Search

Background The purpose of the study was to determine to what extent olfactory aromatherapy reduces the intensity of dental pain and the level of dental anxiety. It also attempted to corelate between olfactory aromatherapy, stages of dental visits, and various dental procedures. Methods Female patients were enrolled in a randomized controlled study. Olfactory aromatherapy was performed using lavender oils. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the lavender group, in which patients inhaled 2% lavender vapors, and the control group, in which patients inhaled water vapors. Pain score, anxiety score, and changes in vital signs were among the predictable variables. Anxiety and pain were assessed using the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), Speilberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and visual analog scales (VAS). The vital signs were systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and oxygen saturation (Spo2). Variables were evaluated before inhalations, 20 min after inhalations, at the end of settings, and on the following day. Results Each group had 175 participants. Pain and anxiety scores were significantly reduced, and all vital signs improved, except for DBP. The MDAS, STAI, and pain scores are reduced by 3.4, 4.2, and 2.4 times, respectively, compared to the control group. Olfactory aromatherapy had the greatest impact during the phase of waiting rooms. Conclusion When compared to the control group, olfactory aromatherapy reduces anxiety scores three to four times more. Pain perception is reduced by twice as much as in the control group. It also significantly reduces the anxiety associated with minor to moderately stressful dental procedures.

Purpose: The present study was carried out to evaluate and compare the clinical effect in a short term of three conservative treatment methods for myofascial pain disorder syndrome (MPD): pharmacotherapy, inter occlusal splint and low level laser therapy (LLLT). Subjects and Methods: The present study was applied on thirty (n=30) females patients which suffered from myofascial pain disorder syndrome (MPD).They were selected for this study with age ranged from 17-45 years. Patients were divided equally and randomly into three groups; Group I : were treated by LLLT, Group II were treated by oral appliance therapy and Group III were treated by pharmacotherapy. The outcome variables were pain score and the maximum interincisal opening (MIO). Pain score was assessed by using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS); both variables were assessed preoperatively, postoperatively at the first month weekly, three months, and six months. Results: VAS scores decreased and MIO increased gradually throughout the follow up durations at first, third, and six months after treatment in all groups (P < 0.05). Although there was a difference between groups I, II and III, however, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: low level laser therapy can be considered as a suitable and non-invasive treatment alternative for MPD. Also it was effective, had showing promising results and can be used as treatment of MP. LLLT shows its effects in a short term duration so it can be considered as a treatment of choice.

Purpose: The intent of the study was to compare the periodontal and bony changes of piezocision corticotomy with bone graft guided by 3D-surgical template in maxillary protrusion versus non grafted one. Patients and Methods: Prospective study included 20 maxillary protrusive female patients with age group ranging between 20 and 50 years. Patients were divided in to group I: treated with piezocision corticotomy without bone graft guided by 3D surgical template. Group II: treated with piezocision corticotomy with bone graft guided by 3D surgical template. CBCT scan was performed of all the patients. Gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD) and CBCT images were performed at baseline and 6months then collected data were analyzed using SPSS statistical analysis program. Results: There were significant reductions in GI, and PD of Group I and Group II from baseline to 3 months. Radiographic analysis of group II showed a statistically significant increase of labial bone thickness (LBT) after 6 months. Conclusion: The uses of guided bone regeneration during cortioctomy improve the clinical parameter and augment the labial bone with minimal loss of bone thickness during en-mass movement.

Purpose This study compared piezoelectric (PE) and conventional drills (CD) for maxillary aesthetic zone implant insertion. Material and methods This was a prospective split-mouth study. Implants were divided into two groups. Beds were prepared with CDs in group I and PE in group II. The implant stability quotient (ISQ) of the mechanical implant stability (MIS) was measured intraoperatively. The ISQ of the biological implant stability (BIS) was recorded at postoperative second and fourth months. Marginal bone loss (MBL) and bone density (BMD) were measured in the first and second years after prosthetic loading. The osteotomy time was also documented for both techniques. P values Results Sixty implants in 30 patients were included. PE provided a significantly higher ISQ. All values were above 70 throughout the follow-up period. The mean of the ISQ for MIS was 63.78 ± 1.03 and 73.89 ± 1.05 in group I and group II, respectively (p = 0.003). PE needed significantly longer osteotomy time with a mean of 11.99 ± 0.839 min. The BIS quality had high stability in group II and medium stability in group I throughout the study period. Its values decreased in both groups. Group II had a lesser percentage of decrease. However, it was significant only at time intervals between intraoperative and two months' postoperative (p = 0.004). MBL and BMD demonstrated insignificant results. Conclusion The implant site preparation with PE devices should be preferred to CDs whenever possible, because they seem to enhance implant stability and osseointegration, especially at the initial stages of healing.

Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate and compare the efficiency of piezoelectric device for implant site preparation clinically and radiographically. Materials and methods: The study included 12 patients divided into two groups. The group A received implants prepared with the conventional drills (CDs), while, group B, the piezoelectric devices (PEDs) were used. The stability of implant was measured, immediately, at 2 months, and 4 months after the implant insertion. Also, the drilling time was recorded. While, the Marginal bone loss (MBL) and Bone mineral density (BMD) were recorded immediately, at 3, and 6 months after implant insertion. Results: Group B had a significant higher ISQ values all over the follow up periods. The drilling time of ISP was significantly higher in group B. Regarding the MBL, there was no a statistical significant difference. The BMD increased significantly in group B immediately, and at 3 month. Conclusion: The osseointegration of implants prepared with PED was significantly greater than that of implants which prepared with the CDs all over the time points, but the PEDs need significantly longer surgical time than the CDs

The aim of the study was to compare between computer guided surgery and the traditional method in preserving vertical ramus height (VRH) and the skull base thickness during gap arthroplasty in patients with the TMJ bony ankylosis. Material and methods: Twelve patients with 15 joints suffering from true bony TMJ ankylosis were included in this study. The patients were divided into 2 groups: Group A (8 joints); The ankylosis was released by computer-assisted 1cm gap arthroplasty. Group B (7 joints); The ankylosis was released by traditional 1cm gap arthroplasty. Pre and postoperative clinical examinations included: measurements of maximum interincisal opening, midline deviations or deflections during mouth opening or closing, presence of open bite, recording any sign/symptoms of infection, facial nerve function evaluation. Preoperative radiograph were measure the preoperative VRH, and aid in construction of the surgical guide for group A, while, postoperative radiograph performed for measure the VRH and skull base thickness. Result: Clinically improvement in the midline shift and occlusion during physiotherapy period postoperatively for all cases in group A except in one patient. While, clinical result in group B revealed increase in the midline shift, and change in occlusion postoperatively. Radiographically: there was no statistical significant difference between the 2 groups in postoperative VRH loss measurements. There was statistical significant difference between the 2 groups in postoperative skull base thickness. Conclusion: Computer assisted surgical simulation could help the surgeon to preserve the VRH and the skull base that reflects positively on the postoperative clinical outcomes.

Purpose this study was conducted between 2015 and 2017 at the faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University and aimed to histologically compare between the effect of processed and unprocessed bone marrow aspirate on the quantity and quality of the newly formed bone. Material and methods 72 Adult male white New Zealand rabbits were used in this study and were divided equally into 2 groups A and B. Bone defects were created at the medial upper extremity of right and left tibia of all rabbits down to bone using trephine bur measuring 4 mm diameter to 5 mm depth. The bone defects were treated with whole bone marrow loaded on gel foam in group A right tibias and using mononuclear cell layer obtained through centrifuging bone marrow loaded on gel foam in group B right tibias. Bone defects in the left tibias in all rabbits treated with gel foam only. Scarification was done 3,6,12 weeks postoperative. Histological evaluation was done using H and E and Masson’s trichrome stain. Results the results showed that group A right tibial defects had better healing results than group B right tibial defects all over the follow-up period, but the differences were not statically significant. Conclusion the study findings indicate that the centrifugal concentration techniques provide better therapeutic outcomes over the whole BMA, but it is statistically insignificant.

The study aimed to correlate between the stimulated nerve, intensity of trigeminovagal reflex (TVR), and neuropathophysiological pathway by which the efferent arc is activated. Material and methods: A retrospective study included patients who developed TVR during the surgical management of mandibular, midface, and orbital fractures. The reflex was divided into type I, II, III, and IV-TVR according to the following nerves: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular, and non-trigeminal nerves, respectively. The magnitude of hemodynamic drops was identified at the intraoperative baseline, during reflex, and postoperatively. The needed time to elicit the reflex, frequency and duration, need for medical intervention, and sequence of the drop were also recorded. P - values0.05 was considered significant. Out of 260 patients' files were reviewed, the TVR was observed in only 30 (11.55 %) patients. The ophthalmic nerve activation significantly caused the greatest intensity and magnitude of hemodynamic drop, followed by maxillary nerve, then mandibular division, and the lowest one was non-trigeminal nerves. The highest mean of drops in the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was 62.92 ± 2.39 with the type ITVR, whereas those of the type II, III, and IV were 75.5 ±3.98, 81.02±1.31, and 82.22±1.85, respectively. Also, the type I-TVR led to the greatest decrease in the heart rate (HR) with the mean equaled to 52.31± 3.91. The drop percentage in the MABP was -30.5, -17.5, -12, -10.08 for type I, II, III, and IV, whereas those of the HR were - 33.9, -27.13, -26.6, and -25 with type I, II, III, and IV, respectively. All results showed highly significant differences with p-values less than 0.001 when comparing between the baseline and intraoperative values of each TVR type. There is a positive correlation between the activated pathway of the TVR and the intensity of its efferent arc response due to the neural pathway of each division in the brainstem circuitry. Understanding of the pathophysiology and mechanism of the TVR, together with the rapid recognition and treatment could prevent serious negative outcomes, especially when the ophthalmic nerve is stimulated. 1Introduction.

Purpose The aim of this prospective study was to address the anthropometric changes in the morphology of the lower eyelid and esthetic outcomes after performing subciliary, subtarsal, and transconjunctival approaches in patients with orbital and periorbital fractures. Patients and methods A prospective randomized controlled clinical study was undertaken on patients with orbital floor and infraorbital rim fractures. These were equally divided into three groups: in group 1, the fractures were approached via a stepped subciliary approach; in group 2, they were approached via a subtarsal approach; in group 3, a retroseptal transconjunctival approach was performed. The patients were assessed for anthropometric changes in the morphology of the lower eyelid, esthetic outcomes, and postoperative lower eyelid complications (LLCs). A one-way ANOVA test was used to analyze differences between the operated and non-operated sides and the effect of the surgical approach on anthropometric measurements. Results A total of 45 patients were included in the study. All the surgical approaches provided adequate surgical exposure of the infraorbital rim and orbital floor. The subtarsal approach allowed rapid access to the field (10.5 ± 1.9 min). All incisions resulted in adequate postoperative esthetic outcomes. Anthropometric analysis revealed that there were no significant differences between the three approaches, except for measurements of the eye fissure index (EFI) and lower iris coverage (LIC). Mean EFI measurements increased on all operated sides. The subciliary approach showed the highest percentage of increased measurements of this variable (34.5 ± 4.6), followed by the subtarsal approach (32 ± 2.1), and then the transconjunctival approach (31.1 ± 3.7), with p = 0.046. Furthermore, the subciliary approach significantly decreased the measurements of LIC. This change was also bigger with the subciliary approach (1.09 ± 2.3) than with the subtarsal approach (2.1 ± 2.4) or transconjunctival approach (3.4 ± 2.6), with p = 0.048. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, the subtarsal approach is a minimally invasive incision that provides an adequate and direct approach to orbital floor and infraorbital rim fractures, with a favorable periorbital architecture and the lowest incidence of LLCs. Therefore, the subtarsal technique should be preferred over subciliary and transconjunctival approaches.

Despite the wide uses of mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO), no study appears to have evaluated the use of MDO and subsequent advancement genioplasty. This study addressed lower facial third aesthetics in a consecutive series of subjects with micrognathia who underwent MDO and subsequent advancement genioplasty. Standard cephalometric measurements were performed pre-MDO, at the end of consolidation, and at 1 week, 6 months, and 12 months after genioplasty. At the end of follow-up, questionnaires were given to measure patient satisfaction. Forty patients were included, 33 of whom underwent genioplasty. The mean patient age was 22.35 ± 1.12 years. Pre-genioplasty cephalometric measurements showed that all patients had a deficient chin position and projection; they were dissatisfied with their facial aesthetics. Post-genioplasty cephalometric measurements showed that the hard and soft tissue pogonion had moved significantly: 8.4 ± 2.3 mm and 11.0 ± 2.11 mm, respectively. According to the questionnaire, the patients were satisfied with the final results. The MDO reduced the amount of chin advancement and minimized relapses; the soft tissue response of the lower facial third was more sensitive to genioplasty than isolated MDO. MDO and genioplasty lead to a modest horizontal chin movement that achieves the preferred pogonion position and projection.

Purpose: To compare the outcomes after rigid intermaxillary fixation (IMF) versus functional therapy (FT) in patients with mandibular condylar fractures (CFs). Patients and Methods: A prospective comparative study with 3 follow-ups (FU) at 1, 3 and 6 months was undertaken in 2 groups, which exclusively privileged either surgical or conservative treatment due to different therapeutic agendas. Patients from Group1 (GI) received IMF for 10 days, followed by physiotherapy, whereas those in Group2 (GII) had undergone FT for 21 days via guiding elastics. In both groups, all concomitant fractures (if present) were treated by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Patients with unilateral CFs, with or without concomitant mandibular fractures showing one or more of the following conditions were included: adult patients (>18 years of age) indicated for closed treatment, and sufficient dentition for arch bars application. Previous history of tempromandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction, severe pre-traumatic skeletal dysgnathia, and mid face fractures was excluded. Results: 12 patients (6 in GI and 6 in GII) were included. The clinical TMJ Dysfunction Index of Helkimo (CTDI-H) was equal in both groups at 1 month FU, it became worse in GI than in the GII at 3 month FU, corresponding to better function on the short-term. At the 6 month FU, there were better values in the GII. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans revealed that the trauma caused disc displacement for 33.3% of GI and 66.7 % of GII. At 6 months FU, 33.3% of GI had improvement in the degree of the disc displacement, but they still had internal derangement with reduction. In GII, 2 out of 4 retained the normal position of the disc and the others had improvement in the disc displacement degree only. Conclusion: Both treatment options may yield acceptable results, however, FT seems to be the appropriate treatment for rapid recovery of range of mandibular motion (ROMM), relief of pain during palpation of masticatory muscles, and recovery of disc position during FU. Its success depends on the passive maneuver of physiotherapy if there is no restricted maximum interincisal opening (MIO) and it should be in a forcible manner in case of restricted MIO.

Purpose The aim of this clinical study was to prospectively measure the incremental changes in the maximum interincisal opening (MIO) after 1 cm gap arthroplasty, compare these changes between unilateral and bilateral cases, and emphasize the importance of the monitoring of the MIO for at least 24 months. Materials and methods This prospective study enrolled 26 patients with TMJ ankylosis either unilateral or bilateral. The fingers assessment method was used to measure the MIO preoperatively, intraoperatively, and monthly postoperatively up to 24 months. All the patients had undergone 1 cm gap arthroplasty to release the ankylosis. The changes in MIO measurements of unilateral and bilateral cases were statistically compared. The physiotherapy was performed until the measurements had normal stable values. Results All the cases showed a significant decrease in MIO at the first three months. At 6 months, the MIO continuously increased up to 1 year. There was no difference between the unilateral and bilateral cases. At the end of the follow-up, all measurements showed normal stable values. Conclusion The monitoring of MIO is important to detect the early signs of re-ankylosis. It is the only way that can be used in which the early signs cannot be detected in radiographs.

Objectives Pediatric maxillofacial fractures are less common as compared to adults, however, they may lead to serious complications. Methods The study aimed to retrospectively correlate demographic data, facial fractures characteristics, and patterns among pediatric patients who were managed at 3 of the governmental Egyptian Hospitals from 2008 to 2016, and discussing the treatment protocols. The study included 104 patients presented with maxillofacial traumas. Those with dentoalveolar and/or dental injuries were excluded. All the patients were treated by conservative approaches, except those in whom surgical interventions were mandatory. Results The mean age of 104 patients was 10.94 ± 3.92 years. The female/male ratio was 1:1.4. Females’ fractures were mainly due to falls (17.31%). Road traffic accidents (RTAs) were the most common cause in males, followed by sports injuries (17.31.8%), then assault (10.58%). The most prevalent site of fractures was the mandible (67.31%) in particular condylar fractures. All the fractures were healed successfully, but restricted mouth openings were the most common sequela. Conclusion The RTAs were the main cause. Males and condylar fractures have the highest predominance. The conservative treatment is still the treatment of choice in pediatric fractures. Pediatric fractures must be followed longitudinally to avoid post-traumatic sequelae.

Statement of problem: Management of subcondylar fracture with proper reduction of temporomandibular joint position and function is a challenge, different osteosynthesis devices are used with great diversity in their types, numbers, positions, and results.Purpose: Comparative study between the efficiency of single miniplate and single minidynamic compression plate in restoration of ramus height, condylar angulation, and tempromandibular joint function in subcondylar fracture cases.Material and Method: 14 patients indicated for open reduction and fixation of subcondylar fractures were divided into two groups each of 7 patients. Group A: subcondylar fractures were fixed using 2.0 single miniplate along posterior border of ramus. Group B: a single 2.0-mm minidynamic compression plates (DCP), were applied along posterior border of ascending ramus for fracture fixation in the other seven patients. Intermaxillary fixation for 10 days was applied for both groups. Clinical and radiograhic follow up were performed at 1, 3, 6 months using panorama and CT. Results: At 6 months postoperatively, there was an improvement of mandibular functions with improvement of inter-incisal opening from 19.1mm and 20.1 mm in group A and B respectively to 35.6mm and 30.8 mm. Which was significantly different (P value =0.04). The shortening in ramus height improved from 3.2mm and 5.2mm in group A and B to 0.8 mm and 0.6 mm, also sagittal angulation of condyle improved from 1.6o and 4.7o in both group respectively to 0.2o and 0.3o with no significant difference between two types of mini-plate. There were no signs of infection, malunion, nonunion or device failure in both groups. except for one case of group A, that suffered from malocclusion with displacements of the fractured segments immediately after the operations, that responded to elastic traction within 15 days.Conclusion: Single 0.2 mm miniplate or mini DCP aided by intermaxillary fixation are successful devices in fixation of subcondylar fracture without complication, with superiority of mini DCP in proper condylar reduction and stable fixation.

Purpose Chronic oroantral fistulas (OAFs) are a challenging problem in oral and maxillofacial surgery, and the treatment success rate of OAFs is as low as 67%. Thus, the double-layered closure has been described. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the simplicity and effectiveness of using a palatal rotational flap and suturing of the sinus membrane perforation as a new technique for double-layered closure. Materials and Methods A prospective case series study was performed in patients who had chronic OAFs and were treated at Al-Zahraa Hospital from 2010 to 2013. The following demographic and clinical data were collected: age, gender, location of defect, size, etiology, signs and symptoms, postoperative healing, and complications. Under local anesthesia, fistulectomy and sinus irrigation were performed to control sinusitis. Under general anesthesia, the oral side of the fistulous tract was sutured with a purse suture. A palatal flap was reflected and sutured to the buccal tissue. Results Twelve patients 19 to 51 years old were enrolled in this study. All patients tolerated the surgical procedures; all surgical wounds healed uneventfully without recurrence. Conclusion Double-layered closure of OAFs is a straightforward, convenient, and successful technique that provides stable, strong, and double-sealed closure of chronic OAFs.

Purpose A restricted mouth opening (MO) is predominantly a complication of maxillofacial trauma in pediatric patients and develops in 4 to 26.2% of cases. The purpose of the present study was to quantitatively investigate the influence of patient demographic data, fracture characteristics, and regular vigorous physiotherapy, with either voluntary or forcible MO exercises, on the recovery of a post-traumatic restricted MO in pediatric patients. Patients and Methods A prospective cohort study was performed of pediatric patients with maxillofacial injuries who had been referred to Al-Zahraa and El-Fayoum Hospitals from 2013 to 2015. The predictive variables were patient demographic data, fracture characteristics, and regular vigorous physiotherapy. The patients were treated with a closed technique. The MO measurements were the clinical outcome variables and were recorded at the first week and then monthly for 12 months. Regular vigorous physiotherapy was performed until the patients had returned to their preoperative MO. The data were tabulated and statistically analyzed. Results Eighty-six patients were enrolled in the present study. Males predominated. Falls were the most common cause of fracture. Condylar fractures had the greatest incidence. A restricted MO occurred in 81 patients. The results showed no interaction between MO recovery and age, gender, etiology, or fracture site. After physiotherapy, the patients had returned to their preoperative MO at the fourth month, with the measurements fixed at normal values at the sixth month. The recovery rate was nonlinear, with faster improvement in the months closest to the injury. Conclusion Physiotherapy is more critical in the recovery of the MO and prevention of bony ankylosis than patient data or fracture characteristics in pediatric trauma. We highly advocate the performance of voluntary mouth exercises, even in the absence of fracture. Forcible MO exercises are mandatory to recover a restricted MO. These exercises should be performed under close supervision of the patient's surgeon with the parents motivated to cooperate for at least 6 months.

Purpose The aim of this study was to compare segmental mirroring with mirroring of the entire unaffected side to determine which method obviates intraoperative readjustment of virtually planned pre-bent plates and to evaluate the effect on costs. Materials and Methods Patients eligible for inclusion in this prospective study had unilateral mandibular discontinuity defects. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. In group I, models were constructed by mirroring the entire unaffected side of the mandible at the midsagittal plane. In group II, only the resected segments were cut and replaced by the corresponding mirrored healthy segments. The lesions were resected, and their sites were reconstructed using pre-bent reconstruction plates. The need for intraoperative plate readjustment, plate placement time, operation time, and operation costs were reviewed. Results Fifty patients were enrolled in this study. All but 5 plates in group I required readjustment. In group II, plates were placed without intraoperative handling. Average operating times were 4.20 ± 0.56 hours in group I and 3.186 ± 0.28 hours in group II (P = .00002). Mean times for plate placement were 33.36 ± 8.20 and 21.88 ± 5.73 minutes in groups I and II, respectively. The difference resulted in an average time gain of 11.48 minutes. Average personal costs per minute were US$740.77 for group I and US$560.87 for group II. The difference resulted in an average saving of approximately US$179.90. Conclusion Segmental mirroring is superior in reflecting the bone anatomy in 3-dimensional models, thus eliminating intraoperative plate readjustment and providing better plate adaptation with better contour. It decreases operating time and costs and thus can be recommended for lesions that do not cross the midline.

Although most of odontogenic tumors are benign, some of them will show locally destructive behavior, as keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) is now known as a benign but aggressive odontogenic neoplasm. The neoplastic characteristics in KCOT have been suggested from clinical as well as pathologic aspects. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is a gelatinase form of the MMPs family, which is a group of proteolytic enzymes that degrade many types of collagen. Cysteine aspartic acid-specific protease-3 (caspase-3) is the most downstream enzyme in the apoptosis-inducing protease pathway and is probably the most clearly associated with cell death. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the extracellular degradation potentiality (MMP-2) and apoptosis (caspase-3) of the epithelial lining in KCOT versus radicular cysts and ameloblastoma, in order to reinforce its classification as an odontogenic tumor.Twenty-six surgical specimens including keratocyst odontogenic tumor (KCOT; n=11), ameloblastoma (AB; n=8) and radicular cysts (RC; n=7) were examined for expression of MMP-2 and caspase-3 using the immunohistochemical method.For MMP-2 immunoexpression, AB showed the statistically significant highest mean area percentage, followed by KCOT, while RC showed the statistically significant lowest mean area percentage. As for caspase- 3, there was no statistically significant difference between KCOT and AB, while RC showed the statistically significantly lowest mean area percentage.Overexpression of MMP-2 protein related to growth and progression of lesions analyzed and may be one of the factors enhancing the recurrence of KCOT and invasion of AB. In addition, the epithelial lining of KCOT showed a high cell turnover reinforcing its classification as an odontogenic tumor.Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) - Ameloblastoma (AB) - Radicular cyst (RC) - Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) - Caspase-3.