time at every vertex, collecting a percentage of the profit given by a function of the time spent. The objective is to determine a maximal profit tour for the vehicle, starting and ending at the depot, and not exceeding a travel time limit. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2013

This paper presents an exact algorithm, a constructive heuristic algorithm, and a metaheuristic for the Hamiltonian p-Median Problem (HpMP). The exact algorithm is a branch-and-cut algorithm based on an enhanced p-median based formulation, which is proved to dominate an existing p-median based formulation. The constructive heuristic is a giant tour heuristic, based on a dynamic programming formulation to optimally split a given sequence of vertices into cycles. The metaheuristic is an iterated local search algorithm using 2-exchange and 1-opt operators. Computational results show that the branch-and-cut algorithm outperforms the existing exact solution methods.