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Egg parasitoids play an important role in biological control of pest species attacking and killing their hosts at an early stage of their development. During the antagonistic coevolution with their hosts, egg parasitoids have developed a great ability to locate their host using chemical cues. A considerable amount of literature is available on this topic, while nothing is known about a possible adaptation of egg parasitoids to topography and mechanical properties of egg surface features and its shape when attaching to the host egg for oviposition. In the present investigation, the attachment ability of adults of both sexes of the egg parasitoid Anastatus bifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) to artificial (polishing paper, flat glass, glass beads as dummies of the host egg) and natural surfaces (eggs of Halyomorpha halys and Nezara viridula, both Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with different roughness and wettability, was measured using centrifugal force tester and traction force experiments. The parasitoid attachment devices and the egg surfaces were examined under cryo scanning electron microscope, wettability and roughness of natural and artificial substrates were characterised. We detected differences in the attachment devices and attachment ability of the two sexes. The collected data revealed a special ability of the female to attach to the eggs of the host species, thus suggesting an adaptation of the A. bifasciatus female to the surface features of the eggs during oviposition.

More than half of all spider species hunt prey without a web. To successfully subdue their prey, they use adapted capture behaviour and efficient grasping mechanisms to interrupt the prey’s locomotion, and to restrain it from escaping during the subsequent handling for final envenomation. In this study, we investigated how the prey capture behaviour of different lycosoid spider species is related to leg morphology and venom efficiency;using high speed videography, feeding experiments, stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and LD 50 venom bioassays. We found that different species employed different techniques when grasping their prey and these differences strongly correlate with the distribution and size of hairy adhesive leg pads (so-called scopulae on pro- and retrolateral parts of legs) and erectable spines, which act in a complementary way. Our results indicate that the grasping and handling behaviour and leg morphology is crucial in restricting the prey’s movements. However, none of these traits is directly related with venom efficiency.

Molti dispositivi biologici di adesione degli insetti, dei ragni e dei gechi consistono di matrici di peli (setae) che terminano con elementi di contatto di diverse forme. Tuttavia, la forma più osservata è una spatola appiattita. Nonostante nei diversi animali le spatole esistano in una notevole varietà di dimensioni, la maggior parte di esse non sono uniformi ma posseggono un gradiente sia in spessore che in larghezza. In questo lavoro investighiamo perché le spatole dei gechi diventano gradualmente più sottili e più larghe avvicinandosi alla loro estremità. Il motivo di questa particolare geometria è studiato utilizzando un approccio numerico basato sul metodo degli elementi finiti. La modellazione numerica del peeling della singola spatola richiede l’introduzione delle forze di van der Waals tra spatole e substrato. I risultati numerici suggeriscono che la variazione di spessore e di larghezza delle spatole sono entrambe utili per migliorare la capacità dell’animale di camminare.