Search

The main reaction process of N2O4(H2O)n formed after N2O4 absorbs water from air (n = 1–3).

Progress in better understanding and modeling Earth surface systems requires an ongoing integration of data and numerical models. Advances are currently hampered by technical barriers that inhibit finding, accessing, and executing modeling software with related datasets. We propose a design framework for ‘Data Components’: software packages that provide access to particular research datasets or types of data. Because they use a standard interface based on the Basic Model Interface (BMI), Data Components can function as plug-and-play components within modeling frameworks to facilitate seamless data-model integration. To illustrate the design and potential applications of Data Components and their advantages, we present several case studies in Earth surface processes analysis and modeling. The results demonstrate that the Data Component design provides a consistent and efficient way to access heterogeneous datasets from multiple sources, and to seamlessly integrate them with various models. This design supports the creation of open data-model integration workflows that can be discovered, accessed, and reproduced through online data sharing platforms, which promotes data reuse and improves research transparency and reproducibility.

This work investigated the fatigue crack propagation behavior of the 2195-T8 Al-Li alloy with precorroded holes. The microstructure, crack growth path, and the fracture surfaces of the samples with the precorroded holes have been examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and computed tomography (CT). The characteristics of the crack growth have been analyzed via fracture mechanics by employing the finite element method (FEM). The results showed that the bulk of the fatigue cracks had been initiated from the corrosion pits and corroded discontinuously and precipitated further to become intergranular. Owing to the superposed stress concentration caused by the corrosion pits, the porous region at the bottom of the precorroded hole had affected the crack propagation performance. Crack growth rates were different in multiple positions owing to the difference of K I at crack fronts.

Intraoperative fluorescence-based tumor imaging plays a crucial role in performing the oncological safe tumor resection with the advantage of differentiating tumor from normal tissues. However, the application of these fluorescence contrast agents in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was dramatically hammered as a result of lacking active targeting and poor retention time in tumor, which limited the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and narrowed the imaging window for complicated surgery. Herein, we reported an activated excretion-retarded tumor imaging (

Placenta previa accreta patients were examined using fast-imaging employing steady-state acquisition (FIESTA) and single-shot fast spin echo (SSFSE) sequence. The diagnostic value of the two sequences was compared. FIESTA was better than the SSFSE sequence in displaying outline-boundary (excellent: 82

Lysosome-targeting self-assembling prodrugs had emerged as an attractive approach to overcome the acquisition of resistance to chemotherapeutics by inhibiting lysosomal sequestration. Taking advantage of lysosomal acidification induced intracellular hydrolytic condensation, we developed a lysosomal-targeting self-condensation prodrug-nanoplatform (

Gai Ge,1 Jingzhe Shang,2,3 Tian Gan,1 Zhiming Chen,1 Chun Pan,1 Youming Mei,1 Siyu Long,4 Aiping Wu,2,3 Hongsheng Wang1,5,6 1Laboratory of Mycobacteria, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 2Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 3Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital & Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 5National Center for Sexually Transmitted Disease and Leprosy Control, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 6Centre for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Hongsheng Wang, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 12 Jiang-wang-miao Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86 258 5478953, Email whs33@vip.sina.comPurpose: Psoriasis (Ps) and leprosy are chronic inflammatory skin disorders, characterised by enhanced innate and adaptive immunity. Ps and leprosy rarely coexist. The molecular immune mechanism of the Ps and leprosy rarely coexistence is unclear.Patients and Methods: RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on 20 patients with Ps, 5 adults with lepromatous leprosy (L-lep), and 5 patients with tuberculoid leprosy (T-lep) to analyse the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between them. Moreover, the biological mechanism of Ps and leprosy was explored by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis analysis, and protein–protein interaction (PPI) analyses. Finally, 13 DEGs of 10 skin biopsies of Ps patients, 6 samples of L-lep patients, 6 samples of T-lep patients and 5 healthy controls were confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).Results: The PPI network was constructed and primarily associated with immune response, IL-17 signalling, and Toll-like receptor pathway between Ps and leprosy. Th17 markers (interleukin (IL)- 19, IL-20, IL-36A, IL-36G, IL-22, IL-17A, and lipocalin-2 (LCN2) had higher expression in Ps than in L-lep and T-lep, whereas macrophage biomarkers (CLEC4E and TREM2), SPP1, and dendritic cell (DC)-related hallmarks (ITGAX) and TNF-a had significantly lower expression across Ps and T-lep than in L-lep.Conclusion: To put it simply, Ps patients with IL-17A, IL-19, IL-20, IL-36A, IL-36G, and IL-22 in conjunction with LCN2 with up-graduated expression might be not susceptible to L-lep. However, high levels of CLEC4E, TREM2, and SPP1 in L-lep patients indicated that they unlikely suffered from Ps.Keywords: psoriasis, leprosy, Th17 cell, macrophage, IL-17A, CLEC4E

Tumor vasculature-targeting therapy either using angiogenesis inhibitors or vascular disrupting agents offers an important new avenue for cancer therapy. In this work, a tumor-specific catalytic nanomedicine for enhanced tumor ablation accompanied with tumor vasculature disruption and angiogenesis inhibition was developed through a cascade reaction with enzyme glucose oxidase (GOD) modified on Fe-based metal organic framework (Fe-MOF) coupled with anti-VEGFR2.The GOD enzyme could catalyze the intratumoral glucose decomposition to trigger tumor starvation and yet provide abundant hydrogen peroxide as the substrate for Fenton-like reaction catalyzed by Fe-MOF to produce sufficient highly toxic hydroxyl radicals for enhanced chemodynamic therapy and instantly attacked tumor vascular endothelial cells to destroy the existing vasculature, while the anti-VEGFR2 antibody guided the nanohybrids to target blood vessels and block the VEGF-VEGFR2 connection to prevent angiogenesis. Both in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated the smart nanohybrids could cause the tumor cell apoptosis and vasculature disruption, and exhibited enhanced tumor regression in A549 xenograft tumor-bearing mice model. This study suggested that synergistic targeting tumor growth and its vasculature network would be more promising for curing solid tumors. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cooperative destruction of tumor cells and tumor vasculature offers a potential avenue for cancer therapy. Under this premise, a tumor-specific catalytic nanomedicine for enhanced tumor ablation accompanied with tumor vasculature disruption and new angiogenesis inhibition was developed through a cascade reaction with glucose oxidase modified on the surface of iron-based metal organic framework coupled with VEGFR2 antibody. The resulting data demonstrated that a therapeutic regimen targeting tumor growth as well as its vasculature with both existing vasculature disruption and neovasculature inhibition would be more potential for complete eradication of tumors.

l -ascorbic acid 2-O-α- d -glucoside (AA-2G), a highly stabilized vitamin C derivative, has been widely applied in cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceuticals. Sucrose phosphorylase (SPase) was recently reported to be effective for producing AA-2G. In this study, SPase from Bifidobacterium breve (BbrSPase) was identified as a new AA-glycosylating tool with high activity and good thermostability. The optimal conditions for AA glycosylation are pH 5.5 and 55 °C. The K m and k c a t when sucrose was applied as a glycosyl donor were 2.72 ± 0.49 mM and 9.70 ± 0.10 s−1, respectively. The transglycosylation activity was seriously inhibited by fructose, which caused a sharp decline in the glycosylation rate but did not necessarily stop the yield of AA-2G due to the high affinity to sucrose. Therefore, to attenuate the inhibition of fructose, a new sucrose batch-feeding strategy was developed for the effective production of AA-2G. The maximum titer was 185 g/L within 72 h. The molar conversion rate of l -AA reached 50.2 %, which is the highest conversion rate to our knowledge.

Compared with single-sided welding, double-sided welding can melt through thicker workpieces and improve the mechanical performance of the weld. In this work, laser welding with filler wire of 2195 Al–Li alloy plates is conducted via double-sided out-of-sync welding. By combining experiment and numerical simulation results, the influence laws of the weld’s mechanical properties are studied by considering the condition of both sides under different welding parameters. The results show that the welding speed is the key parameter determining the heat input of the weld. In the welds fabricated at slow welding speeds, the cooling rate is greater, resulting in accelerated solidification. The weld solidifies before hydrogen overflows from the weld pool, resulting in increased pore density and weakened mechanical properties. Therefore, welding parameters determine the heat input of the weld and subsequently the mechanical properties. It is shown that a special double-sided welding strategy can effectively control the heat input. Specifically, in contrast to those of the first, the welding parameters of the second side of the weld reduce the wire feeding speed when other parameters are held constant. Compared with the process strategy using identical double-sided parameters, this can slightly increase the heat input and reduce the defects in the weld, which can improve its mechanical properties. In the comparative experiment, the wire feeding speed was reduced from 5 to 3 mm·s−1, and the tensile strength of the weld was increased by 10%.

The last decade has witnessed the proliferation of micro-videos on various user-generated content platforms. According to our statistics, around 85.7\% of micro-videos lack annotation. In this paper, we focus on annotating micro-videos with tags. Existing methods mostly focus on analyzing video content, neglecting users' social influence and tag relation. Meanwhile, existing tag relation construction methods suffer from either deficient performance or low tag coverage. To jointly model social influence and tag relation, we formulate micro-video tagging as a link prediction problem in a constructed heterogeneous network. Specifically, the tag relation (represented by tag ontology) is constructed in a semi-supervised manner. Then, we combine tag relation, video-tag annotation, and user-follow relation to build the network. Afterward, a better video and tag representation are derived through Behavior Spread modeling and visual and linguistic knowledge aggregation. Finally, the semantic similarity between each micro-video and all candidate tags is calculated in this video-tag network. Extensive experiments on industrial datasets of three verticals verify the superiority of our model compared with several state-of-the-art baselines., Comment: Accepted by Proceedings of the 30th ACM International Conference on Multimedia (2022)

With the recent success of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in cancer immunotherapy, there has been renewed interest in evaluating the combination of ICB inhibitors with radiotherapy (RT) in clinical trials in view of the localized RT-initiated vaccination effect, which can be augmented further by systemic immune-stimulating agents. Unfortunately, traditional RT/ICB accompanies severe toxicity from high-dose ionizing irradiation and low response rate from RT-aggravated immunosuppression, among which M2-type tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role. Herein, CpG-decorated gold (Au) nanoparticles (CpG@Au NPs) were fabricated to improve the RT/ICB efficacy by immune modulation under low-dose X-ray exposure, where Au NPs served as radioenhancers to minimize the radiotoxicity, and yet acted as nanocarriers to deliver CpG, a toll-like receptor 9 agonist, to re-educate immunosuppressive M2 TAMs to immunostimulatory M1 counterparts, thus arousing innate immunity and meanwhile priming T cell activation. When combined with an anti-programmed death 1 antibody, irradiated CpG@Au led to consistent abscopal responses that efficiently suppressed distant tumors in a bilateral GL261 tumor-bearing model. This work thus demonstrates that CpG@Au-mediated macrophage reeducation could efficiently modulate the tumor-immune microenvironment for synergistic RT/ICB.

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), a commonly used antibacterial nanomaterial, exhibit broad-spectrum antibacterial activity to combat drug-resistant bacteria. However, the Ag NPs often causes a low availability and high toxicity to living bodies due to their easy aggregation and uncontrolled release of Ag+ in the bacterial microenvironment. Here, we report a porous metal−organic framework (MOF)-based Zr-2-amin-1,4-NH2-benzenedicarboxylate@Ag (denoted as UiO-66-NH2-Ag) nanocomposite using an in-situ immobilization strategy where Ag NPs were fixed on the UiO-66-NH2 for improving the dispersion and utilization of Ag NPs. As a result, the reduced use dose of Ag NPs largely improves the biosafety of the UiO-66-NH2-Ag. Meanwhile, after activation by the Ag NPs, the UiO-66-NH2-Ag can act as nanozyme with high peroxidase (POD)-like activity to efficiently catalyze the decomposition of H2O2 to extremely toxic hydroxyl radicals (·OH) in the bacterial microenvironment. Simultaneously, the high POD-like activity synergies with the controllable Ag+ release leads to enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, facilitating the death of resistant bacteria. This synergistic antibacterial strategy enables the low concentration (12 μg/mL) of UiO-66-NH2-Ag to achieve highly efficient inactivation of ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli (AmprE. coli) and endospore-forming Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). In vivo results illustrate that the UiO-66-NH2-Ag nanozyme has a safe and accelerated bacteria-infected wound healing.

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), a commonly used antibacterial nanomaterial, exhibit broad-spectrum antibacterial activity to combat drug-resistant bacteria. However, the Ag NPs often causes a low availability and high toxicity to living bodies due to their easy aggregation and uncontrolled release of Ag

Exploring the interactive influence of emotional engagement and expected value on moral decision-making by using tDCS pver VMPFC

Poster summarizing elements of the CSDMS OpenEarthscape project., Supported by NSF 2104102

Radiotherapy (RT) plays a central role in curing malignant tumors. However, the treatment outcome is often impeded by low radiation absorption coefficients and radiation resistance of tumors along with normal tissue radio-toxicity. With the development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials in combination with RT offer the possibility to improve the therapeutic efficacy yet reduce side-effects. Metal-ligand coordination nanomaterials, including nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (NMOFs) and nanoscale coordination polymers (NCPs), formed by coordination interactions between inorganic metal ions/clusters with organic bridging ligands, have shown great potential in the field of radiation oncology in recent years in view of their unique advantages including the porous structure, high surface area, periodic frameworks, and diverse selections of both metal ions/clusters and organic ligands. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in NMOF/NCP-mediated synergistic RT in combination with hypoxia relief, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, chemodynamic therapy or immunotherapy, which emerged in the last 3 years, and describe cooperative enhancement interactions among these synergistic combinations. Moreover, the potential challenges and future prospects of this rapidly growing direction were also addressed.

The shock wave boundary layer interactions (SWBLIs) at compression ramps (ramp angle α=20o -30o ) are studied at Ma=2.0 and under two Reynolds numbers (Re1=18,600 and Re2=35,600, Re based on boundary layer thickness). High-speed schlieren operating at 20 kHz is used as the flow diagnostics. The flow structures in the compression ramp SWBLIs, including the shock wave, interaction region and induced turbulent region over the ramp surface, are discussed. Their variation under increasing ramp angle and Reynolds number are further examined. The low-frequency shock wave oscillations are also studied through tracking the shock wave motion. A larger ramp angle increases the spectral intensity of the shock wave’s low-frequency unsteadiness, while increasing the Reynolds number results in a lower peak frequency for the separation and reattachment shock waves.

Intravesical administration of first-line drugs has shown failure in the treatment of bladder cancer owing to the poor tumor retention time of chemotherapeutics. Herein, we report an intracellular hydrolytic condensation (IHC) system to construct long-term retentive nano-drug depots in situ, wherein sustained drug release results in highly efficient suppression of bladder cancer. Briefly, the designed doxorubicin (Dox)-silane conjugates self-assemble into silane-based prodrug nanoparticles, which condense into silicon particle-based nano-drug depots inside tumor cells. Significantly, we demonstrate that the IHC system possesses highly potent antitumor efficacy, which leads to the regression and eradication of large established tumors and simultaneously extends the overall survival of air pouch bladder cancer mice compared with that of mice treated with Dox. The concept of intracellular hydrolytic condensation can be extended via conjugating other chemotherapeutic drugs, which may facilitate rational design of novel nanomedicines for augmentation of chemotherapy.

With the successful marriage between nanotechnology and oncology, various high-Z element containing nanoparticles (NPs) are approved as radiosensitizers to overcome radiation resistance for enhanced radiotherapy (RT). Unfortunately, NPs themselves lack specificity to tumors. Due to the inherent tropism nature of malignant cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) emerge as cell-mediated delivery vehicles for functional NPs to improve their therapeutic index. Herein, radiosensitive bismuth selenide (Bi

Precise and effective manipulation of protein functions still faces tremendous challenges. Herein we report a programmable peptide molecule, consisted of targeting and self-assembly modules, that enables specific and highly efficient assembly governed by targeting receptor proteins. Upon binding to the cell membrane receptor, peptide conformation is somewhat stabilized along with decreased self-assembly activation energy, promoting peptide-protein complex oligomerization. We first design a GNNQQNY-RGD peptide (G7-RGD) to recognize integrin α

Timely and accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) is urgently needed for pandemic surveillance and control. However, current methods are limited by the low sensitivity, long turn-around time or high cost. Here, we report a nucleic acid testing-based method aiming to detect and discriminate SARS-CoV-2 VOCs by combining RT-RPA and CRISPR-Cas12a detecting assays (RRCd). With a detection limit of 10 copies RNA/reaction, RRCd was validated in 204 clinical samples, showing 99% positive predictive agreement and 100% negative predictive agreement, respectively. Critically, using specific crRNAs, representatives of single nucleotide polymorphisms and small deletions in SARS-CoV-2 VOCs including N501Y, T478K and ΔH69-V70 were discriminated by RRCd, demonstrating 100% accuracy in clinical samples with Ct < 33. The method completes within 65 min and could offer visible results without using any electrical devices, which may facilitate point-of-care testing of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.

Researchers working with Earth surface processes modeling nearly always work with datasets. However, their productivities often suffer because these datasets are difficult to access and use. To help solving this problem, we developed data components to ease the burden of working with data and coupling them with numerical models. Data components can provide a consistent way to access and retrieve various types of datasets (e.g., time series, raster grid, and multidimensional space-time data). Each data component effectively “wraps” a dataset with Basic Model Interface (BMI). BMI is a set of standard query and control functions that can be added to a model or a dataset. Using the BMI interface for datasets makes them easier to interact with BMI-enabled numerical models. To demonstrate the capability of data components, we present an example Jupyter Notebook, in which several data components were used to download topography and soil datasets to calculate the hourly landslide susceptibility when Hurricane Maria made its landfall in Puerto Rico in 2017. This Jupyter Notebook can also be executed using CSDMS@HydroShare, which is a cloud-based platform to support reproducible research. Those interested can try out this Jupyter Notebook example at https://www.hydroshare.org/resource/df5fa2f5d1b74be4bf0a049e1e59889c/.

Scene Graph Generation, which generally follows a regular encoder-decoder pipeline, aims to first encode the visual contents within the given image and then parse them into a compact summary graph. Existing SGG approaches generally not only neglect the insufficient modality fusion between vision and language, but also fail to provide informative predicates due to the biased relationship predictions, leading SGG far from practical. Towards this end, in this paper, we first present a novel Stacked Hybrid-Attention network, which facilitates the intra-modal refinement as well as the inter-modal interaction, to serve as the encoder. We then devise an innovative Group Collaborative Learning strategy to optimize the decoder. Particularly, based upon the observation that the recognition capability of one classifier is limited towards an extremely unbalanced dataset, we first deploy a group of classifiers that are expert in distinguishing different subsets of classes, and then cooperatively optimize them from two aspects to promote the unbiased SGG. Experiments conducted on VG and GQA datasets demonstrate that, we not only establish a new state-of-the-art in the unbiased metric, but also nearly double the performance compared with two baselines., Comment: Accepted by CVPR 2022, the code is available at https://github.com/dongxingning/SHA-GCL-for-SGG

Background We separately ligated the arteries and veins of dogs to establish a canine femoral head necrosis model, then compared the differences between the outcomes of the two ligation methods on canine femoral heads. Methods Twenty-four dogs in this experiment were randomly and evenly sorted into two groups (Group A, the arterial group; and Group B, the venous group). In dogs in Group A, the unilateral deep femoral arteries of the hips were ligated. In dogs in Group B, the unilateral deep femoral veins of the hips were ligated. Two dogs from each group were randomly selected at the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th weeks postoperatively and were marked as Groups A1–A6 and B1–B6 according to the selection times. The dogs underwent X-ray (DR) and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plain scan (1.5 T) on both hip joints and were then sacrificed. Bilateral femoral head specimens were soaked in formalin and then decalcified. Hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining and histopathologic evaluation were performed on the tissue sections. Results In dogs in Group B, abnormal pathologic changes, such as adipocytes fusing into cysts, were observed at the 4th week after establishing the model. MRI scans showed abnormal signal intensity at the 6th week, and fibrocyte regrowth was demonstrated in the necrotic area of the femoral heads at the 10th week. At the same time, indicators of tissue repair and fresh granulation tissue emerged. Changes in dogs in Group A, such as interstitial haemorrhage and oedema, were not noted in pathologic sections until 6 weeks after the model was established. MRI showed abnormal signals, such as a linear low signal intensity in the weight-bearing area of the femoral heads at the 8th week. New blood vessels emerged in the necrotic area at the 12th week, while there was no proliferation of fibrocytes and tissues. Conclusions The development and evolution of femoral head necrosis caused by ligation of the main veins of the femoral head in dogs appeared earlier than in dogs with arterial ligation, and pathologic changes, such as necrosis and repair, were more significant in dogs in the venous group than in dogs in the other group.

Peptide drug conjugate (PDC) has emerged as one of the new generations of targeted therapeutics for cancer, which owns the advantages of improved drug targetability and reduced adverse effects compared with traditional chemotherapy. However, the poor permeability of PDC drugs regarding tumor cells is an urgent problem to be solved. Herein, we design a PDC drug molecule, which is composed of three modules: targeting motif (RGD target), assembly motif (GNNNQNY) and cytotoxic payload (CPT molecule). This PDC in situ forms nanoclusters upon binding cellular receptor, resulting in improved PDC cell-entry efficiency and treatment efficacy. In addition, the PDC shows increased therapeutic efficacy and raises the maximum tolerance dose of the drug in breast and bladder xenografted mice models. This strategy leverages the assembly principle to promote penetration of peptide molecules into cells and increase intracellular drug bioavailability, which is of great significance for the development of PDC drugs in the future.

Whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is a relatively novel swarm-based optimization algorithm that has the advantage of less control parameters, strong global optimization ability and easy of implementation. However, there is still an insufficiency of low accuracy, premature, and slow convergence speed in tackling large-scale global optimization (LSGO) problems. To address the issue, an enhanced whale optimization algorithm (EWOA), which combines the original WOA with opposition-based learning, chaotic map and dynamic inertia weight, is proposed for solving LSGO problems. Chaotic opposition-based learning initialization strategy by comparing the fitness of an individual to its opposite and retaining well-diversified solutions is employed to accelerate convergence speed and improve the exploration. In addition, in order to make full use of and balance the exploration and exploitation of the original WOA, a novel chaotic cooperative updating strategy of nonlinear control parameter and dynamic inertia weight is given. Moreover, optimal individual chaotic searching strategy is integrated with evolutionary population updating to avoid the possibility of being trapped into local optima. The experimental results on four classical benchmark functions with dimensions ranging from 100 to 1000 demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the chaotic opposition-based learning initialization strategy, chaotic nonlinear control parameter updating strategy and optimal individual chaotic searching strategy. The comparisons show that the proposed EWOA significantly improves the performance of WOA and provides competitive results for LSGO problems compared with state-of-the-art algorithms.

The ordovician limestone water inrush accident occurred during the excavation of 8228 working face in Tashan Coal Mine, Tongmei Group. On the basis of comprehensive geophysical exploration above and below the well, in order to find out the development boundary of the water flowing subsided column and the distribution characteristics of the broken body filled in it, and to control the subsided column by Grouting, the development boundary, the influence zone, the cementation of the fractured body and the distribution characteristics of the water flowing subsided column are found out by means of multi-layer and multi-branch surface directional horizontal drilling speed logging, drilling fluid leakage, cuttings logging and logging while drilling, and combined with data statistical analysis. The length and short axis of the collapse column is 410m - 200m, and the broken area is mainly distributed in the right front of the driving head of the belt roadway near the water inrush roadway. The 3d geological modeling of the spatial structure and development characteristics of the collapse column is carried out by using SURPAC software, and the main passageway area, fracture area and secondary fracture area are divided according to the crushing degree of the collapse column filling material. In view of the different zones of the collapse column broken body, the directional horizontal drilling control technology and the three-dimensional block grouting technology are used to construct the separate zones of the grouting technology. The safe mining of the working face is finally realized by the comprehensive treatment of cutting the source and reinforcing the water-flowing collapse column. The comprehensive exploration and treatment technology of directional horizontal drilling multi-branch collapse column provides a good reference for other similar projects.

Considering the influence of the fixing method of the component in the system on its results in ultrasonic infrared thermography testing, the detection experiments of the cracked plat structure with fixing at one end and fixing at two ends are carried out through different fixing methods of the equivalent structure. The results show that for the same structure to be detected, the more the bounds are fixed, the more the degrees of freedom are restricted, the less ultrasonic energy is dissipated during the inspection process, and the better the inspection effect. The work has positive significance for the selection of detection parameters in ultrasonic infrared thermography testing, helpful to provide some references for it.

Progress in understanding and predicting Earth surface systems requires an ongoing integration of data and numerical models. Advances are currently hampered by technical barriers that inhibit finding, accessing, and operating modeling software and related tools and data sets. To address these challenges, we present the CSDMS@HydroShare, a cloud-based platform to find, access, operate, and couple data-model integration tools for reproducible research. CSDMS@HydroShare brings together cyberinfrastructure developed by two important community facilities: CSDMS Workbench (https://csdms.colorado.edu/wiki/Workbench), which is an integrated system of software tools, technologies, and standards for building, interfacing, and coupling models, and HydroShare (https://www.hydroshare.org/), which is an online collaboration environment for sharing data, models, and tools. Researchers can use the tools from CSDMS Workbench to develop data or model components and create the model-data integration workflows. They can share their data/model components and modeling workflows as Jupyter Notebooks in HydroShare, and execute them with the CUAHSI JupyterHub without any need for software installation or data download to their local computers. CSDMS@HydroShare helps the community easily discover and reproduce the modeling process through a cloud-based platform. Those interested can try out example Jupyter Notebooks hosted on HydroShare: https://www.hydroshare.org/resource/ae3802d04675497b8788e079d58c3cc2/.

Due to the short duration, high intensity and sudden intensity of torrential rain, mountain torrents are easily formed in the northern hilly area.The distributed hydrological model is used as the main means of rain-flood forecasting. Rainfall as an important input,its spatial interpolation accuracy and time scale directly affect the forecast results.Therefore, in this paper, the spatial interpolation calculation and analysis of rainstorm process with hourly scale is carried out in the northern hilly area. Taking Licheng district in Jinan as the research area, the spatial interpolation methods, such as IDW,OK and OCK, are used to calculate the spatial interpolation of 16 time-by-time rainstorm processes for 11 typical rainfall with different duration, and the interpolation results are cross-validated and error analysis is carried out.The results show that the accuracy of the collaborative Kriging interpolation considering the elevation is higher in the short duration rainstorm process of the hilly area.

Aiming at the drawbacks of low contrast and high noise in the thermal images, a novel method based on the combination of the thermal image sequence reconstruction and the first-order differential processing is proposed in this work, which is comprised of the following procedures. Firstly, the specimen with four fabricated defects with different sizes is detected by using pulsed infrared thermography. Then, a piecewise fitting based method is proposed to reconstruct the thermal image sequence to compress the data and remove the temporal noise of each pixel in the thermal image. Finally, the first-order differential processing based method is proposed to enhance the contrast. An experimental investigation into the specimen containing de-bond defects between the steel and the heat insulation layer is carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method via the above procedures. The obtained results show that the proposed method can remove the noise, enhance the contrast, and even compress the data reaching at 99.1%, thus improving the detectability of pulsed infrared thermography on metal defects.

The gas ejection system provides initial kinetic energy for the aircraft, which determines the launch ability and affects the maneuverability. In this paper, an overall energy analysis model of ejection system was built and a new structure optimization method based on exergy efficiency maximization was developed. An exergy efficiency maximization based optimization strategy was proposed to decrease the energy consumption and improve the system efficiency in the ejection process. The mixture characteristics of burning gas were taken into account to analyze the energy loss caused by the thermal convection and thermal radiation in the combustion chamber. Meanwhile, the energy loss in the launch canister consists of heat loss and friction loss was obtained. Besides, a non-axial-flow factor was utilized to correct the energy loss in the nozzle. A dynamic model of the ejection system was accomplished and a four-order Runge-Kutta method was developed to solve the model. The equation of the overall exergy efficiency was deduced based on the relationship between exergy and energy. By discussing key parameters to exergy efficiency, including the diameter of grain ( D b ), the diameter of nozzle ( N t ), the volume of combustion chamber ( V cc ), and the diameter of launch canister ( d lc ), the optimization parameters were calculated by introducing genetic algorithm to the dynamic model when the exergy efficiency reaches the maximum value of 0.8534. The obtained results provide theoretical guidance for structure design and applications of the gas ejection system.

Infrared thermography is viewed as a promising method to investigate fatigue behavior and the objects studied in the available work are mainly focused on the metals and glass fiber reinforced plastic (GRFP), while the carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), especially the CFRP with initial impact damage, are rarely involved yet. In this work, experimental investigation on temperature variation and on damage characteristic of impacted CFRP laminate is conducted. Several specimens are begun with impact test and compression static test, followed by compression-compression fatigue test. Then, real-time maximum surface temperature difference, ΔTmax, is defined for investigating the temperature variation during fatigue and the obtained result shows that the evolution of ΔTmax shows three stages in a “rapidly-slowly-rapidly” manner. On this basis, a method to determine the cut-off point is proposed to facilitate the division of the three stages, by which the three stages occupy less than 5%, more than 85% and less than 10% of total fatigue life respectively. Finally, the damage characteristic during fatigue is investigated. the obtained results show that the main damage characteristic changes in a “matrix crack-delamination-fiber rupture” manner as ΔTmax proceeds.

Plasma Synthetic Jet Actuator (PSJA), which incorporates no mechanical parts, zero mass flux capability, adjustable operating frequency and momentum throughput, has drawn increasing attention on high speed flow control. Experiments were conducted on a PSJA with a conical cavity at same energy input, the energy supplied to the PSJA mainly comes from a charged capacitor in a high voltage. The effect of different capacitances on the control authority of the actuator in quiescent condition, as well as its essential characteristics, are investigated. In the experiments, qualitative and quantitative measurements including electrical characteristics, high-speed schlieren, phase locked particle image velocimetry, and dynamic pressure, were fulfilled. Comparative analysis was carried out to study the jet flow difference caused by discharge duration, which depends on the capacitance(1 μF, 2 μF, 4.7 μF and 10 μF), and the energy supplied to the actuator is assumed to be constant. Results show that the discharge duration extends as capacitance increases, so the air inside the cavity is heated more homogeneously. However, smaller capacitance leads to shorter discharge time, but a more vigorous jet flow with stronger blast wave and higher accelerated zone. Accordingly performance fade of the actuator was found as the capacitance increases. Furthermore, two typical morphological features, including the initial intermittent accelerated zones (blast jet) and the heated jet body (hot jet), are adopted to form a conceptual model, by which the nature of the jet was characterized.

Hypoxia-acquired radioresitance is considered to be a major factor responsible for the clinical failure of radiotherapy. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), a hypoxia-induced cell-surface enzyme involved in pH regulation of hypoxic solid tumors, has been acknowledged as a desirable target for cancer therapy. Herein, we developed a dual exogenous/endogenous CA IX inhibition strategy using core/satellite-like metal-organic framework (UiO-66)/gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) nanohybrids as a therapeutic platform for hypoxia-relief enhanced RT of triple negative breast cancer. The UiO-66 matrix supported the Au NPs generation in situ and would decompose inside tumor cells by the high-concentration phosphates to release p-phthalic acid (PTA), a original building skeleton of the UiO-66 matrix, to inhibit CA IX, while the decorated Au NPs served as radiosensitizers to potentiate the sensitivity of tumor cells to X-ray and yet provided active sites for CA IX antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) loading via formation of stable Au-S bond to knockdown CA IX. The dual inhibitory manner, exogenous inhibition from PTA and endogenous inhibition from CA IX ASO, largely alleviated the hypoxia-induced resistance and synergized with Au NPs-mediated radiosensitization to afford super therapeutic outcome in vitro and in vivo, supporting the feasibility of our synergistic RT strategy in hypoxic tumor management.

Mechanisms for controlling the shock wave boundary layer interaction (SWBLI) by a plasma actuator array are investigated by two experiments. Low-frequency and high-frequency actuation modes are compared. The experimental results yield valuable insights into the control mechanism of SWBLI using a surface arc plasma actuator array. The schlieren snapshots and the mean and root mean square error of the image sequence and pressure measurements are analyzed to determine the control mechanisms. The high-frame schlieren images for flow visualization indicate a significant modification of the separation shock in both experiments due to thermal injection. More importantly, because the high-frequency actuation mode operates at relatively low energy, it can provide quasi-continuous perturbations, providing stable control for separation shock weakening. The Iband/Itotal ratio for low-frequency unsteadiness obtained from the pressure spectrum is reduced below 5% at 10 kHz forcing. The integrated schlieren intensity IRMS and power spectrum indicate a dominant vortex forcing effect as an additional actuation mechanism in addition to the gas heating effect that may affect the separation shock and its interaction with the boundary layer. As the plasma actuation is activated, numerous periodic streamwise vortices and small-scale trailing vortices are produced in the high-frequency actuation mode, resulting in an enhancement of the mixture upstream of the interaction region and promoting the momentum transfer to the boundary layer. In addition, the large-scale turbulence structures characterized by low-frequency unsteadiness are subject to artificial vortex shedding by the plasma perturbation, further increasing the momentum transfer in the boundary layer. We propose a conceptual model describing the vortical activity due to actuation and the interaction between plasma actuation and the SWBLI flow. Thus, a hybrid mechanism of SWBLI control associated with vortical activity exists.

A new way is proposed in this work to reveal the damage evolution law of impacted carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminate under compression-compression fatigue load based on thermographic images. Firstly, several specimens are began with impact testing with different energies, followed by compression-compression fatigue testing with different load amplitudes and monitored by infrared camera. Then, the thermographic images gathered by infrared camera are analyzed. Finally, the damage area is introduced to quantitatively reveal the damage evolution law of these impacted specimens. The obtained results show that combining appropriate image processing methods, the damage area can be used as an effective damage index to quantitatively reveal damage evolution law of impacted CFRP laminate under compression-compression fatigue load with excellent accuracy.

Near infrared (NIR) light-driven nitric oxide (NO) release nano-platform based on upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and light sensitive NO precursor Roussins black salt (RBS) was fabricated to generate NO upon 808 nm irradiation. The application of 808 nm laser as the excitation source could achieve better penetration depth and avoid overheating problem. The combination of UCNPs and RBS could realize the on-demand release of NO at desired time and location by simply controlling the output of NIR laser. Cellular uptake results showed that more nanoparticles were internalized in cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) rather than non-CSCs. Therefore, a synergistic cancer therapy strategy to eradicate both CSCs and non-CSCs simultaneously was developed. Traditional chemo-drug could inhibit non-CSCs but has low killing efficiency in CSCs. However, we found that the combination of NO and chemotherapy could efficiently inhibit CSCs in bulk cells, including inhibiting mammosphere formation ability, decreasing CD44+/CD24− subpopulation and reducing tumorigenic ability. The mechanism studies confirmed that NO could not only induce apoptosis but also increase drug sensitivity by declining drug efflux in CSCs. This UCNPs-based platform may provide a new combinatorial strategy of NO and chemotherapy to improve cancer treatment.

Low water solubility, extensive metabolism, and drug resistance are the existing unavoidable disadvantages of the insoluble drug curcumin in biomedical applications. Herein, we employed d-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS)-functionalized near-infrared (NIR)-triggered photothermal mesoporous nanocarriers with bamboo charcoal nanoparticles (TPGS-BCNPs) to load and deliver curcumin for improving its bioavailability. This system could considerably increase the accumulation of curcumin in cancer cells for enhanced curcumin bioavailability via simultaneously promoting the cellular internalization of the as-synthesized composite (TPGS-BCNPs@curcumin) by the size effect of NPs and considerably triggering controlled curcumin release from TPGS-BCNPs@curcumin by NIR stimulation and reducing efflux of curcumin by the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition of TPGS, so as to enhance the therapeutic effect of curcumin and realize a better chemo-photothermal synergetic therapy in vitro and in vivo. Besides cancer therapy, studies indicated that curcumin and some carbon materials could be used as radical scavengers that play an important role in the radioprotection of normal cells. Hence, we also investigated the free-radical-scavenging ability of the TPGS-BCNPs@curcumin composite in vitro to preliminarily evaluate its radioprotection ability for healthy tissues. Therefore, our work provides a multifunctional delivery system for curcumin bioavailability enhancement, chemo-photothermal synergetic therapy of cancer, and radioprotection of healthy tissues.

Hydrologic research is increasingly data and computationally intensive, and often involves hydrologic model simulation and collaboration among researchers. With the development of cyberinfrastructure, researchers are able to improve the efficiency, impact, and effectiveness of their research by utilizing online data sharing and hydrologic modeling functionality. However, further efforts are still in need to improve the capability of cyberinfrastructure to serve the hydrologic science community. This dissertation first presents the evaluation of a physically based snowmelt model as an alternative to a temperature index model to improve operational water supply forecasts in the Colorado River Basin. Then it presents the design of the functionality to share multidimensional space-time data in the HydroShare hydrologic information system. It then describes a web application developed to facilitate input preparation and model execution of a snowmelt model and the storage of these results in HydroShare. The snowmelt model evaluation provided use cases to evaluate the cyberinfrastructure elements developed. This research explored a new approach to advance operational water supply forecasts and provided potential solutions for the challenges associated with the design and implementation of cyberinfrastructure for hydrologic data sharing and modeling.