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Identifying the thresholds for the positive responses of total net primary productivity (NPP) to nitrogen (N) enrichment is an essential prerequisite for predicting the benefits of N deposition on ecosystem carbon sequestration. However, the responses of below-ground NPP (BNPP) to N enrichment are unknown in many ecosystems, which limits our ability to understand the carbon cycling under the scenario of increasing N availability. We examined the changes in above-ground NPP (ANPP), BNPP, and NPP of a temperate meadow steppe across a wide-ranging N addition gradient (0, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 g N m -2 year -1 ) during 5 years. Both ANPP and NPP increased nonlinearly with N addition rates. The N saturation threshold for ANPP (T A ) and NPP (T N ) was at the rate of 13.11 and 6.70 g N m -2 year -1 , respectively. BNPP decreased with increasing N addition when N addition rates ˃5 g N m -2 year -1 , resulting in much lower T N than T A . Soil N enrichment played a key role in driving the negative impacts of high N addition rates on BNPP, and consequently on the earlier occurrence of N saturation threshold for NPP. Our results highlight the negative effects of soil N enrichment on NPP in natural grasslands super-saturated with N. Furthermore, by considering ANPP and BNPP simultaneously, our results indicate that previous findings from above-ground might have over-estimated the positive effects of N deposition on primary productivity.

Xinghua Guo,1,2,* Pan Song,1,2,* Feng Li,1,2,* Qihao Yan,1,2,* Yan Bai,3 Jincan He,3 Qishi Che,4 Hua Cao,5 Jiao Guo,2 Zhengquan Su1 1Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China; 2Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510310, People’s Republic of China; 4Guangzhou Rainhome Pharm & Tech Co., Ltd, Science City, Guangzhou, 510663, People’s Republic of China; 5School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, 528458, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Zhengquan Su, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-20-3935-2067, Fax +86-20-3935-2067, Email suzhq@scnu.edu.cnAbstract: Bone, like most organs, has the ability to heal naturally and can be repaired slowly when it is slightly injured. However, in the case of bone defects caused by diseases or large shocks, surgical intervention and treatment of bone substitutes are needed, and drugs are actively matched to promote osteogenesis or prevent infection. Oral administration or injection for systemic therapy is a common way of administration in clinic, although it is not suitable for the long treatment cycle of bone tissue, and the drugs cannot exert the greatest effect or even produce toxic and side effects. In order to solve this problem, the structure or carrier simulating natural bone tissue is constructed to control the loading or release of the preparation with osteogenic potential, thus accelerating the repair of bone defect. Bioactive materials provide potential advantages for bone tissue regeneration, such as physical support, cell coverage and growth factors. In this review, we discuss the application of bone scaffolds with different structural characteristics made of polymers, ceramics and other composite materials in bone regeneration engineering and drug release, and look forward to its prospect.Graphical Abstract: Keywords: bone scaffold, drug loading, slow release, osteogenesis, biomaterial

This study aimed to explore the prevalence and distribution of mental disorders in the elderly population 5 years after the Lushan earthquake in Ya'an, China.A multi-stage, group-matching random sampling method was adopted with 2579 elderly participants (≥ 60 years old) who were interviewed from January to May 2019. Preliminary screening was conducted using the scale by trained psychiatric nurses, followed by a diagnostic interview during the second stage using Chinese Version of the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder by trained psychiatrists.A total of 2561 participants were included in this study with complete data. The weighted lifetime prevalence of all mental disorders in the elderly was 16.2% (95% CI 15.3-17.1), and the weighted 12-month prevalence was 15.2% (95% CI 13.4-17.0). Depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, substance-related and addictive disorders were the most common mental disorders. The 12-month prevalence of all mental disorders were significantly higher in the elderly living alone, with chronic somatic disease, and being poor (P 0.05). The 12-month prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was significantly higher in the elderly in extremely severely earthquake-affected areas (P 0.001).The results of this study show that mental health status of the elderly in Ya'an area differ by socio-economic development, geographical location, and natural disasters. The social and economic development characteristics, the impact of major natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes), and population characteristics should be combined to formulate strategies and interventions to promote the mental health of the elderly.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a growth factor that plays many critical functions in the central nervous system (CNS) and may be involved in the development of a range of psychopathologies, including depression, dementia, and neurodegenerative disorders.In the present study, we performed the first systematic review with a meta-analysis to quantitatively compare the peripheral blood BDNF levels between patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and healthy controls (HCs). A systematic search was conducted using PubMed and Web of Science databases to identify the relevant articles.Nine studies encompassing 474 adults with OCD and 436 HCs were included in this meta-analysis. A random-effects meta-analysis showed that patients with OCD had significantly decreased peripheral blood levels of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) when compared with the HCs (Hedges' g = -0.722, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.152 to -0.292, P = 0.001). Subgroup analyses revealed decreased BDNF levels in plasma of patients (Hedges' g = -1.137, 95% CI = -1.463 to -0.810, P = 0.000) and drug-free patients (Hedges' g = -1.269, 95% CI = -1.974 to -0.564, P = 0.000) as compared to patients on active drug therapy and HCs. Meta-regression analyses showed that age, sex, sample size, Y-BOS total score, and publication year had no moderating effects on the outcome.Although the relationship between our findings and the pathophysiology of OCD and the role BDNF plays in the development of the disease remains to be determined, the outcomes suggest that BDNF may serve as a potential biomarker of OCD.

This study aims to characterise the interface creep behaviour between geomembrane and geotextile (i.e. GM-GT) in the liner system. Two types of GM (i.e. smooth SGM and textured TGM) and two types of GT (i.e. nonwoven NWGT and woven WGT) were investigated using the conventional direct shear apparatus for four combinations of GM-GT. The interface friction angles ( φ i n ) between GM-GT were firstly determined at the normal stresses ( σ n ) of 25, 50, 100 and 200 kPa. The results show that TGM-NWGT has a much larger φ i n (23.9°) than the other three combinations which ranged from 9.5° to 11.1°. Subsequently, creep tests were conducted at three shear stress ( τ ) levels (i.e., 30, 50 and 70% of the peak stress ( τ p ) under each normal stress). The creep test results of the four combinations were analysed and a power equation of time was used to estimate creep displacement ( δ c p ) . The coefficients A and B in the power equation were found to be functions of Young's modulus of the composite material ( E c ), time, σ n , τ , τ p , and φ i n . The tertiary creep stage was not observed in the test and it is recommended that longer duration GM-GT interface creep tests should be conducted for in-depth understanding of the interface creep mechanism.

Additional file 3: Supplementary Figure 5. Effect of THF on mitochondrial energy metabolism-related protein levels in epididymal white adipose tissue of HFD/STZ-induced T2DM mice.

Additional file 1: Table 1. Primers for Real-Time PCR detection.

Additional file 2: Table 2. Primary antibodies for Western blotting assay.

Additional file 4: Supplementary Figure 6. Effect of THF on mitochondrial energy metabolism-related protein levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes cells induced dexamethasone.

Temporal stability of net primary productivity (NPP) is important for predicting the reliable provisioning of ecosystem services under global changes. Although nitrogen (N) addition is known to affect the temporal stability of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), it is unclear how it impacts that of belowground net primary productivity (BNPP) and NPP, and whether such effects are scale dependent. Here, using experimental N addition in a grassland, we found different responses of ANPP and BNPP stability to N addition at the local scale and that these responses propagated to the larger spatial scale. That is, N addition significantly decreased the stability of ANPP but did not affect the stability of BNPP and NPP at the two scales investigated. Additionally, spatial asynchrony of both ANPP and BNPP among communities provided greater stability at the larger scale and was not affected by N addition. Our findings challenge the traditional view that N addition would reduce ecosystem stability based on results from aboveground dynamics, thus highlighting the importance of viewing ecosystem stability from a whole system perspective.

Intestinal aging seriously affects the absorption of nutrients of the aged people. Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) which has multiple functions on treating gastrointestinal disorders is one of the important ingredients from Ginseng, the famous herb in tradition Chinese medicine. However, it is still unclear if GRb1 could improve intestinal aging. To investigate the function and mechanism of GRb1 on improving intestinal aging, GRb1 was administrated to 104-week-old C57BL/6 mice for 6 weeks. The jejunum, colon and feces were collected for morphology, histology, gene expression and gut microbiota tests using H&E staining, X-gal staining, qPCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, and 16S rDNA sequencing technologies. The numbers of cells reduced and the accumulation of senescent cells increased in the intestinal crypts of old mice, and administration of GRb1 could reverse them. The protein levels of CLDN 2, 3, 7, and 15 were all decreased in the jejunum of old mice, and administration of GRb1 could significantly increase them. The expression levels of Tert, Lgr5, mKi67, and c-Myc were all significantly reduced in the small intestines of old mice, and GRb1 significantly increased them at transcriptional or posttranscriptional levels. The protein levels of SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT6 were all reduced in the jejunum of old mice, and GRb1 could increase the protein levels of them. The 16S rDNA sequencing results demonstrated the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota of old mice, and GRb1 changed the composition and functions of the gut microbiota in the old mice. In conclusion, GRb1 could improve the intestinal aging via regulating the expression of Sirtuins family and modulating the gut microbiota in the aged mice.

Objective: To explore the effect of intercostal nerve block (INB) combined with oxycodone on the postoperative cognitive ability in elderly patients undergoing radical resection of lung cancer (LC). Methods: A total of 135 elderly patients who underwent radical LC operations in our hospital from April 2019 to July 2021 were enrolled for retrospective analysis. There are 71 patients, who received INB with 0.5% ropivacaine 20 mL and oxycodone 5 mg (intravenous injection) before chest closure, were assigned to the observation group (OG), while 64 patients, who received a single oxycodone injection (5 mg) into the anterior thoracic vein, were assigned as the control group (CG). The cognitive function of patients was assessed by a mini mental state examination (MMSE) before and 24 h after operation. Also, the visual analogue scale (VAS), sedation score (Ramsay) and the occurrence of adverse reactions within 48 h after surgery were compared. Additionally, the changes of heart rate (HR), blood oxygen saturation (SpO(2)) and central venous pressure (CAP) at 4 h, 8 h, 12 h and 24 h after operation were observed, and the pressure times of analgesia pump within 24 h and the satisfaction rates of postoperative analgesia were compared between the two groups. Results: After operation, compared with the CG, the MMSE in the OG was dramatically higher (P0.05). The number of postoperative analgesia pump pressing in the OG was lower than that in the CG (P

Background Forage production is the fundamental ecosystem service of grasslands. Although forage consumption occurs at community level, most studies focused on species-level changes of forage quality. The quantitative and qualitative changes of forage production are driven by species-specific trait, intra-specific plasticity, and species turnover. We examined the changes in forage production and digestibility after 5-year factorial treatments of nitrogen (N) addition and mowing in a temperate steppe and linked such changes to community assembly under the Price equation framework. Results Nitrogen addition significantly reduced species richness, increased forage production, but did not change forage digestibility (indicated by the total Ca+Mg concentrations). Mowing did not affect forage production and digestibility. The positive effects of N addition on forage production were driven by the enhancement of abundance of the remaining species following N enrichment, rather than by species loss or species gain. The species identity effects could offset the effects of species richness loss or gain on forage production and digestibility. Conclusions Our results highlight the importance of a community perspective in addressing the quantitative and qualitative changes of forage production under global change pressure of N enrichment. Species identity is important in determining the contribution of different processes of community assembly to ecosystem services.

BackgroundEpidemiological evidence on the relationship between benign ovarian tumors and ovarian cancer risk has been controversial; therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated this association.MethodsThe PubMed and Web of Knowledge databases were searched for eligible studies published up to April 30, 2020. The study-specific risk estimates were pooled using a random-effects model.ResultsTen articles (two cohorts, seven case-control studies, and one pooled analysis of eight case-control studies) with 10331 ovarian cancer patients were included. Benign ovarian tumors were associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer (pooled relative risk [RR]=1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.90), with high heterogeneity among studies. The pooled RR was 2.02 (95%CI: 1.32–3.11) for two cohort studies, which was higher than the pooled result of eight case-control studies (pooled RR: 1.15; 95%CI: 0.92–1.44). When stratifying by histological type, the pooled RRs were 1.53 (95% CI: 0.37–6.29) and 3.62 (95%CI: 0.81–16.20) for serous and mucinous tumors, respectively. The pooled RRs were 1.61 (95%CI: 0.65–3.95) and 1.54 (95%CI: 1.29–1.84) for the associations of ovarian cyst with invasive and borderline cancers, respectively.ConclusionsBenign ovarian tumors were associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. Due to the high heterogeneity among the studies and the risks of bias, more studies are warranted to confirm these findings.

Temporal stability of net primary productivity (NPP) is important for predicting the reliable provisioning of ecosystem services under global changes. Although nitrogen (N) addition is known to affect the temporal stability of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), it is unclear how it impacts that of belowground net primary productivity (BNPP) and NPP, and whether such effects are scale dependent. Here, using experimental N addition in a grassland, we found different responses of ANPP and BNPP stability to N addition at the local scale and that these responses propagated to the larger spatial scale. That is, N addition significantly decreased the stability of ANPP but did not affect the stability of BNPP and NPP at the two scales investigated. Additionally, spatial asynchrony of both ANPP and BNPP among communities provided greater stability at the larger scale and was not affected by N addition. Our findings challenge the traditional view that N addition would reduce ecosystem stability based on results from aboveground dynamics, thus highlighting the importance of viewing ecosystem stability from a whole system perspective.

This study aimed to (1) explore the prevalence and relevant influencing factors of different mental disorders 5 years after the Lushan earthquake in Ya’an, China. An epidemiological mental health survey was conducted to identify the prevalence of mental disorders in general population in Ya’an. A multi-stage, group-matching random sampling method was adopted. Face-to-face interviews were done with a two-stage design by trained interviewers and psychiatrists. The 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) was used for the diagnosis. There were 8876 participants who were interviewed in this study. The total 12-month and lifetime prevalence of all mental disorders were 12.5% and 14.7%, respectively. There was a significant difference between males and females in the prevalence patterns of several mental disorders. Han ethnic group had higher prevalence of anxiety disorders (2.7%), and the Tibetan group had higher prevalence of alcohol-related disorders (5.0%). Logistic regression analysis showed that the areas severely affected by the earthquake had significantly higher prevalence of depressive disorders, and the extremely severe affected areas had significantly higher prevalence of trauma- and stressor-related disorders. Our findings show that the prevalence of a range of mental disorders 5 years after the earthquake in Ya’an are high, and the prevalence of depressive and trauma- and stressor-related disorders may be influenced differently by the various severity of earthquake impact. This study may be crucial for the health policy-making, cultural-specific mental health services and long-term mental recovery after the earthquake.

Aster quanzhouensissp. nov. (Asteraceae) from Fujian, eastern China, is described and illustrated. It grows on rocks in the riparian zone. Morphological, cytological and molecular investigations of A. quanzhouensis were carried out. The morphological data and phylogenetic analysis based on combined ITS, ETS and trnL-F dataset suggest that A. quanzhouensis is a separate species closely related to A. tonglingensis. The new species differs from the latter by the shorter stem length, leaf morphology, colour of phyllaries, number of ray florets, and achene shape. The cytological observation shows that the new species is diploid with a karyotype of 2n = 18.

A focused jet is generated from a concave free surface through an impact of a tube. Experimental and numerical studies were conducted to explore the viscous influences. The results show that a strong vorticity sheet is generated along the free surface just after impact, and the liquid bulk is initialized ($t\le$$10^{-4}$s). After the impact, the liquid surface evolves freely and a jet is ejected ($t\gg$$10^{-4}$s). Pronounced tangential flow is found, and the material in the jet mainly originates from the viscous penetrating layer below the free surface. According to the above observations, a vorticity mechanism of the free surface evolution is proposed. Further, by combining the viscous and interfacial tension effects, a scaling relation estimating the jetting velocity is derived, which agrees with the numerical and experimental results well. The work will be valuable for viscous droplets preparation., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures

Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition has affected plant community composition and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. This includes changes to the way plants use and recycle nutrients, including effects on nutrient resorption, which is a key process through which plants recover nutrients from tissue during senescence. Nutrient resorption has considerable adaptive and functional significance for plants and helps regulate core ecosystem processes such as decomposition. However, our understanding of how N deposition affects nutrient resorption and, in particular, of how N inputs alter ecosystem resorption via changes to existing species’ resorption compared with changes to community composition remains poor. To disentangle the role of species versus community composition controls driving variation in nutrient resorption responses to N inputs, we carried out an experiment with six different N addition rates in a temperate steppe. We found that species-scale nutrient resorption responses to N enrichment were variable; for example, only half of the measured species reduced both N and P resorption efficiency in response to increased N inputs. In contrast, community-scale responses consistently resulted in reduced N and P resorption. Still, N-induced changes in community composition were a weaker control on overall resorption responses than were the effects on individual species; however, it was the synergistic interaction between the two that resulted in the large total reductions of nutrient resorption in the face of increased N. Taken together, our results highlight that understanding and predicting nutrient resorption responses will be most accurately scaled by accounting not only for species’ reductions in resorption but also for changes in community composition.

The stoichiometric traits of litter play an important role in driving litter decomposition and ecosystem nutrient cycling. While the impacts of nitrogen (N) deposition on the species-level litter stoichiometric traits have been well addressed, we know little about that at community-level, which is supposed to be driven by both intra-specific variation and changes in community composition. We examined the effects of N deposition on litter phosphorus (P) concentration and N:P ratio at both species- and community-level in a semi-arid grassland of northern China. We further decomposed the community-level variations of litter nutritional traits into intra- and inter-specific variation. Nitrogen addition, especially at high rates, substantially changed community composition. Litter P concentrations and N:P ratios significantly varied among different species. Litter P concentrations and N:P ratios at both species- and community-level were positively correlated with N addition rates. Biomass-weighted community-level N:P ratios were more sensitive to N addition than the non-weighted ones, indicating that community composition strengthened the positive impacts of N addition on litter N:P ratios. There was positive co-variation between intra- and inter-specific variation for litter N:P ratio, indicating the consistency of community composition and intra-specific variation in their effects on litter N:P ratio. Our results indicated that the imbalance of N and P following N enrichment would be much larger than the expectation based on the findings from species-level, and thus highlight the importance of changes in community composition in driving the responses of community-level litter N:P stoichiometry to N deposition in the semi-arid grassland.

To clarify the effects of organic fertilizer application on crop yield and soil properties in rice-wheat rotation system in China, we carried out a meta-analysis to quantitatively evaluate the effects of organic fertilizer types (ordinary organic fertilizer, biochar, and straw), fertilization regimes (organic fertilizer alone, organic fertilizer + partial chemical fertilizer, and organic fertilizer + full amount of chemical fertilizer), and experiment duration (short term, medium term, and long term) on soil properties and the yield of rice and wheat, as well as their responses to soil conditions (acid, neutral, basic). Results showed that the application of organic fertilizer had similar yield-increase effect on rice yield (3.1%) and wheat yield (3.0%) compared to chemical fertilizer application alone. The effect of organic fertilizer application on soil quality was more obvious, significantly reducing soil bulk density by 5.7%, and increasing the concentrations of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, microbial biomass carbon, and microbial biomass nitrogen by 11.7%-38.4%. Among different types of organic fertilizer, the effects of ordinary organic fertilizer and biochar on soil properties improvement were better than straw. Compared to the organic fertilizer application alone, the effects of organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer on crop yield was better, but poorer on soil property improvement. With the increasing duration of organic fertilizer application, crop yield and soil fertility gradually increased. Under the condition of acid soil, the effect of organic fertilizer application on crop yield was the best. The annual yield of rice and wheat showed significant negative correlation with soil bulk density, but a significant positive correlation with the concentrations of soil total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and microbial biomass nitrogen.为明确稻麦轮作系统有机肥施用对作物产量和土壤性质的影响,本研究搜集已公开发表的文献数据,利用meta分析法定量分析了有机肥类型(普通有机肥、生物质炭、秸秆)、施用策略(单施有机肥、有机肥配施部分化肥、有机肥配施全量化肥)、施用年限(短期、中期、长期)对稻麦产量和土壤性质的影响及其对不同土壤条件(酸性、中性、碱性)的响应。结果表明: 与单施化肥相比,有机肥施用对水稻和小麦的增产效应相近,分别为3.1%和3.0%。有机肥施用对土壤性质的提升效果更明显,显著降低了土壤容重(5.7%),显著提高了土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,以及微生物生物量碳、氮,增幅在11.7%～38.4%。不同类型有机肥中,生物质炭和普通有机肥对土壤性质的改良效果优于秸秆;与单施有机肥相比,有机肥配施化肥的作物增产效果更好,而土壤性质改良效果较差;随着有机肥施用年限增加,作物增产和土壤肥力提升效应逐渐增强;在酸性土壤条件下有机肥施用对作物的增产效果最显著。土壤容重与稻麦周年产量呈显著负相关,而土壤全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量和微生物生物量氮与稻麦周年产量呈显著正相关关系。.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect and mechanism of hesperidin (HES) on insulin resistance (IR) in the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2 cells). HepG2 cells were induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a model of IR and treated with HES at three dosages. Next, the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), the glucose content, and glucose uptake were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, glucose oxidase-peroxidase method (GOD-POD), or (2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose) (2-NBDG). Moreover, the protein expression of toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in HepG2 cells treated with HES were assessed via western blotting analysis. In addition, GLUT2 protein expression exposed to HES was detected following treatment with TLR4 inhibitor (HTA125). Our results demonstrated that HES decreased the levels of TNF-α and IL-6, attenuated the glucose content in culture medium and increased glucose uptake in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells in vitro. Moreover, HES upregulated the expression of IRS1 and GLUT2 protein and downregulated the protein expression of TLR4 and NF-κB in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. The expression of GLUT2 protein had no significant changes when treated with HES after blockade of TLR4. HES attenuated IR in LPS-inducedinsulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Therefore, regulating the IRS1-GLUT2 pathway via TLR4 represents a potential mechanism of HES on IR in HepG2 cells.

A 2D/3D compatible display is proposed. The proposed 2D/3D compatible display can make viewers freely choose to view 2D or 3D images, and do not interact with each other. The proposed 2D/3D compatible display consists of a 2D display panel, a polarization modulator, and a pair of polarizing glasses. The 2D display panel is used to display a 2D synthetic image. The 2D synthetic image can be used to show the first parallax image. The polarization modulator can change the polarization directions of 2D synthetic image. Therefore, the component of the 2D synthetic image on specific polarization direction can be used to show the second parallax image. The polarizing glasses have only one lens covered with polarizer. This lens is used to view the second parallax image. And another lens without polarizer is used to view the first parallax image included in the original 2D synthetic image. Therefore, 3D image is displayed. A prototype of the proposed display is developed. Experimental results agree well with the theory. We believe it will be a potential application in 2D/3D compatible display.

We propose a crosstalk-free integral imaging three-dimensional (3D) display using a pinhole array. It consists of a back light unit, a pinhole array and a liquid crystal panel. The pinhole array, which is attached to the back light unit, is located between the back light unit and the liquid crystal panel. Three imaging models of the integral imaging 3D display with different pinhole arrays are analyzed to reveal the relationship between the aperture width of the pinhole array and the crosstalk. The optimal value of the aperture width of the pinhole array is also obtained to eliminate the crosstalk. A prototype using the optimal pinhole array is developed, and the experiment results agree well with the theory.

Aims The stoichiometric characteristics of plant communities are important controller for several fundamental ecological processes. The effects of environmental changes on community stoichiometric characteristics are driven by intra- and inter-specific variation. However, the relative importance of both pathways has seldom been empirically examined. Methods We quantified the relative contribution of intra- and inter-specific variation to the changes of community nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations after seven-year factorial N addition and mowing treatments in a semi-arid grassland of northern China. Results Nitrogen addition significantly increased community N and P concentrations and N:P ratio. Mowing significantly increased community N concentration and N:P. Intra-specific variation contributed more than inter-specific variation to the total variability of all the nutritional and stoichiometric characteristics, with intra-specific variation accounting for 68%, 70%, and 75% of the total variation in community-level N, P, and N:P, respectively. Negative covariations between the contribution of intra- and inter-specific variation occurred for community N and P concentrations. Further, N addition and mowing interacted to affect the impacts of intra- and inter-specific variation on community N concentration and N:P stoichiometry. Conclusions Our results highlight different ways of trait selection for N addition and mowing treatments. Interactions between those two factors make it more difficult to accurately predict the responses of plant-mediated biogeochemical cycles under co-occurrence of environmental changes.

Increasing availability of reactive nitrogen (N) threatens plant diversity in diverse ecosystems. While there is mounting evidence for the negative impacts of N deposition on one component of diversity, species richness, we know little about its effects on another one, species evenness. It is suspected that ecosystem management practice that removes nitrogen from the ecosystem, such as hay-harvesting by mowing in grasslands, would mitigate the negative impacts of N deposition on plant diversity. However, empirical evidence is scarce. Here, we reported the main and interactive effects of N deposition and mowing on plant diversity in a temperate meadow steppe with 4-year data from a field experiment within which multi-level N addition rates and multiple N compounds are considered. Across all the types of N compounds, species richness and evenness significantly decreased with the increases of N addition rate, which was mainly caused by the growth of a tall rhizomatous grass, Leymus chinensis. Such negative impacts of N addition were accumulating with time. Mowing significantly reduced the dominance of L. chinensis, and mitigated the negative impacts of N deposition on species evenness. We present robust evidence that N deposition threatened biodiversity by reducing both species richness and evenness, a process which could be alleviated by mowing. Our results highlight the changes of species evenness in driving the negative impacts of N deposition on plant diversity and the role of mowing in mediating such negative impacts of N deposition.

Nitrogen (N) enrichment has great consequences on several fundamental ecological processes through its impacts on plant nutrition traits (i.e. nutrient concentration and stoichiometric ratios); however, the extent to which the effects of N enrichment depend on phosphorus (P) availability are less well understood. While there is mounting evidence for the species-specific responses of plant nutrition traits to nutrient enrichment, we know little about the changes at the community-level. Here, we measured community-level biomass weighted (CWM) and non-weighted (CM) plant N and P concentrations and N:P ratio in a temperate meadow steppe after four years factorial N and P addition, with biomass and nutrition traits of each species in each plot being recorded. Nitrogen addition significantly increased community-level N concentration, decreased P concentration, and enhanced community N:P ratio. Phosphorus addition had no impacts on community-level N concentration, significantly increased P concentration, and reduced community N:P ratio. The impacts of N addition on community nutrition traits were not dependent on P addition and the community-level nutrition trait responses to N and P additions were primarily driven by intraspecific trait variation (ITV) rather than by species turnover. Community-level nutrition traits in the temperate meadow steppe were sensitive to the projected N and P enrichment. While nutrient enrichment had substantially changed community composition, its impacts on community nutrition traits were driven by ITV. Nitrogen deposition would result in imbalance of N and P in plant community, as indicated by the substantial increase in community-level N:P, which was not affected by increased P availability.

Hawk tea, prepared from the young leaves of Litsea coreana Levl. var. lanuginosa, is consumed as a tonic in China. Essential oils (EOs) from Hawk tea collected from six habitats in China were obtained by hydro distillation. Extraction yields ranged from 0.42% (g/g) in samples from Ningguo to 0.11% (g/g) in samples from Qingchuan. A total of 50 compounds in the six EO samples were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer. The dominant compounds were citral (4.67–21.12%), caryophyllene (2.31–15.74%), dodecanal (2.10–15.38%), α-humulene (1.45–13.56%) and decanal (1.91–13.17%). Altitude may contribute the greatest effect on the chemical variation of the six EO samples. All the EO samples showed bioactivities. Among them, the EOs from the Pingshan sample showed the best ABTS radical scavenging activity (78.67 mg TEs /g) and better antimicrobial activities (MIC = 156.25–625 μg/mL) and had stronger DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 0.71 mg/mL) than BHT (IC50 = 0.76 mg/mL). The EOs from the Ningguo sample showed the highest reducing power (26.06 mg Fe2+/g) in a FRAP assay, the best inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase (1.71 mg/mL) and was the most cytotoxic (66.03–77.03 μg/mL) in an MTS assay. Therefore, the EOs from Hawk tea could be suitable for commercialization in the food, cosmetic or medical industries. Due to the activities of their EOs, plants growing in Pingshan and Ningguo are the optimal candidates.

Crop-type classification is one of the most significant applications in polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) imagery. As a remote sensing technique, PolSAR has been proved to have the ability to provide high-resolution information of illustrated objects. However, single-temporal PolSAR data are restricted to provide sufficient information for crop identification due to the complicated condition of varying morphology within various growing stages. With an increasing number of spaceborne PolSAR systems launched, a large amount of real PolSAR data are being generated and used to provide great opportunities for multitemporal analysis. The main contribution of this paper is to improve crop classification accuracy with various features of classical $H$ / $\alpha$ parameters. First, in order to deal with dual-PolSAR data, $H$ / $\alpha$ decomposition algorithm for quad-PolSAR is modified to suit to the case of dual polarization. Second, according to the differential scattering characteristics of main crops, a new parameter is innovatively defined to measure the differential characteristics in the $H$ / $\alpha$ classification plane. Third, crop types are discriminated by applying a supervised classification method with the newly defined parameter. Furthermore, the correctness of the parameter is verified with simulated and real Sentinel-1 data as well as AirSAR data. Finally, the performances of the classification method are investigated by the comparison with complex Wishart, Freeman–Wishart, and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers. Hence, the experimental results show that the proposed method and SVM classifier with the newly defined parameter have the ability to improve crop classification accuracy.

Forage yield is the fundamental ecosystem service of grasslands. While the quantitative responses of forage yield to nitrogen (N) enrichment are well known, its qualitative responses remain unclear. Even less known is the relative contribution of changes in community composition to the quality of the yield at the community level. We examined the quantitative and qualitative responses of forage yield at both plant functional group and community levels with factorial treatments of N addition and mowing in a temperate steppe. Nitrogen addition significantly enhanced the community-level yield by favoring the growth of rhizomatous grass. Mowing tended to mediate the impacts of N addition on the yield. Nitrogen addition increased the concentrations of crude protein and crude fat in forage at the community level. Neither the main effects of mowing nor its interactive effects with N addition affected forage quality. The N-induced shifts in plant species composition significantly contributed to the effects of N addition on forage quality at the community level. Our results suggest that mowing wound weaken the positive effects of N deposition on the quantity but not the quality of forage yield. Changes in plant community composition are important in driving the qualitative responses of yield to N deposition.

Additional file 1 Table S1. The number and identities of species being lost and gained in response to nitrogen addition under both unmown (control vs N) and mown (M vs NM) conditions in a temperate grassland. Figure S1. The N-induced changes of species loss and gain under unmown (a) and mown (b) conditions. Significance levels of the changes different from 0 were assessed using t-tests . *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01.

Despite several studies suggesting the effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in schizophrenia, there is still a lack of systematic summary and analysis on the role of TCM as adjuvant therapy in chronic schizophrenia. For this purpose, we conducted a meta-analysis to study the efficacy of TCM as an adjuvant combined with antipsychotics in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. Until April 2020, based on the review of six electronic databases, eight articles were selected. The articles compared TCM decoction assisted antipsychotic therapies with an antipsychotic alone in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia by analyzing a total of 810 cases. The results showed that TCM combined with antipsychotics have beneficial effects on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), including the changes in total score, negative score, and the clinical effects evaluated by the PANSS scale. Subgroup analysis showed that the effects of auxiliary TCM with different efficacy on the positive and psychopathological scores were significantly different. It was found that adjuvant treatment with TCM can reduce some side effects and improve the patient's living conditions in the evaluation of the Schizophrenia Quality Of Life Scale (SQLS). Many studies have proved that TCM is safe and well-tolerated. Although the difficulties of using limited TCM remains to be generalized, it still has great potential in the adjuvant treatment of chronic schizophrenia.

Additional file 1. Additional Figures S1���S11.

Additional file 1: Figure S1 Monthly mean temperature (°C) and total precipitation (mm) in Erguna in the growing season of 2016. Figure S2 The experimental platform of nitrogen addition and mowing. Figure S3 Differences of forage quality among bunchgrass, rhizomatous grass, forb, and sedge across all treatments in a temperate meadow steppe. Values within columns with different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) among the functional groups. Table S1 Physical properties in 0–40 cm, 40–70 cm, 70–100 cm of soils before conducting the experiment. Table S2 Chemical properties in 0–40 cm, 40–70 cm, 70–100 cm of soils before conducting the experiment. Table S3 Common plant species for sampled fields classed by life form, family, genus, species.

A real-time viewpoint generation-based 3D display with low crosstalk and high resolution is proposed. The proposed 3D display consists of a pattern image display (PID), a lenticular lens, and a transparent liquid crystal display (LCD) panel. For each eye of the observer, the PID can provide a pattern image with stripes that have a calculated pitch and displacement according to the eye position. The light from the stripes can be concentrated 3D display eye tracking by the lenticular lens and generate a viewpoint at the eye position. The transparent LCD panel is used to provide parallax images. This transparent LCD panel will not change the direction of light propagation and the location of the generated viewpoints. Then the whole parallax image on the transparent LCD panel can be projected by the PID and the lenticular lens to the viewpoint, so the resolution will not suffer like that in the convention 3D displays. Because the viewpoints are real-time generated according to the position of the observer’s eyes, the observer’s eyes will completely coincide with the position of the generated viewpoint. So crosstalk can be limited at a low level, and the viewing range is almost unlimited.

This study aimed to (1) explore the prevalence and relevant influencing factors of different mental disorders 5 years after the Lushan earthquake in Ya'an, China.An epidemiological mental health survey was conducted to identify the prevalence of mental disorders in general population in Ya'an. A multi-stage, group-matching random sampling method was adopted. Face-to-face interviews were done with a two-stage design by trained interviewers and psychiatrists. The 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) was used for the diagnosis.There were 8876 participants who were interviewed in this study. The total 12-month and lifetime prevalence of all mental disorders were 12.5% and 14.7%, respectively. There was a significant difference between males and females in the prevalence patterns of several mental disorders. Han ethnic group had higher prevalence of anxiety disorders (2.7%), and the Tibetan group had higher prevalence of alcohol-related disorders (5.0%). Logistic regression analysis showed that the areas severely affected by the earthquake had significantly higher prevalence of depressive disorders, and the extremely severe affected areas had significantly higher prevalence of trauma- and stressor-related disorders.Our findings show that the prevalence of a range of mental disorders 5 years after the earthquake in Ya'an are high, and the prevalence of depressive and trauma- and stressor-related disorders may be influenced differently by the various severity of earthquake impact. This study may be crucial for the health policy-making, cultural-specific mental health services and long-term mental recovery after the earthquake.

Jia Zhao,1 YaYun Wu,1 XiangLu Rong,1– 3 CuiWen Zheng,1 Jiao Guo1– 3 1Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 2Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 3Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong and Macao Regions on Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jiao GuoGuangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 280 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou University City, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 20 39352818Email gyguoyz@163.comAbstract: As an important energy reservoir, adipose tissue maintains lipid balance and regulates energy metabolism. When the body requires energy, adipocytes provide fatty acids to peripheral tissues through lipolysis. Insulin plays an important role in regulating normal fatty acid levels by inhibiting lipolysis. When the morphology of adipose tissue is abnormal, its microenvironment changes and the lipid metabolic balance is disrupted, which seriously impairs insulin sensitivity. As the most sensitive organ to respond to insulin, lipolysis levels in adipose tissue are affected by impaired insulin function, which results in serious metabolic diseases. However, the specific underlying mechanisms of this process have not yet been fully elucidated, and further study is required. The purpose of this review is to discuss the effects of adipose tissue on the anti-lipolysis process triggered by insulin under different conditions. In particular, the functional changes of this process respond to inconsonantly morphological changes of adipose tissue.Keywords: adipose tissue, insulin, anti-lipolysis

In recent years, the prognostic and health management (PHM) technology has been effectively developed as a key technology for the intelligent development of power grids. The online monitoring system for circuit breaker (CB) lifetime has significant research value. Based on the requirement for intelligent monitoring of CBs’ electrical life, this paper provides an online monitoring scheme for CB contact system. This scheme adopts the improved arc current weighted algorithm, which calculates the contact electrical wear per interrupted online and estimate residual life of CB with the theoretical allowable wear deduced by the least squares method. The wavelet algorithm is used to find the accurate time point where the arc starts. The TMS320F28335 digital signal processor (DSP) + AD7656 + ESP8266 chip architecture is used for AD sampling, online computing, and wireless communication.

Background/Aims Fufang Zhenzhu Tiao Zhi (FTZ) capsule is a Chinese herbal preparation under the guidance of professor Guo Jiao’s new theory of “Tiaogan Qishu Huazhuo” for disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism for more than twenty yares, which has been demonstrated to exhibit potential anti-aging effects such as regulation of glucose and lipid metabolisms and antiinflammatory and antioxidative effects. This study attempts to reveal the anti-intestinal aging effect and possible mechanism of FTZ. Methods The mice were divided into three groups: the control group, model group and treatment group. The treatment group was given 1.0 g/kg body weight of FTZ extract administered by oral gavage once a day for 12 consecutive weeks. Age-related alterations such as HE staining of intestinal tissue morphology, mRNA levels of intestinal telomerase and inflammatory cytokines were observed Fecal samples were used for ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses to reveal age-related metabolic perturbations and gut flora disorders to demonstrate the effects of FTZ. Results Emerged pathological morphology of intestinal tissues, upregulated relative expression level of gut inflammatory factors and decreased relative expression level of telomerase mRNA in aging mice illustrated characteristic senescent phenotypes in model group. FTZ treatment significantly lowered intestinal inflammation levels, enhanced telomerase activity, partially reversed the fecal metabolites abnormalities and restored the disorders of intestinal flora. Multiple potential metabolites were associated with linoleic acid, glycerophospholipid, α-linolenic acid, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and glycerolipid metabolisms. Several decreased beneficial butyrate-producing bacteria like S24-7, possible Alkaliphilus belonging to the Clostridia class and increased harmful bacteria such as potentially toxic metabolite hydrogen sulfide-producer Bilophila and Desulfovibrio, inflammation-mediator Mucispirillum were determined in present aging mice. These age-related poor alterations could be partially attenuated by FTZ treatment. Conclusion The pathologic changes of intestinal senescence and the decrease of telomerase mRNA in elderly mice was observed. FTZ may sever as a novel delaying intestinal aging strategy via three pathways for anti-inflammatory, improving gut metabolites and gut flora. This study not only provided biological basis for the theory of treating different diseases with the same treatment in TCM, but also provided objective evidence for incorporating aging into the system of“glucose-lipid metabolism disease”.