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Groundwater service markets are important and dynamic institutions that provide water to a wide range of farmers in many regions. However, these institutions represent arenas of complex and often antagonistic relations, which determine which farmers gain access to water and how. This study analyses the emergence and functioning of groundwater service markets from a historical perspective to advance the understanding of the role of social power games in shaping these institutions. The study was conducted in the Sidi Okba oasis in the Algerian Sahara, where over recent decades, four (in)formal, often overlapping, groundwater service markets have emerged. These markets were shaped progressively by socio-ethnic antagonism, state intervention and economic competition between water sellers. By continuously adjusting these institutions, the highly diverse irrigation community prevented the emergence of a monopoly in groundwater sales and maintained the balance of power between water sellers and buyers by countering possible control of groundwater access by a single socio-ethnic or economic group. The demonstrated ability of the irrigation community to craft rules to ensure these groundwater service markets function should encourage public actors to mobilize this capacity to deal with the drop in water tables, which is one adverse outcome of the ‘success’ of these markets. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Cette thèse analyse les causes profondes du sous-développement et des inégalités de genre en Afrique Sub-Saharienne. Le premier chapitre teste empiriquement l’hypothèse de Engels (1884) selon laquelle l’origine des inégalités de genre en Afrique serait la domestication historique des bovins. Pour résoudre les problèmes de biais d’endogenéités dans le choix de la domestication des bovins, j’adopte la stratégie des variables instrumentales en exploitant les facteurs géo-climatiques qui prédisent les terres les plus adaptées pour l’élevage des bovins. Les résultats des analyses montrent que les sociétés qui ont historiquement domestiquées les bovins ont eu plus d’inégalités de genre qui persistent jusqu’aujourd’hui. Le deuxième chapitre est co-écrit avec Raphael Godefroy et Joshua Lewis. Dans ce chapitre, nous analysons les effets de court et long termes de la grande peste bovine survenue en Afrique dans les années 1890. Nous utilisons la méthode des doubles différences combinant les différences entre les terres favorables pour l’élevage des bovins et les conditions climatiques contemporaines. Notre étude montre que les sociétés les plus touchées par la peste bovine sont moins peuplés et ont moins de bovins, de plus les descendants de ces sociétés sont aujourd’hui les plus pauvres. Le dernier chapitre analyse comment le genre des frères et sœurs influence l’âge au mariage des femmes. Les analyses basées sur le sexe du deuxième enfant révèlent que les femmes qui ont une petite sœur se marient plus tôt, ont plus d’enfants et sont moins éduquées. Les effets sont plus accentués dans les groupes ethniques qui utilisent la dot comme norme culturelle du mariage., This dissertation investigates the deep roots of differences in gender roles and development across societies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Chapter 1 examines the deep origins of differences in gender roles in Africa. I test empirically Engels (1884) hypothesis, that the origin of differences in gender roles in Africa was the historical domestication of cattle. To address potential endogeneity in historical cattle adoption, I adopt an instrumental variables approach that leverages geo-climatic factors affecting the suitability of lands for cattle-raising. I find empirical support for Engels (1884) hypothesis. Further, the results show that these differences in gender roles have persisted to present day. In chapter 2, which is co-authored with Raphael Godefroy and Joshua Lewis, we study the short- and long-run consequences of the 1890s African Rinderpest Epizoodic. We adopt a difference-in-differences strategy that combines differences across ethnic homelands in cattle-suitability with contemporaneous local drought conditions to identify ethnic groups that were more or less exposed to the outbreak. We find that the societies exposed to rinderpest experienced relative decreases in cattle-ownership in the decades after the outbreak. We uncover large relative long-run decreases in wealth among descendants of affected ethnic groups. These persistent economic losses appear to be partially driven by distressed migration. In chapter 3, I investigate how sibling gender composition affects women’s transition to first marriage in sub-Saharan Africa. To address potential endogeneity in the final sibling gender composition, I exploit the random assignment of the second child’s gender in household with at least two children. I find that female with a younger sister get married younger, with negative consequences for her education and literacy. The effects are stronger within countries that traditionally pay bride price at marriage.

Nous analysons dans cet article trois dispositifs sociotechniques de gestion de la pénurie en eau mis en oeuvre sur la rivière Crocodile en Afrique du Sud : un processus de réallocation de la ressource (compulsory licensing), un modèle informatisé de gestion en temps réel et une détermination plus précise du débit environnemental. Cette analyse est l'occasion de mettre en évidence à quel point ces dispositifs sociotechniques, loin de se contenter de gérer, d'un point de vue purement technique, la ressource en eau, se sont transformés en instruments de gouvernement de celle-ci, neutralisant certaines dispositions réglementaires et certains objectifs de politiques publiques au coeur de l'agenda de transformation du pays. En outre, nous démontrons que cette pénurie est tout autant sinon plus un construit, découlant des choix de gestion, qu'une réelle fatalité sur la Crocodile.

This study of values placed on wildlife by Bantu and Yaka Pygmy forest dwellers (n = 200) in Northern Congo identified and analyzed two wildlife value orientations - “anthropocentric” and “biocentric.” The former, strongly displayed across all segments of both societies, was likely motivated by heavy reliance on bushmeat and human–wildlife conflicts, and was linked to attitudes approving the killing of animals for human benefit. The “biocentric” orientation was more common among formally educated male respondents who do not hunt and positively linked to attitudes favoring conservation. Wildlife management strategies should consider including 1) sustainable local wildlife exploitation, 2) livelihood projects that provide a real alternative to hunting, and 3) human–wildlife conflict mitigation.

Background Palikur Amerindians live in the eastern part of French Guiana which is undergoing deep-seated changes due to the geographical and economic opening of the region. So far, Palikur’s traditional ecological knowledge is poorly documented, apart from medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to document ethnobotanical practices related to traditional construction in the region. Methods A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was used. Thirty-nine Palikur men were interviewed in three localities (Saint-Georges de l’Oyapock, Regina and Trois-Palétuviers) between December 2013 and July 2014. Twenty-four inventories of wood species used in traditional buildings were conducted in the villages, as well as ethnobotanical walks in the neighboring forests, to complete data about usable species and to determine Linnaean names. Results After an ethnographic description of roundwood Palikur habitat, the in situ wood selection process of Palikur is precisely described. A total of 960 roundwood pieces were inventoried in situ according to Palikur taxonomy, of which 860 were beams and rafters, and 100 posts in 20 permanent and 4 temporary buildings. Twenty-seven folk species were identified. Sixty-three folk species used in construction were recorded during ethnobotanical walks. They correspond to 263 botanical species belonging to 25 families. Posts in permanent buildings were made of yawu (Minquartia guianensis) (51%) and wakap (Vouacapoua americana) (14%). Beams and rafters were made of wood from Annonaceae (79%) and Lecythidaceae (13%) families. The most frequently used species were kuukumwi priye (Oxandra asbeckii), kuukumwi seyne (Pseudoxandra cuspidata), and pukuu (Xylopia nitida and X. cayennensis). Conclusions Although the Palikur’s relationship with their habitat is undergoing significant changes, knowledge about construction wood is still very much alive in the Oyapock basin. Many people continue to construct traditional buildings alongside modern houses, using a wide array of species described here for the first time, along with the techniques used. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13002-018-0226-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Le fort développement de l'agro-industrialisation dans les zones tropicales fait craindre de graves conséquences sociales et environnementales. Des mécanismes de régulation permettent-ils d'atténuer ces conséquences ? À partir de l'étude d'une plantation industrielle d'hévéas au Gabon, les principaux enjeux sociaux et environnementaux sont d'abord détaillés. Nous présenterons les lacunes des modes de gestion mis en oeuvre : responsabilité sociale et environnementale, politiques d'enclave et modèle paternaliste. Nous démontrerons que l'entreprise agro-industrielle ne peut répondre, seule, à l'importance des enjeux de développement que sa création suscite. Nous introduirons la notion de développement territorial, en précisant pour quelles raisons celle-ci permet d'appréhender et de gérer les transformations sociales et environnementales générées par les grands projets de plantation tropicale, malgré les difficultés de mise en oeuvre que nous pressentons.

Joint Venture schemes based on the floppy irrigation technology are being promoted in the post-Apartheid South Africa's Limpopo Province. Access to land and water resources in South Africa are largely viewed as a mechanism for re-dressing the Apartheid injustices. This research was part of a broader applied research to help inform irrigation practise in the Limpopo Province. The research used literature review, key informant interviews and a questionnaire survey. The overall research question sought to understand how the Joint Venture Schemes had benefited the smallholder farmers. This paper argues that the joint venture partnership created a new injustice. Firstly, the Joint Venture Scheme design is fundamentally a bad idea which disempower farmers not only to water access but also land as well. The choice of the ‘efficient’ floppy irrigation technology was made by the state and entailed that land had to be managed as a single unit. In order to make more effective use of this highly sophisticated new technology, the smallholder farmers also needed to go into a joint venture partnership with a white commercial farmer. By virtue of signing the Joint Venture agreement the farmers were also forfeiting their land and water rights to be used for crop production. The smallholder farmers lost access to their water and land resources and were largely relegated to sharing profits – when they exist - with hardly any skills development despite what was initially envisaged in the Joint Venture partnership. Secondly, the implementation of the JVS has been skewed from the start which explains the bad results. This paper further shows how the negative outcomes affected women in particular. As the smallholder farmers argue the technological options chosen by the state have excluded both male and female farmers from accessing and utilising their land and water resources in order to improve their livelihoods; it has entrenched the role of the state and the private interests at the expense of the smallholder male and female farmers in whose name the irrigation funding was justified. The paper concludes by offering recommendations on how joint venture schemes can be genuinely participatory and meaningfully address the rural livelihoods.

As perdas da história Como consegue um povo indígena, em meio às vicissitudes do contato interétnico que provocam sua dispersão e dizimação, gerar e preservar uma identidade coletiva? O ciclo mítico de Unurato responde a tal pergunta, introduzindo a figura do branco no seu referencial simbólico e revelando como, nesse processo, os Arapaço reconstroem sua auto-imagem no palco interétnico. O mito será aqui colocado em perspectiva histórica, numa tentativa de mostrar como o seu sistema de signif...

Introdução As epidemias assumiram um papel determinante na conquista e colonização do Novo Mundo. Historiadores, antropólogos, demógrafo-historiadores e médicos já demonstraram o impacto que elas tiveram sobre as populações indígenas das Américas não apenas em sua constituição demográfica, mas também em termos de desestruturação sociocultural e econômica. Evidenciaram igualmente a estreita ligação entre as epidemias e a penetração e expansão dos europeus, bem como os benefícios políticos e ec...

Estudos de narrativas nas terras baixas sul-americanas vêm demonstrando como povos indígenas localizados em regiões da bacia amazônica, distantes entre si, reformulam de maneira criativa sua interpretação das origens da ordem social, de como essa se situa e se transforma tanto por meios endógenos quanto exógenos, em abrangentes processos históricos de mudança. Ao construir abordagens teóricas da história baseadas nos conceitos de poder e modos de consciência social indígenas, tais estudos mos...

INTRODUCCIÓN En este artículo nos proponemos mostrar el papel de los jóvenes de dos localidades indígenas -El Nigromante y Nuevo San Martín- en los procesos actuales de transformación sociocultural en El Nigromante y Nuevo San Martín. Nuestra perspectiva de análisis se centra en las representaciones y percepciones de los jóvenes acerca del mundo que los rodea, así como en las acciones y comportamientos juveniles que son a la vez motor y resultado de las transformaciones y continuidades que se...

Entre los años 2002 y 2006, dos equipos multidisciplinarios de investigadores mexicanos y franceses, coincidieron en su interés común sobre determinados aspectos sociales y territoriales del sotavento veracruzano. La confluencia de miembros de estos grupos de investigación en el municipio de Playa Vicente propició el intercambio de experiencias a lo largo fie varios años, tanto en recorridos de campo, como en repetidas sesiones de trabajo de gabinete. Este libro surge a partir de estos diálogos interdisciplinarios que se desarrollaron en un marco y redes institucionales también comunes. Los autores decidieron unir esfuerzos para dar a conocer parte de sus resultados de trabajo, especialmente porque son escasas las investigaciones desarrolladas en este fascinante ámbito espacial sotaventino. Para comprender la larga historia de la ocupación y construcción de este espacio, consideraron apropiado partir de una perspectiva de larga duración, relatando acontecimientos surgidos en disputas coloniales por la tierra, hasta llegar a la compleja realidad actual de este municipio ubicado en el trópico húmedo del sureste mexicano.

I Na sua História de Lince, Lévi-Strauss sugere uma explicação para a relativa facilidade com que os sistemas simbólicos dos povos americanos incorporaram a figura dos brancos: o lugar dos brancos estava marcado em vazio em sistemas de pensamento baseados em princípios dicotômicos que, etapa após etapa, obriga a desdobrar os termos; de modo que a criação dos índios pelo demiurgo tornava automaticamente necessário que ele tivesse criado também não-índios. (1993, p.200) O dualismo irredutível, ...

Um dos temas mais comuns encontrados nas ideologias dos movimentos messiânicos e milenaristas da Amazônia indígena é a profecia de uma transformação dos índios em brancos e vice-versa. Entre os casos documentados, incluem-se os povos do médio Solimões no fim do século xvii (Porro, 1987-1989); os povos Carib-falantes da fronteira Brasil/Guiana Inglesa na primeira metade do século xix (Andrello, 1993; Schaden, 1976; Abreu, 1995); e os povos de línguas Aruak e Tukano do noroeste da Amazônia na s...

O canibalismo do homem branco constitui um tema recorrente em representações do contato de povos indígenas no Novo Mundo. A etnografia sul-americana apresenta inúmeros registros dessa imagem antropofágica dos brancos e, em especial, entre as sociedades guianenses, conforme foi levantado por Dieter-Heinen (1986) que, aliás, reivindica uma possível associação etimológica entre os termos Carib – de que deriva a palavra canibal – e karaiwa – designação utilizada por povos de língua Carib para os ...

Al momento de la Conquista, en el territorio del actual municipio de Playa Vicente se localizaba el señorío de Huaspaltepec, mismo que agrupaba a pueblos de diferentes etnias, fundamentalmente nahuas, popolucas, mixtecos y mazatecos (Delgado 2000: 28). Si bien durante los primeros años de la época colonial, el número de habitantes indígenas en la zona era bastante elevado según las crónicas (Delgado 2000: 31), de fines del siglo xvi a principios del xvii el área de Huaspaltepec se encontraba ...

Os primeiros encontros dos Waiwai, um grupo caribe na Guiana Inglesa e no Brasil, com missionários protestantes norte-americanos nos anos 50 foram experiências perturbadoras, mas não totalmente anómalas. Se, por um lado, os Waiwai especulavam se aqueles seres estranhos e algo grosseiros vindos de longe seriam realmente seres humanos, por outro reconheciam nos bens que traziam-terçados, facas, machados e miçangas-objetos que há muito vinham adquirindo indiretamente por meio das redes de trocas...

Na última década, um número significativo de antropólogos trabalhando com sociedades das terras baixas sul-americanas tem-se voltado para o estudo dos fenômenos do contato, a partir de diversas orientações metodológicas e teóricas que configuram um vasto campo de investigação rotulado, no Brasil, como "história indígena". Essas abordagens têm em comum priorizar não apenas a descrição de aspectos tradicionais do campo social e cultural, mas também o estudo das reações e adaptações que surgem n...

Prólogo Territorialidade e etnicidade A ocupação da Amazônia brasileira deu-se segundo uma série de ciclos baseados na exportação de produtos extrativos e na exploração feroz da mão-de-obra indígena: drogas do sertão no século XVII, cacau no século XVIII e borracha no século XIX. Depois do colapso do boom da borracha na década de 1910, a economia da região caiu na estagnação, sendo precariamente sustentada por frentes extrativistas, garimpeiras e pecuaristas (Velho, 1972) até o advento dos pl...

A morte é uma louca? - ou o fim de uma fórmula. Mas todos morrem audazmente - e é então que começa a não história.(João Guimarães Rosa) Introdução Diante de minha pergunta sobre o lugar em que nasceu, Raimundo ficou pensativo: "Nasci no Muriruh. Não sei se era maloca ou fazenda: era assim, tudo embolado...Era tudo do Rosa". Sua experiência não é singular; ao contrário, poderia sumarizar o que terá sido, no século XX, a experiência social dos Wapishana do contato com os brancos, marcada, indel...

A experiência do contato vivida pelas sociedades ameríndias traduz-se, lingüisticamente, de modos extremamente variados. Existem, por exemplo, situações tão diversas como a dos Matis do Brasil, relatada por Erikson (1988), e a dos Malinche, do México, descrita por Hill & Hill (1986). Os primeiros opõem uma forte resistência à introdução de objetos manufaturados em sua vida cotidiana, bem como ao empréstimo no léxico de seu idioma, enquanto os segundos falam uma língua sincrética, o mexicano m...

INTRODUCCIÓN Nuevo Ixcatlán se ubica en la parte sur del municipio de Playa Vicente, área que concentra a uno de los principales núcleos de población indígena en el Sotavento Veracruzano. Esta zona se caracteriza por una gran diversidad étnica. En el territorio municipal integrado por 2 122 kilómetros cuadrados, se distribuyen 38 125 habitantes en 313 localidades. En más de la mitad de éstas se habla alguna lengua indígena: chinanteco, mazateco, nahua, zapoteco, mixe o mixteco, y en cuatro de...

A formação de um território étnico (área ou terra indígena) é reiteradamente descrita como resultado de um conjunto de iniciativas de um aparato burocrático estatal (atores, regras e rotinas) que tão-somente aplicaria os preceitos legais de garantir direitos e assistência à população indígena. Até mesmo nos trabalhos especializados e monografias elaboradas por etnólogos sucede com freqüência que a definição de uma terra e o reconhecimento de direitos aos indígenas sejam fatos apenas narrados ...

Índios do Norte da Amazônia estão nos descrevendo, nos amansando, tentando nos entender e se entender conosco. Alguns há vários séculos, outros há poucos anos. Como podemos compreender o modo pelo qual somos compreendidos? Durante a última década, a antropologia preocupou-se muito com o problema inverso: como podemos compreender o modo pelo qual compreendemos os outros? E ficou assim entretida demais com seu próprio umbigo. Este livro magistral, esperado há vários anos, é um alívio. Mostra como é fecundo analisar o trabalho simbólico e político de sociedades indígenas, trabalho que resulta em suas “cosmologias do contato” e na forma específica pela qual se apropriam da história e do mundo contemporâneo.

Os Waimiri-Atroari, grupo indígena da família lingüística Carib, referem-se a si mesmos como ki?in'ja (gente). A maior parte de seu território está numa região de relevo baixo coberta de floresta tropical, situada no norte do Amazonas e sul de Roraima, nas bacias dos rios Alalaú, Camanaú, Curiuaú e o igarapé Santo Antônio do Abonari. Falam a mesma língua com pequenas variações dialetais entre grupos locais. Após uma longa história de invasões violentas relacionadas às flutuações dos preços no...

A 12 de outubro de 1492, ao chegar à ilha Guanahani, Cristovão Colombo oferece miçangas de vidro e gorros coloridos a seus moradores, inaugurando o escambo entre os europeus e os habitantes do que se tornaria a América. Por séculos, viajantes, soldados, missionários, cientistas, sempre trouxeram consigo "miudezas para trocar com os índios" sem as quais não se viajava. Os franceses possuem o termo pacotille, os ingleses trade goods, os portugueses quinquilharias para designar um amontoado de c...

Los autores de este volumen nos hemos propuesto partir de una perspectiva de larga duración para aproximarnos a la historia de la ocupación y construcción del municipio de Playa Vicente (véase cuadro 1), hasta llegar a comprender los cambios sociales y económicos más recientes. La intención fundamental es entender la compleja realidad actual de este municipio ubicado en el trópico húmedo del sureste mexicano –en la amplia y diversa región conocida como Sotavento veracruzano – (véase figura 1)...

INTRODUCCIÓN El sur veracruzano, en su porción comprendida entre Alvarado y los lomeríos de Acayucan que separan la cuenca del Papaloapan de su vecina Coatzacoalcos, refleja una configuración territorial cuyo perfil actual ya se dibujaba con claridad desde la segunda mitad del siglo xviii. Esa configuración corresponde fundamentalmente a cuatro grandes conjuntos: el marquesado de Los Tuxtlas, el corredor de puertos y villas de Alvarado a Cosamaloapan, las haciendas ganaderas situadas en las l...

Para Tãmū-amɨ, que morreu tranquilamente em Trois Sauts, em janeiro de 1989, cercado de suas mulheres, filhos, genros e cães de caça. Os Waiãpi, índios de língua tupi-guarani, como a maior parte dos povos indígenas da América, são produto de quinhentos anos de reajustes sociológicos, cisões e reagrupamentos provocados, direta ou indiretamente, pelo avanço da fronteira de colonização branca. É desnecessário dizer que pouco têm a ver com as etnias da mesma família linguística que aparecem nos t...

A temática geral que deu origem a este volume surgiu de uma insatisfação com o parco interesse antropológico pelo pensamento indígena sobre os fatos e efeitos das "situações de contato" que, quando existente, limitava, convencionalmente, sua abordagem aos "mitos do branco" ou às categorizações interétnicas, como se estas narrativas e classificações constituíssem, nessas sociedades, quadros culturais exclusivos para conceber e construir eventos e transformações sócio-históricos (Albert, 1992)....

INTRODUCCIÓN El municipio de Playa Vicente pertenece a las tierras bajas tropicales del sur de Veracruz donde predomina la actividad ganadera. Esta vocación, tan fuerte al grado que define el perfil económico de toda la región de Acayucan, merece un examen cuidadoso. ¿Cómo analizar e interpretar la homogeneización actual de los paisajes conquistados por los pastizales? ¿Qué tipo de evoluciones tuvieron como consecuencia el monopolio de la ganadería –aún exceptuando la franja de tierras a oril...

Parece tarea difícil hablar de Playa Vicente sin empezar por el río Tesechoacán. Y es que sin duda éste y otros en el sur de Veracruz funcionaron, desde la Colonia hasta las primeras décadas del siglo xx, como ejes primordiales en la comunicación y colonización del trópico húmedo veracruzano. Sus cursos jugaron un papel central en la estructura del poblamiento, particularmente en las tierras bajas. La ausencia de caminos, salvo aquellos que abrieron las rutas del ganado y algunos senderos loc...

INTRODUCCIÓN Hacia 1900, según el censo de ese año, la población del municipio de Playa Vicente alcanzaba la cifra de 3 777 habitantes distribuidos en una treintena de localidades. En aquel entonces su cabecera contaba con 1 053 almas, equivalentes a casi un tercio de la población total. Muchas décadas después, hacia el año 1995, Playa Vicente logró su máximo histórico al llegar a contener 52 754 habitantes, es decir 14 veces más personas que en los albores de la centuria, mientras que su cab...

Mais vale a morte do que a vida amarga(Eclesiastes: 8,21) I A hecatombe e o subsequente abatimento sofridos pelos Matis no início da última década são relativamente conhecidos, graças às publicações do CEDI (1981, 1983), dos boletins da equipe da Campanha Javari (Cavuscens & Neves, 1986), dos jornais (CIMI, 1985) e de algumas obras destinadas ao grande público (Cousteau & Richards, 1984, Landi & Siqueira, 1985). Estimados em várias centenas na época dos primeiros contatos no final dos anos 70...

International audience; Agricultural diversification with neglected and underutilized species is a viable way to sustainably increase the productivity of agrosystems. Understanding the social, cultural, and ecological roles of these species is crucial for their promotion. White fonio (Digitaria exilis), a neglected cereal endemic to West African Sahelian countries, is recognized as a crop for the future due to its cultural, nutritional, and economic values. In this study, we described fonio farming systems in Senegal through an ethnobotanical approach. As expected in family farming systems, farmers largely practiced diversified subsistence agriculture on small plots and relied on local seed exchange networks. The importance of fonio varied among agroecological zones, ethnic groups, and gender. In the Groundnut Basin, where agriculture is more mechanized, late-maturing landraces of fonio are cultivated as a cash crop rather than a staple crop. However, in southern Senegal, where food shortages are recurrent, fonio is more widespread and the cultivation of both early- and late-maturing landraces contributes to local food security. These differences also reflect the cultural status of fonio: different among ethnic groups and more important for women than for men. Finally, the regressive dynamics of fonio cultivation in most regions emphasizes the need to develop integrated conservation and promotion strategies that take into account the diversity of social and agronomical roles of the plant.

Afin d'appréhender le rôle essentiel du travail de la terre et des activités de prélèvement (pêche et chasse) dans l'économie des tribus en Nouvelle-Calédonie, une enquête représentative de l'ensemble du pays, jusqu'à un niveau de 10 unités territoriales au sein des 3 provinces, a été réalisée en 2011 sur les activités de l'année 2010. Une partie des données de cette enquête est accessible au lien suivant : https://dataverse.cirad.fr (DOI : 10.18167/DVN1/VWWVXU). Afin de permettre leur réutilisation, le présent article détaille le cadre conceptuel de l'enquête, la description du jeu de données, ainsi qu'une appréciation de sa qualité.

International audience; El libro es resultado de los esfuerzos de un colectivo reunido en el Laboratorio Mixto Internacional - MESO para entender cómo se van creando o transformando los dispositivos territoriales, fruto de una dialéctica permanente renovada entre anclaje y movilidad. Se analiza el despliegue de dispositivos institucionales a partir de los cuales se intenta responder, desde distintas posiciones y proyectos políticos, tanto a la intensificación de las circulaciones (amplitud, novedad, multiplicidad) como al desequilibrio de las relaciones de poder entre instituciones políticas, fuerzas sociales y capitales asentados en espacios y territorios específicos.El LMI MESO es una plataforma colaborativa de investigación creada y animada por el Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) de Francia, el Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS) de México y FLACSO Costa Rica con la contribución de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica y la Universidad de Costa Rica (www.meso.hypotheses.org).Odile Hoffmann es investigadora del IRD, geógrafa, profesora huesped del CIESAS-GolfoAbelardo Morales Gamboa es profesor e investigador de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica e investigador asociado de FLACSO Costa Rica.

For many years, South Africa had represented a typical example of a hydrocracy. Following the democratic transition in South Africa, however, new policy paradigms emerged, supported by new political elites from the ANC. A reform of the water policy was one of the priorities of the new Government, but with little experience in water management, they largely relied on 'international best practices' in the water sector, although some of these international principles did not perfectly fit the South African water sector landscape. In parallel, a reform called 'transformation' took place across all public organisations with the aim of allowing public administrations to better reflect the racial components in South African society. As a result, civil engineers lost most of their power within the Department of Water Affairs and Sanitation (DWS). However, despite these changes, demand-side management has had difficulties in materializing on the ground. The paper aims at discussing the resilience of supply-side management within the Ministry, despite its new policy orientation. Using a policy network concept, the paper shows that the supply-side approach still prevails today, due to the outsourcing of most DWS tasks to consulting firms with whom DWS engineers have nourished a privileged relationship since the 1980s. The article uses the decision-making process around the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP) Phase 2 as an emblematic case study to illustrate such developments. This policy network, which has enjoyed so much influence over DWS policies and daily activities, is now being contested. As a consequence, we argue that the fate of the LHWP Phase 2 is ultimately linked to a competition between this policy network and a political one.

L’Afrique au sud du Sahara comptait en 2010 une population de 854 millions d’habitants (Banque Mondiale, 2012 a). Le maintien de taux de fécondité à un niveau relativement élevé, favorisé par le fait que 42 % de la population sont âgés de moins de 15 ans, entraîne une forte croissance démographique (2,5 % en moyenne en 2010). Parallèlement, l’Afrique subsaharienne (ASS) compte aujourd’hui la proportion de pauvres la plus élevée du monde avec 47,5 % de la population qui disposaient de moins de...

Les marches du travail en Afrique restent a ce jour largement inexplores et leur fonctionnement meconnu. Leur connaissance est pourtant centrale dans les politiques de developpement et de lutte contre la pauvrete. Quelles sont les personnes qui n’ont pas acces a l’emploi ou sont sous-employees ? Comment le secteur formel cohabite-t-il avec le secteur informel ? Existe-t-il des traits communs a l’ensemble des marches urbains du travail en Afrique, ou bien chaque pays est-il un cas particulier ? Quels liens entretiennent-ils avec la migration, l’education et les discriminations ethniques ou de genre ? Telles sont quelques-unes des questions traitees ici, a travers l'analyse d’une serie unique d’enquetes parfaitement harmonisees, realisees dans une dizaine de pays du continent. Cet ouvrage collectif fournit le premier bilan actualise du marche du travail en Afrique subsaharienne. Un outil precieux en matiere de lutte contre la pauvrete.

Identification and characterization of the farmers’ named crop varieties cultivated around the world is a major issue for conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources. Intraspecific diversity is strongly determined by farmers’ socio-cultural environment, but this has little been documented. In this paper, we tested, on a contact zone among three ethnolinguistic groups located on the Mount Kenya region, whether farmers’ socio-cultural differences have an impact on the morphological characteristics of the farmers’ named sorghum varieties. Eighteen qualitative morphological traits of the panicles were measured. We first compared the morphological diversity of the named varieties among ethnolinguistic groups using multivariate analysis of homogeneity of groups’ dispersion and tested their differentiation using permutational multivariate analysis of variance. Discriminant analysis of principal components was then used to categorize the morphological diversity withouta priori, and this classification was compared with farmers’ local taxonomy (vernacular names) in the three ethnolinguistic groups. Our results show that some morphotypes are peculiar to some ethnolinguistic groups and that a morphotype can bear different variety names while the same variety name can be used to identify different morphotypes. Morphological differentiation that was explained by ethnolinguistic groups was higher for local landraces than for improved varieties. Our findings imply that socio-cultural diversity of farmers and the criteria they use to identify and maintain landraces need to be considered in studying and sampling crop diversity forin situas well as forex situconservation.

Protected areas are often burdened with conflicts between environmental managers and neighboring rural communities. Unsuccessful top-down approaches for conservation may be replaced by alternative forms of systemic management involving local actors in the design and implementation of conservation management. Although theoretically sound and appealing, the involvement of local residents in the management of protected areas is often impaired in practice by scale mismatches, conflicting values and interests, power imbalance, and a lack of trust among actors. In this paper, we describe a process initiated in Zimbabwe to create a fair and balanced locally designed arena where local communities and protected area managers may collaborate to produce effective management plans. Adopting the Companion Modeling approach, we conducted a participatory modeling experiment to codesign a role-playing game that simulates the interactions between farming activities, livestock herding practices, and wildlife in a virtual landscape reproducing local social-ecological dynamics. After 18 months of intensive ethnographical fieldwork to gain knowledge and legitimacy, we spent one year codesigning the first version of the game with a group of volunteer villagers. The game, called Kulayijana (teaching each other), was tested and validated by other members of the rural communities and subsequently presented to protected area managers. We show how this approach allowed the negotiation of uncertainties and their inclusion in a model that constitutes a shared representation of farmers' interactions with the protected area. We emphasize the fact that working with marginalized actors first increased participation, appropriation, and confidence of rural communities to engage in a multistakeholder debate, thus reducing power imbalance among actors. We conclude by discussing the next phase of our work: the necessary involvement of conservation actors in the Kulayijana team, and the implementation of Kulayijana with higher hierarchical levels.

International audience; The International Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) was launched in 2012. Its objective is tostrengthen the science-policy interface for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, long-term human well-being, and sustainable development. Nonstate Actors (NSAs) participated in the inception of the platform and are also assumed to play a key role in its coming assessments and reports. In order to encourage NSAs to participate and self-organize, an institutional process has been led by the Secretariat in collaboration with two main organizations: Diversitas-International Council for Science (ICSU) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). We look at the construction of this stakeholder participation process and its effectiveness. To what degree is the stakeholder engagement effective and what are the different forms of involvement? What methodsare used by the IPBES’s Secretariat and its mandated organizations to encourage stakeholder participation in the Platform? A social network analysis survey revealed four categories of actors in the group of stakeholders: organizers, connected, closely-knit, and peripheral. The ethnographic approach analyzed the way in which the IPBES secretariat organized the stakeholders’ days, managed them, and controlled them. Thanks to these two methods, we analyzed the relational structure of the group of stakeholders and their contours of involvement and showed that these two dimensions can combine in a different way. The idea of a group of stakeholders, promoted by IPBES, is accompanied by a leadership/participation model that tends to enroll the stakeholders involved but mayconversely marginalize some dissenting voices.

Anthropology , as a discipline, has been closely allied with geography for over a century, and mapping is an important practice in each of anthropology's four subdisciplines: archaeology and biological, cultural, and linguistic anthropology . This chapter focuses on cultural mapping , or representations of how humans understand social and physical environments and relationships, and participatory mapping , a particular technique of inclusive map-making in which researchers and community members-as-researchers create maps collectively. Such maps are often used to document understandings of space that contrast with official maps of state understandings of, for example, resources and rights. In participatory mapping, the questions about what is to be mapped are established collectively as well as the mapping process itself (often, as mentioned, done as part of a larger social justice project). This chapter discusses the history of, and variation in, cultural mapping and then goes on to provide several examples of cultural and participatory mapping. Manuel Boissière, Michael Padmanaba, and Ermayanti Sadjudin describe the participatory mapping process in which they engaged, with many others, in Mamberamo, Papua, Indonesia as part of a long-term project on biodiversity and natural resource management. Residents of six villages, working from base maps on the same scale as state maps, corrected and expanded information about rivers and resource diversity on the maps as well as adding livelihood activities and sacred places. These maps were used in a regional workshop, including government representatives, on land use planning . Sasikumar Balasundaram illustrates, in another example, how children in long-term refugee camps in southern India map their current circumstances and imagined futures.

A etnomuseologia visa engajar os povos indígenas em um diálogo com a sua cultura material. Este artigo reflete sobre uma experiência efetuada no acervo etnográfico do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi com interlocutores Mebêngôkre-Kayapó e Baniwa sobre importantes coleções de seus respectivos povos, as quais datam do início do século XX. Além de perceber diferenças entre conceitos museológicos, ou científicos, e indígenas sobre as peças e os processos de musealização, também foi possível observar uma série de diferenças culturais entre os Mebêngôkre-Kayapó e os Baniwa no que concerne à maneira de se relacionar com os objetos de seu passado. Ambos os grupos atribuíram características subjetivas aos objetos no acervo, mas, no caso dos Mebêngôkre-Kayapó, a subjetividade das peças antigas representava uma ameaça aos visitantes do acervo, levando a um certo receio em manusear as peças, concebidas com troféus de guerra capturados de inimigos perigosos. Os Baniwa, ao contrário, expressavam grande carinho com os 'objetos do vovô' e sentiam-se no direito de manusear as peças que representam o patrimônio de clãs patrilineais. Esta experiência em etnomuseologia comparada ressalta a diversidade de conceitos, atitudes e expectativas dos povos indígenas perante às coleções museológicas, e a necessidade desta nova abordagem de pesquisa colaborativa.