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Purpose: Proximal tibial fractures are common, but the current available internal fixation strategies remain debatable, especially for comminuted fractures. This study aimed to compare the biomechanical stability of three internal fixation strategies for extra-articular comminuted proximal tibial fractures.Methods: A total of 90 synthetic tibiae models of simulated proximal tibial fractures with segmental bone defects were randomly divided into three groups: Single lateral plating (LP), double plating (DP) and intramedullary nailing (IN). Based on the different number of fixed screws, the above three groups were further divided into nine subgroups and subjected to axial compression, cyclic loading and static torsional testing.Results: The subgroup of intramedullary nailing with five proximal interlocking screws showed the highest axial stiffness of 384.36 ± 35.00 N/mm. The LP group obtained the lowest axial stiffness performance with a value of 96.59 ± 16.14 N/mm. As expected, the DP group offered significantly greater biomechanical stability than the LP group, with mean static axial stiffness and mean torque increasing by approximately 200% and 50%, respectively. According to static torsional experiments, the maximum torque of the DP subgroup was 3,308.32 ± 286.21 N mm, which outperformed all other groups in terms of torsional characteristics.Conclusion: Utilizing more than four distal screws did not provide improved biomechanical stability in the LP or DP groups, while a substantial increase in the biomechanical stability of DP was obtained when an additional medial plate was used. For the intramedullary nailing group, increasing the number of proximal interlocking screws could significantly improve biomechanical stability, and the intramedullary nailing with three proximal interlocking screws had similar static and cyclic stiffness as the DP group. The intramedullary nailing with five proximal screws had better axial stability, whereas DP had better torsional stability.

Supercapacitors have been attracting significant attention as promising energy storage devices. However, the voltage window limitation associated with electrolyte solutions has hindered the improvement of their capacitance. To address this issue and enhance the energy storage capabilities of general traditional supercapacitors, we put forward the dipole induced effects observed in the theoretical framework of the electric double-layer structure. The molecular dynamics results demonstrate that, compared to traditional systems, an improvement of over 50% in integral capacitance at low voltages is achieved. Moreover, a new material-based experimental results obtained from a dielectric supercapacitor employing a hydrated electrolyte solution corroborated the effectiveness of our proposed model, yielding consistent outcomes. We attribute the large capacitance variation to the reorientation of the dipoles, which induces the neutral-to-bilayer transition and the overscreening-to-steric transition, consistent with the polarization process of the polymer in the experiment. We further investigate the capacitance variations under different dipole parameters, such as varying the number of layers, different number densities and different spacings, thereby enriching the experimental results with additional conclusions not previously obtained. This work presents a novel approach that exploits dipole-induced capacitance effects, paving the way for further advances in the field of energy storage technology.