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Various types of wounds are encountered daily in medical practice, and due to the numerous treatment options available on the market, making the most appropriate choice of treatment may be a rather daunting decision. The wound treatment should not inconvenience the patient to the point that the wound care becomes compromised. It is for this reason that a proper assessment of the wound status be conducted in order to select an appropriate treatment intervention or dressing type, as this will directly impact the way in which the wound heals. This article is based on the expertise of three active wound care practitioners and aims to provide guidance to clinicians when providing primary wound care. The downloadable tables can be printed and used as reference materials in daily practice.

Incidence of human yersiniosis in New Zealand has increased between 2013 and 2017. For surveillance and outbreak investigations it is essential that an appropriate level of discrimination between pathogenicYersinia enterocoliticaisolates is provided, in order to support epidemiological linking of connected cases. Subtyping of 227Y. enterocoliticaisolates was performed using a range of different typing methods, including biotyping, serotyping and seven loci multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA). In addition, core genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (core SNP) analysis and multi-locus sequence typing were performed on a subset of 69 isolates. Sixty-seven different MLVA types were identified. One MLVA profile was associated with an outbreak in the Bay of Plenty region, supported by epidemiological data. Core SNP analysis showed that all the outbreak-related isolates clustered together. The subtyping and epidemiological evidence suggests that the outbreak of yersiniosis in the Bay of Plenty region between October and December 2016 could be attributed to a point source. However, subtyping results further suggest that the same clone was isolated from several regions between August 2016 and March 2017. Core SNP analysis and MLVA typing failed to differentiate betweenY. enterocoliticabiotype 2 and biotype 3. For this reason, we propose that these biotypes should be reported as a single type namely:Y. enterocoliticabiotype 2/3 and that the serotype should be prioritised as an indicator of prevalence.

Summary This study describes the analysis of 432 isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). PFGE had a high level of discrimination with biotype 1A isolates (Simpson's Diversity Index 0.997), but with the clinically important biotypes 2, 3 and 4, the discriminatory ability of PFGE was so low as to severely limit its usefulness (DI

In this article an HIV and AIDS group work programme empowering adolescents to deal with the possible death of their parents/caregivers will be evaluated in a quantitative fashion. The data were obtained by means of the Child Functioning Inventory High School (CFI-HIGH) developed by Perspective Training College and the Generalized Contentment Scale (GCS) of Hudson (Bloom et al., 1999: 220). The guidelines for selection and inclusion of respondents in the comparison and experimental groups will be discussed, followed by information on the measuring instruments. The article will conclude with conclusions and recommendations.

The role of men has undergone tremendous change over the last decade due to various reasons. The researcher tried to combine two objectives in this study. Firstly the focus was on perceptions and attitudes of aged males towards themselves, significant others and the general process of aging. The second objective was to determine the culturally diverse perceptions and attitudes of aged males towards aging and some concomitant factors. The study was done within the qualitative paradigm. Seeing that research of this nature has seldom been undertaken, an exploratory research design was embarked on. Two culturally different groups, the one consisting of 12 aged black men and the other consisting of 12 aged white men, were established. Members for the two groups were selected by way of the accidental sampling technique. Vast differences were found between the two groups on some aspects, while on other aspects there were little differences.

This paper provides a historical overview of the development of higher education research in South Africa by focusing on past achievements and conditions, and present and future challenges. An attempt is made to point out the changes in both the context and paradigm of higher education research. The authors illustrate how research foci and methods were shaped by the political agenda of the “old” South Africa, and highlight the issues which higher education currently and in the future will have to address as part of the transformation process of not only higher education, but of South African society as a whole.

Quality assurance is a world‐wide phenomenon that urges Higher Education institutions to be accountable and reflect value for money in all their activities. In the South African Higher Education system quality assurance practices and procedures differ. The present practices and initiatives directed towards quality improvement and assurance within the universities and technikons are examined. There is, in quality assurance activities, the complexity of mechanisms to assure quality, and the necessity of a holistic approach to quality assurance. Quality assurance in South African Higher Education is still in a developmental stage. Engaging in quality assurance activities requires acquaintance with the present state of the art of South African Higher Education quality assurance practices.

The face ofpostsecondary education in South Africa is changing rapidly. The need for academic development or, more specifically, the need for a differentiated college system to redress the educational disparities of the past and to enhance equitable access for all potential students within reasonable budgets is emphasized in constructing a new educational system for the country. Existing academic support, provided mostly by universities, merely addresses the symptoms of a critical problem, namely that of poor schooling and inadequate preparation for higher education. The long‐term answer is adequate primary and secondary education. In the meantime, it may be necessary to develop the community college concept in South Africa by transforming existing programs and structures for this purpose on a local and regional level. In this article, we describe one such initiative that serves as an example of what may be achieved if the community college concept is applied in its broadest sense to the benefit of postse...

Adolessente seuns het 'n behoefte daaraan om deur 'n volwasse man gementor te word. Hierdie mentor se insprake in die adolessent se lewe bring groot veranderings mee sodat die adolessent se lewensgehalte gevolglik verbeter. Hierdie mentee word egter nie noodwendig deur sy biologiese pa gementor nie. Die adolessente seun as mentee het wel sekere behoeftes binne die mentorverhouding wat die mentor reg moet verstaan en interpreteer. Indien die mentor die mentee binne sy generasie beter verstaan, kan dit die verhouding versterk. ierdie artikel fokus op die profiel van die adolessente seun as mentee aan die Weskus vanuit die adolessent se oogpunt. The profile of the adolescent boy as mentee on the West Coast Adolescent boys long to be mentored by an adult male. This influence of the mentor in the life of the adolescent brings forth great changes and consequently the adolescent experiences a higher quality of life. This mentee is not necessarily mentored by his biological father. The adolescent boy as mentee has certain needs within the mentoring relationship, which the mentor has to understand and interpret correctly. If the mentor understands the mentee better within his generation, the relationship may be strengthened. This article focuses on the profile of the adolescent boy as mentee on the West Coast and indeed from the viewpoint of the adolescent.

In South Africa an obvious need for the clarification of problems concerning academic standards and quality assurance has been identified. Some of the reasons for the differences in this regard between developing and established universities in South Africa are explained with reference to the causes thereof, namely a fragmented system of education, disparities in student enrolment and staffing and the lack of a culture of learning. Areas that require special attention to set the scene for quality assurance to be successfully implemented are identified and, based on research, proposals are made for quality assurance mechanisms for South African universities.

Crime and its impact on man – a Christian perspective Crime is a depressing and frightening reality, especially within the South African context. In this article the following aspects are discussed from the vantage point of a Christian world view: the concept crime, its impact on ‘victims’, and the care-taking of victims’ needs. Crime has a two-sided effect: it affects the victim and the perpetrator as well as their next of kin. Problematic issues regarding crime are outlined in the introductory part of the article. Subsequently a Christian perspective and what this frame of reference implies are discussed. On the basis of this perspective it is argued that crime is in essence a transgression of universal laws as well as of laws applied by governments and other authorities. When one lives lawlessly one implicitly and explicitly does not obey God’s commandment to love one’s neighbour and to honour and glorify God. As a result of the emotional ‘distance’ between a person affected by crime and a perpetrator, a crime-affected person is often not able to react and behave as can be expected of a believer whose way of life is intended to honour God. In addition to possible negative behavioural patterns and reactions, post-traumatic stress can contribute to dysfunctional development of traumatised people’s potential. The Word of God teaches that care should be given to the interests of one’s neighbour (in this case ‘neighbour’ implies both perpetrator and crime-affected person). A person affected by crime deserves the attention and support of both care-giving professionals and of members of the community at large.

Geochemical investigations of a series of boreholes drilled perpendicular to the plunge of two mineralized pipes has revealed the presence of well-developed halos of tracer elements. This is important for underground exploration as efforts to date have failed to identify any obvious structural features which could assist with the localization of such mineralized pipes.It is suggested that the mineralized aqueous fluids that gave rise to the mineralization separated from the interstitial liquid very late in the crystallization history of a compositionally zoned granite pluton. The fluids percolated upward through the unconsolidated granite and caused metasomatic alteration of the Bobbejaankop and Lease Granites. As pores of the crystallizing rocks gradually diminished because of cooling, differential upward streaming of fluids set in which was dictated largely by lateral variations in the pore spaces and incipient fracturing of the rock. This developed into a system of well-defined, but irregularly shaped, conduits where the original components of the granite were extensively altered and replaced, and where crystallization of tourmaline, cassiterite, fluorite, and other typical pipe minerals took place.