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An examination of population growth in Iran during the past three decades shows that the sharp increase in the rate of birth in the 1980s significantly expanded the base of the age pyramid of the Iranian population in that decade. Throughout time, this expanded surface has gradually transitioned to the higher levels of the pyramid and has now reached the age group of 25-29 and will soon reach the age group of 20-24, two age groups that form 1/4 of Iran’s population. Considering this and the expansion of urbanization in recent years, elderly citizens will constitute a large part of Iran’s urban population in the next 30 years. An urban elderly population has special needs and requires special social spaces. But a closer look at the comprehensive plans proposed for Iranian cities, which often have been prepared with the next 20 years in mind, shows that most of the government’s policies and plans in cities involve the needs of the younger generation. In other words, the current status of Iranian cities and the proposed plans will not meet the needs of the elderly in the coming decades. Using documentary research and analysis of the contemporary structural maps of Hamedan City, this study examined the urbanization challenges resulting from age transition in 2041 to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) efficient requirements in quality-of-life. The findings indicate that Hamedan’s current form and its urban development plans have fundamental flaws because of inattention to the phenomenon of age transition based on United Nations (UN) policies in the determination of land uses and accessibility to public spaces for elderly citizens and this creates social challenges in the city.

Background. Bone deficiency in different areas is problematic in implant placement. Changes in histological, histomorphometric, and radiographic properties of hard tissues in the implant placement area affect many parameters of implant success. Autologous conditioned serum (ACS) is a blood product with high levels of IL1- receptor antagonists. Augmentation surgeries are required in many cases because implant placement in the edentulous areas requires a sufficient amount of bone. Therefore, this study radiographically evaluated the effect of autologous conditioned serum after horizontal bone augmentation. Methods. In this prospective RCT, 21 patients eligible patients were evaluated. The patient underwent horizontal ridge augmentation surgery in the area. The ACS-impregnated graft was in direct con­tact with the bone. The control side underwent the same surgical protocol without using ACS. Four months after surgery, a CBCT radiograph was taken, and radiographic changes in the two areas were calculated using the differences in the amount of bone formed in the horizontal dimension as well as the Hounsfield unit (HU). The data were reported using descriptive statistical methods, including means (standard deviations) and frequencies (percentages). According to the results of the Kolmog­orov-Smirnov test, the data had a normal distribution (P>0.05); therefore, paired t-test was used to compare the means of the parameters between the two groups. Results. IRadiographic examinations showed that the horizontal dimension of bone before surgery was similar between the two groups. However, after surgery in the ACS group (33.13±6.1), it was significantly higher than in the control group (62.1±86.4) (P>0.05). Also, the rate of horizontal dimension increase (the difference before and after surgery) in the ACS group was significantly higher than in the control group. Bone density before surgery was similar between the two groups. However, after surgery, there was a significant increase in the ACS group (75.56±330.42 HUs) compared to the control group (38.35±292.38 HUs) (P>0.05). Also, the rate of density increase (the difference before and after surgery) in the ACS group was significantly higher than in the control group. Conclusion. Radiographic evaluations of hard tissues showed a significant increase in the horizontal dimension of bone and density of newly formed bone using ACS compared to the control group.

Objective: An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurred in late 2019. A better understanding of this disease will help us in preventing and managing it. This study evaluated the risk factors and clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients admitted to Shahid Sadoughi hospital in Yazd with a diagnosis of COVID-19. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with the diagnosis of COVID-19 admitted to Shahid Sadoughi hospital in Yazd in May 2020, Iran. Patients’ clinical information, including their symptoms at admission, history of smoking or drug/ alcohol abuse, history of Td (tetanus, diphtheria) vaccine, radiographic/computed tomography (CT) scan findings, and blood oxygen saturation, was recorded. The patients were also asked about their previous history of diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune disorder, and cancer or history of diseases in heart, lung, liver, and thyroid. Laboratory findings, height, weight and body mass index of the patients were also recorded. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 21. Results: The mean age of 86 patients enrolled in the study was 61.40±17.37 years, of which 56 (65.11%) had mild pulmonary involvement and 30 (34.89%) had severe pulmonary involvement, according to CT scan results. Also, 26 (30.2%) of all patients had diabetes and about 30 (36%) had high blood pressure, but current smokers (6%) were rare. In patients with severe pulmonary involvement, the level of neutrophil, creatinine, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was higher than patients with mild pulmonary involvement. Out of 56 patients with mild pulmonary involvement, 47 patients had a history of Td vaccination in the last 5 years. Only one patient in the severe group had a history of Td vaccination. Conclusion: A lower percentage of blood lymphocytes as well as higher levels of neutrophils, creatinine, and LDH were observed in patients with severe pulmonary involvement. Numerous factors, especially more prominent laboratory abnormalities, determine the severity of the disease, and a better understanding of these factors can help physicians know the severity of the disease and its prognosis. These findings help us to further clarify the characteristics of COVID-19. Also, the effect of Td vaccine should be investigated in future studies.

Background. Inferior alveolar nerve damage can lead to mild to severe paresthesia and even facial pain. One of the treatments considered today for the reconstruction and treatment of damaged peripheral nerves is the use of vitamin supplements. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin B complex supplementation on pain and sensory problems following mandibular implant placement surgery. Methods. In this single-blind clinical trial, 46 patients applying for implant placement, who were eligible for the study, were evaluated. All the patients were examined for sensory facial injury and inferior alveolar nerve injury within 24 hours after implant placement. The nerve damage was recorded by AI (asymmetry index) in the initial examination. Patients who reported clinical and radiographic signs of nerve damage due to implant or drill impingement of the nerve canal were excluded from the study and promptly treated with anti-inflammatory protocols. Then the patients were randomly divided into control (n=23) and intervention (n=23) groups. Patients in the control group received routine treatment after implantation, and patients in the intervention group received vitamin B complex pills in addition to routine treatment. A placebo was used to eliminate the inductive effect of the drug in the control group. Follow-up of patients was performed at intervals of 14 days and 1, 2, and 3 months after treatment. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 24 and Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon, and chi-squared tests. Results. In both groups, a decreasing trend in pain intensity was observed for up to three months. There were no significant differences between the mean pain intensity in the intervention and control groups at all the follow-up intervals. In both groups, a decrease in the rate of paresthesia was observed during the 3-month follow-up. The mean of paresthesia in the two groups was not significantly different at any follow-up interval. Conclusion. Vitamin B complex might not affect pain intensity and paresthesia after implant surgery.

Background. This clinical trial evaluated the effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation along with scaling and root planing (SRP) on periodontal and gingival indices in controlled diabetic patients. Methods. Forty-two diabetic patients (controlled type), referred to the Department of Periodontics with chronic periodontitis and eligible for the study, were included in the study. Patients suffering from chronic periodontitis with a probing pocket depth of ≥5 mm in different quadrants of the oral cavity with radiographic evidence of bone loss were included in the present randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The subjects were instructed to take one capsule of coenzyme Q10 or a placebo every day for 30 days following SRP. Clinical parameters, i.e., plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment level (CAL), and probing pocket depth (PPD), were recorded at baseline and four weeks after treatment by two masked and calibrated examiners. The study results were reported as (mean ± standard deviations) and frequencies (percentages). Results. One month after the intervention, PPD, CAL, BOP, and PI indices in the intervention group were significantly lower than those in the control group. One month after the intervention, the GI was similar in both groups. A significant decrease was observed in the GI in both groups after the intervention. Conclusion. The results of the present study showed that Q10 orally with scaling and root planing in patients with controlled diabetes with chronic periodontitis might accelerate the treatment process and significantly reduce the pocket depth.

Abstract: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is used as one of the main protective factors against various pathological processes, as it regulates cells resistant to oxidation. Several studies have extensively explored the relationship between environmental exposure to heavy metals, particularly lead (Pb), and the development of various human diseases. These metals have been reported to be able to, directly and indirectly, induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cause oxidative stress in various organs. Since Nrf2 signaling is important in maintaining redox status, it has a dual role depending on the specific biological context. On the one hand, Nrf2 provides a protective mechanism against metal-induced toxicity; on the other hand, it can induce metal-induced carcinogenesis upon prolonged exposure and activation. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the latest knowledge on the functional interrelation between toxic metals, such as Pb and Nrf2 signaling.

Background: Paraquat is a highly toxic quaternary ammonium herbicide widely used in agriculture. It is an agent that induces pulmonary toxicity via the redox cyclic reaction. Objective: The present study investigated the protective effect of quercetin against paraquat-induced brain mitochondria disruption in mice. Methods: Paraquat (1.25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was administered to the mice, and then quercetin (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) was injected i.p. Oxidative damage biomarkers such as reactive oxygen species, protein carbonyl, lipid peroxidation, glutathione content, and mitochondrial function were assessed in the brain mitochondria. method: To evaluate the protective effect of quercetin on the brain tissues of mice exposed to the acute toxicity with paraquat herbicide, first, we selected 5 groups, each of which consisted of 6 mice. These target groups included the positive control group that received only paraquat toxin (1.25 mg/kg IP), the negative control group that received only normal saline and quercetin + paraquat recipient groups (quercetin at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg and paraquat toxin at a concentration of 1.25 mg/kg IP). The determining the amount of oxidative stress indexes including mitochondrial function, glutathione and carbonyl protein content, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species assay were performed on the brain tissue. Results: The results showed that paraquat significantly (P < 0.001) increased the reactive oxygen species, protein carbonyl, and lipid peroxidation and significantly (P Conclusion: Our results suggest that quercetin in a dose-dependent manner has neuroprotective effects, probably by free radicals scavenging or enhancing the antioxidant mechanisms in the brain mitochondria. It seems that quercetin could modulate protein and lipid oxidation and improve oxidative damage induced by paraquat in the early stages. conclusion: According to the relevant results, It is well known that quercetin in a dose-dependent manner regulates the oxidation processes in the body as it acts as a powerful antioxidant. Querecetin can normalize the damaging effect of oxidative stress induced by free radicals in brain nerve cells mitochondria. other: .

Tramadol (TR) is a centrally acting analgesic drug that is used to relieve pain. The therapeutic (0.1–0.8 mg/l), toxic (1–2 mg/l) and lethal (>2 mg/l) ranges were reported for TR. The present study was designed to evaluate which doses of TR can induce liver mitochondrial toxicity. Mitochondria were isolated from the five rats’ liver and were incubated with therapeutic to lethal concentrations (1.7–600 μM) of TR. Biomarkers of oxidative stress including: reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein carbonyl content, glutathione (GSH) content, mitochondrial function, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial swelling were assessed. Our results showed that ROS and LPO at 100 μM and protein carbonylation at 600 μM concentrations of TR were significantly increased. GSH was decreased specifically at 600 μM concentration. Mitochondrial function, MMP and mitochondrial swelling decreased in isolated rat liver mitochondria after exposure to 100 and 300 μM, respectively. This study suggested that TR at therapeutic and toxic levels by single exposure could not induce mitochondrial toxicity. But, in lethal concentration (≥100 μM), TR induced oxidative damage and mitochondria dysfunction. This study suggested that ROS overproduction by increasing of TR concentration induced mitochondrial dysfunction and caused mitochondrial damage via Complex II and membrane permeability transition pores disorders, MMP collapse and mitochondria swelling.

Background and aim Cholestasis-associated renal injury or cholemic nephropathy (CN) is a serious clinical problem. Previous studies mentioned that oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment play a role in CN. There is no specific pharmacological intervention for CN. Metformin is an anti-diabetic drug administered for decades. On the other hand, novel pharmacological properties have emerged for this drug. The effect of metformin on oxidative stress parameters has been well-recognized in different experimental models. It has also been found that metformin positively affected mitochondrial function. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of metformin in an animal model of CN. Methods Rats underwent bile duct ligation (BDL) and were treated with metformin (250 and 500 mg/kg) for 14 consecutive days. Two weeks after the BDL operations, urine, serum, and kidney samples were collected and analyzed. Results Markers of oxidative stress, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, depleted antioxidant capacity, and decreased glutathione (GSH) levels were detected in BDL animals. Moreover, mitochondrial indices, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level, dehydrogenase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial permeability, were impaired in the kidney of cholestatic rats. Renal histopathological alterations in cholestatic animals included tubular degeneration and interstitial inflammation, cast formation, and fibrosis. It was found that metformin significantly alleviated oxidative stress and improved mitochondrial indices in the kidney of cholestatic rats. Tissue histopathological alterations were also mitigated in metformin-treated groups. Conclusions Metformin could be a candidate for managing CN. The nephroprotective role of metformin is primarily associated with its effects on oxidative stress parameters and mitochondrial function.

This paper presents a novel methodology for path generation synthesis of the four-bar mechanism. A new objective function for the path generation synthesis problem, namely, the Geometrical Similarity Error Function (GSEF), is introduced. Indeed, GSEF assesses the similarity between generated and desired paths, and its number of design variables is less than those in the other synthesis methods. Then, using an Innovative Adaptive Algorithm (IAA), some operators are utilized for matching two similar paths. GSEF-IAA methodology has some significant advantages over the reported synthesis methods. The method is fast, takes much less CPU time, and saves a large amount of computer memory. Four path generation problems are solved using GSEF-IAA, and the results are compared with those of previous methods using some well-known optimization algorithms to demonstrate the efficiency of GSEF-IAA methodology.

Glucosinolates are the main bioactive compounds present in Brassicaceae family with remarkable protective activities against various chemical carcinogenesis and toxicities. Protective role of the hydroalcoholic extract and desulfo glucosinolate fraction from seeds of Lepidium perfoliatum were evaluated against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in BALB/c mice by determination of oxidative stress biomarkers and liver histopathological feature. The oral administration of different doses of the extract and desulfo glucosinolate fraction exhibited significant decrease in ROS and MDA contents of mitochondria in a dose-dependent manner, especially the doses of 200 mg/kg of the extract and 10 mg/kg of the fraction. GSH content was significantly increased (p

Acute organophosphate pesticide poisoning causes considerable worldwide mortality and morbidity. In this study, serine was attached to the polyethylene glycol-bisaldehyde (PEG) as a novel antidote for diazinon (DZ) poisoning. Serine and PEG were conjugated with a reductive amination reaction. PEG-serine NPs (PEG-NPs) were purified and their structure was analyzed by

Graphical abstract, Highlights • Modified magnetite nanoparticles had low cytotoxicity. • Nanoparticles had high surface modification and manipulation. • Magnetite nanoprticles coated with silica and oleic acid was lower toxicity than other coatings., Recent advances in the use of magnetite nanoparticles for biomedical applications have led to special attention to these nanoparticles. The unique properties of magnetite nanoparticles such as superparamagnetism, low toxicity, and the ability to bond with biological molecules, are suitable for drug delivery, diagnostic methods and therapeutic approaches. The aim of this study was to synthesize magnetite nanoparticles with different biocompatible coatings and investigate their cytotoxicity. Magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation method and the cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles was investigated with Hepatoma G2 cell using the MTT assay. Treated cells, did not showed any evident cell cycle arrest. The Fourier Transmission Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X- ray powder Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were evaluated. The results of XRD showed the coated magnetite nanoparticles were 10−12 nm and this size also achieved with TEM images. Synthesized magnetite nanoparticles with SiO2 and oleic acid coatings had lower cytotoxicity than other coatings.

In this study, the effect of the plasmon hybridization mechanism on the performance and refractive index (RI) sensitivity of nanoshell, nanocage and nanoframe structures is investigated using the finite-difference time-domain simulation. To create nanocage structure, we textured the cubic nanoshell surfaces and examined the impact of its key parameters (such as array of cavities, size of cavities and wall thickness) on the nanocage's RI-sensitivity. Synthesis of the designed nanocages is a challenging process in practice, but here the goal is to understand the physics lied behind it and try to answer the question “Why nanoframes are more sensitive than nanocages?”. Our obtained results show that the RI-sensitivity of nanocage structures increases continuously by decreasing the array of cavities. Transforming the nanocage to the nanoframe structure by reducing the array of cavities to a single cavity significantly increases the RI-sensitivity of the nanostructure. This phenomenon can be related to the simultaneous presence of symmetric and asymmetric plasmon oscillations in the nanocage structure and low restoring force of nanoframe compared to nanocage. As the optimized case shows, the proposed single nanoframe with aspect ratio (wall length/wall thickness) of 12.5 shows RI-sensitivity of 1460 nm/RIU, the sensitivity of which is ~ 5.5 times more than its solid counterpart.

Shape memory alloys are among the highly applicable smart materials that have recently appealed to scientists from various fields of study. In this article, a novel shape memory alloy actuator, in the form of a rod, is introduced, and an adaptive model predictive control system is designed for position control of the developed actuator. The need for such an advanced control system emanates from the fact that modeling and controlling of shape memory alloy actuators are thwarted by their hysteresis nonlinearity, dilatory response, and high dependence on environmental conditions. Real-time identification and dynamic parameter estimation of the model are addressed according to orthogonal Laguerre functions and recursive least square algorithm. In the end, the designed control system is implemented on the experimental setup of the fabricated shape memory alloy actuator. It is observed that the designed control system successfully tracks the variable step and sinusoidal control references with startling accuracy of ±1 μm.

Hamidreza Mohammadi,1,2 Reza Heidari,1 Seyyed Vahid Niknezhad,1 Akram Jamshidzadeh,1,2 Fatemeh Farjadian1 1Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranCorrespondence: Fatemeh FarjadianPharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 158371345, Karafarin Ave., Shiraz, Fars, IranTel + 987132424127 302Fax + 987132424126Email farjadian_f@sums.ac.irAkram JamshidzadehDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 158371345, Karafarin Ave., Shiraz, Fars, IranEmail ajamshid@sums.ac.irPurpose: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a critical situation in which liver failure affects brain function. HE could result in a state of coma and death. The liver is the main organ for ammonium ion (NH4+) metabolism. Hence, acute and/or chronic liver failure could lead to hyperammonemia. NH4+ is the most suspected neurotoxic agent in HE. Thus, finding new therapeutic options to decrease plasma and brain NH4+ levels has a significant clinical value. Mesoporous silica (MS) particles have revolutionized many aspects of pharmaceutical sciences, including drug delivery systems. Moreover, recently, MS has been applied as agents for the detoxification of chemicals (eg, drugs and poisons).Methods: First, MS particles containing amine groups (MS-NH2) were synthesized in co-condensation processes. Then, the structure was modified by succinic anhydride to have MS-SA. The MS-SA was characterized (FT-IR, XRD, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), DLS-Zeta FESEM-EDX, and HRTEM). Then, the potential of MS-NH2 and MS-SA particles in adsorption of NH4+ was investigated in vitro and in vivo. MS-NH2 and MS-SA were incubated with increasing concentrations (0.1– 10 mM) of NH4+, and the scavenging capacity of the investigated particles was evaluated. On the other hand, different doses (1 and 5 mg/kg per day) of nanoparticles were administered to a hyperammonemia animal model.Results: It was figured out that both MS-NH2 and MS-SA significantly scavenged NH4+ in the in vitro model. However, the NH4+ scavenging capability of MS-SA was more significant. Administration of MS-NH2 and MS-SA also considerably decreased the level of ammonium in plasma and brain and improved cognitive and locomotor activity in hyperammonemic animals. The effects of MS-SA were more significant than MS-NH2 in the HE animal model.Conclusion: Collectively, our data suggest that MS particles, especially succinic acid-functionalized MS, could act as special ancillary treatment in HE as a critical clinical complication.Keywords: acute liver failure, ammonia, hyperammonemia, nanomedicine

Objective(s): Nowadays, iron ions intoxication is the center of attention of interest in the management and treatment of thalassemia and different sorts of anemia associated with regular blood transfusions. Due to the major side effects of current drugs, they should be replaced with safer alternatives. Thus, in this study, functionalized hybrid silver nanoparticles, as an emerging perspective, were investigated for absorbing excess iron ions and their removal in an animal thalassemia model. Methods: The silver nanoparticles were green-synthesized using the Myrtus communis leaf methanolic extact (MC-AgNPs). The produced hybrid nano-Sorbents based on hydrolyzable tannin matrix loaded with silver nanoparticles were delivered for trying out in vivo iron chelation in thalassemia model mice in which iron-overload was imposed. MC-AgNPs and desferral were injected intraperitoneally four times a week for one month in mice with excess iron load. The total iron and Fe3+ content of serum was evaluated with the aid of plasma-atomic spectrometry microscopy and a Fe3+ ion measurement kit, respectively. Also, liver enzyme levels were evaluated by an auto-analyzer. Also, hepatic enzyme levels were appraised by using an auto-analyzer based the corresponding kits. Morphological transformations of the liver tissue were investigated by way of Prussian blue staining. Results: The mice treated with the MC-AgNPs demonstrated a significant reduction in serum iron content when compared with the iron-overload mice. MC-AgNPs revealed satisfying effectiveness to chelate excess iron in mice. Conclusions: This method could be considered as a competitive option for lowering the level of excess iron in vivo.

Objective(s): The use of silver nanoparticles in the field of biomedicine is increasing day by day, but less attention has been paid to its toxicity. In this paper, the ability of the silver nanoparticles produced by a green synthesis procedure to protect the liver and its effects on liver function in male mice was investigated in a sub-chronic toxicity study. Methods: The silver nanoparticles functionalized the hydrolyzable tannin fraction of Myrtus communis (MC-AgNPs) were used for testing in vivo sub-chronic toxicity in mice model. The MC-AgNPs and Ag+ were intraperitoneally injected with different doses 5 times a week over 90 days. The biochemical, hematological factors were determined using an autoanalyzer following the routine procedures. In addition, histopathological test of liver tissue in laboratory mice were examined through haematoxylin & eosin staining. Results: The obtained results showed that liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP) were decreased. The mean value ± standard deviation of white blood cells, lymphocytes, red blood cells and Hb were increased, while red blood cells and hemoglobin decreased. Histopathological investigations indicated no obvious effect on hepatic cyto-architecture in the group receiving silver nanoparticles (50 mg/kg), and mild inflammation in the port space. In the groups receiving silver nanoparticles (100 and 200 mg/kg), mild inflammation, and moderate inflammation were observed in the port space and pre portal, respectively. Conclusions: The findings indicated that AgNPs could be safe even for long-term use in a therapeutic period if hybridized with active biomolecules.

Background: The Deming model is an effective method for comprehensive quality management. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of inclusive quality management on the educational accreditation results of the educational hospitals in the Mazandaran Province, Iran. Methods: This interventional study was conducted in 5 hospitals. In this study, the Deming cycle validation model was employed. This model, which is based on the checklist for the educational centers of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, has 91 benchmarks for 81 standards. Descriptive statistical methods (Wilcoxon and Friedman nonparametric tests) were used to analyze the data. Results: A significant difference was observed among the accreditation scores of the hospitals before and after the intervention (P

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its main metabolite, monoethylhexyl phthalic acid (MEHP), are a serious threat to human and animals’ health in the current century. However, their exact mecha...

Objective(s): Nowadays, examining the toxicity of nanoparticles including the synthesized and functionalized iron nanoparticles using methods like green synthesis is highly considered, due to their increasing usage in various fields of medicine, biology, industrial, and pollution removal. Hence, in this study, the toxicity of the zero valent iron nanoparticles synthesized by plant-Myrtus communis (MC-ZVINP) was investigated. Methods: Human normal Foreskin Fibroblast (HFF) cells were used for cytotoxicity examination using MTT method. Also, biochemical factors such as liver enzymes level, and factors such as the number of white and red globules, lymphocytes, platelets, amount of blood hemoglobin, and histopathological test of liver tissue in laboratory small rats were examined after intraperitoneal injections of the MC-ZVINP with different concentrations daily and a duration of 3-month, with the groups receiving trivalent iron, the extract of plant-case, and normal saline. Results: Cytotoxicity concentration of iron-case nanoparticles was obtained for 50% of HFF cells (CC50=149.23±4.45μg/mL). The results obtained from the blood factors examination showed a decreased the serum level of liver enzymes as well as an increase in the number of red and white globules and hemoglobin rate in mice receiving iron nanoparticles compared to the trivalent iron receiving group. Receiving the concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/kg/bw of iron nanoparticles have caused the incidence of mild and moderate inflammation in the liver of mice. Conclusions: Generally, it can be concluded that, the MC-ZVINP have shown no significant toxicity on the levels of blood cells, enzymes, and liver tissue.

Objective(s): Active species used in bio-chemical for synthesizing nanoparticles is poly phenolic compounds. The ability of flavonoids (e.g. quercetin) to dissolve in water is low and the production of metallic nanoparticles from them in the aqueous medium is hard. Previous studies recommend that quercetin was not capable of reducing Ag+ to Ag0. The current research aimed at synthesizing quercetin-mediated silver nanoparticles (Q-AgNPs) and evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer activities of Q-AgNPs in vitro. Methods: The green synthesis of Q-AgNPs in an aqueous medium has been demonstrated. The resultant nanoparticles were characterized by several analytical techniques of imaging and spectroscopic. The improved antioxidant activity of Q-AgNPs (DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging and iron chelating assay) was determined by the colorimetric method. Possible biomedical applications such as antioxidant and anticancer activities of Q-AgNPs have been assessed. Results: The DPPH and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity of Q-AgNPs was found to be (IC50=46.47±1.79 and 30.64±3.18μg/mL, respectively). Q-AgNPs exhibited better iron chelating activity than standard EDTA (IC50=3.12 ±0.44μg/mL). Significant anticancer activity of Q-AgNPs (IC50=57.42μg/mL) was found against HepG2 cell lines after 24-hour exposure. Furthermore, the antifungal activity (MIC = 4, 8 and > 64 μg/mL) was found against Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis and Aspergillus fumigatus, respectively. Conclusions: The present method is a competitive option to produce multifunctional nanoscale hybrid materials with higher efficiency and using natural sources for diverse biomedical applications such as antioxidant and anticancer activities.

It has been well documented that cirrhosis is associated with the intestinal injury. Intestinal injury in cirrhosis could lead to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation to the systemic circulation. It has been found that high plasma LPS is connected with higher morbidity and mortality in cirrhotic patients. Therefore, finding therapeutic approaches to mitigate this complication has great clinical value. Several investigations mentioned the pivotal role of oxidative stress in cirrhosis-associated intestinal injury. It has been well-known that the redox balance of enterocytes is disturbed in cirrhotic patients. In the current study, the effects of thiol-reducing agents N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (0.5 and 1% w: v) and dithiothreitol (DTT) (0.5 and 1% w: v) on biomarkers of oxidative stress, tissue histopathological alterations, and LPS translocation is investigated in a rat model of cirrhosis. Bile duct ligation (BDL) surgery was used to induce cirrhosis in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals (n ​= ​48; 8 animals/group) were supplemented with NAC and DTT for 28 consecutive days. Significant changes in ileum and colon markers of oxidative stress were evident in BDL rats as judged by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and protein carbonylation along with decreased antioxidant capacity and glutathione (GSH) content. Blunted villus, decreased villus number, and inflammation was also detected in the intestine of BDL animals. Moreover, serum LPS level was also significantly higher in BDL rats. NAC and DTT administration (0.5 and 1% w: v, gavage) significantly decreased biomarkers of oxidative stress, mitigated intestinal histopathological alterations, and restored tissue antioxidant capacity. Moreover, NAC and/or DTT significantly suppressed LPS translocation to the systemic circulation. The protective effects of thiol reducing agents in the intestine of cirrhotic rats could be attributed to the effect of these chemicals on the cellular redox environment and biomarkers of oxidative stress., Graphical abstract Image 1Oxidative stress and disturbed cellular thiol redox state are involved in the mechanisms of cholestasis/cirrhosis-induced gut permeability and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation to the systemic circulation. In the current study, we found that the oral administration of thiol reducing agents such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and dithiothreitol (DTT) significantly mitigated intestinal tissue oxidative stress and serum LPS level in the bile duct ligation (BDL) model of cirrhosis., Highlights • Gut permeability is a clinical complication in cholestasis/cirrhosis • Intestinal injury leads to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation to the bloodstream • LPS translocation to the systemic circulation could cause systemic inflammation • Oxidative stress is involved in the mechanisms of cirrhosis-induced gut permeability • Oral administration of thiol-reducing agents mitigated intestinal tissue oxidative stress • Serum LPS levels were lower in thiol reducing agents-treated animals

One of the most important devices emerging from quantum technology are quantum batteries. However, self-discharging, the process of charge wasting of quantum batteries due to decoherence phenomenon, limits their performance, measured by the concept of ergotropy and half-life time of the quantum battery. The effects of local field fluctuation, introduced by disorder term in Hamiltonian of the system, on the performance of the quantum batteries is investigated in this paper. The results reveal that the disorder term could compensate disruptive effects of the decoherence, i.e. self-discharging, and hence improve the performance of the quantum battery via "incoherent gain of ergotropy" procedure. Adjusting the strength of disorder parameter to a proper value and choosing a suitable initial state of quantum battery, the amount of free ergotropy, defined with respect to free Hamiltonian, could exceed the amount of initial stored ergotropy. In addition harnessing the degree of disorder parameter could help to enhance the half-life time of the quantum battery. This study opens perspective to further investigation of the performance of quantum batteries that explore disorder and many-body effects., Comment: 8 pages and 8 figures + Appendix section

Sodium dithionite (Na

This study aimed to evaluate the possible protective effects of quercetin, a natural flavonoid, against nephrotoxicity induced by Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in kidney tissue of rats and human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cell line. The HEK-293 cells were treated with different concentrations of quercetin 24 h before treatment with monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP). Male rats were treated with 200-mg/kg DEHP, 200-mg/kg DEHP plus quercetin (50 and 100 mg/kg), and 200-mg/kg DEHP plus vitamin E (20 mg/kg) for 45 days by gavage. Quercetin treatment reduced cytotoxicity and oxidative damage inducing by MEHP in HEK-293 cells. The in vivo findings showed that 100-mg/kg quercetin significantly suppressed DEHP-induced kidney damage. For exploring the involved mechanisms, the expressions of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) genes were determined via real-time Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. High dose of quercetin significantly decreased the gene expressions of NF-κB and TNFα, whereas the alternations of Nrf2 and HO-1 gene expressions were not significant in quercetin groups in compared with DEHP group. These findings suggested that the suppression of DEHP-induced nephrotoxicity via quercetin is correlated, at least in part, with its potential to regulate NF-κB signaling pathway.

Energy can be stored in quantum batteries by electromagnetic fields as chargers. In this paper, the performance of a quantum battery with single and double chargers is studied. It is shown that by using two independent charging fields, prepared in coherent states, charging power of the quantum battery can be significantly improved, though the average number of embedded photons are kept the same in both scenarios. Then the results reveal that for the case of initially correlated states of the chargers the amount of extractable energy, measured by ergotropy, is more than initially uncorrelated ones, with appropriate degrees of field's intensities. Though the correlated chargers lead to greater reduction in purity of quantum battery, more energy and in turn, more ergotropy is stored in this case. In addition, we study the battery-charger mutual information and Von Neumann entropy and by using their relation, we find that both quantum and classical correlations are generated between the quantum battery and chargers. Then we study quantum consonance of the battery as the non-local coherence among it's cells and find some qualitative relations between the generation of such correlations and the capability of energy storage in the quantum battery., Comment: 9 pages and 14 figures

To simulate the complex human walking motion accurately, a suitable biped model has to be proposed that can significantly translate the compliance of biological structures. In this way, the simplest passive walking model is often used as a standard benchmark for making the bipedal locomotion so natural and energy-efficient. This work is devoted to a presentation of the application of internal damping mechanism to the mathematical description of the simplest passive walking model with flexible legs. This feature can be taken into account by using the viscoelastic legs, which are constituted by the Kelvin–Voigt rheological model. Then, the update of the impulsive hybrid nonlinear dynamics of the simplest passive walker is obtained based on the Euler–Bernoulli’s beam theory and using a combination of Lagrange mechanics and the assumed mode method, along with the precise boundary conditions. The main goal of this study is to develop a numerical procedure based on the new definition of the step function for enforcing the biped start walking from stable condition and walking continuously. The study of the influence of various system parameters is carried out through bifurcation diagrams, highlighting the region of stable period-one gait cycles. Numerical simulations clearly prove that the overall effect of viscoelastic leg on the passive walking is efficient enough from the viewpoint of stability and energy dissipation.

Background. After periodontal surgery, in most cases, the surgical area is covered with a surgical pack. It has been suggested that these packs might minimize complications. This study aimed to compare the effects of Diplen LX membrane and Coe-Pak on pain, wound healing, and patient preference after a periodontal flap surgery in patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis. Methods. In this randomized clinical trial, 26 patients were evaluated. Pain scores were assessed using visual analog scale (VAS) on the 3rd and 7th days postoperatively and compared between the two dressings. On the 7th and 14th days after both flap surgeries, surgical site healing was evaluated using the wound healing index (WHI). Results. The mean age of the patients was 31. It was observed that the severity of pain in the studied patients on the 3rd and 7th days postoperatively was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group. It was also observed that the value of WHI in the studied patients on the 7th and 14th days postoperatively was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group. Conclusion. The pain was less severe in both groups using periodontal dressing and also lower in the Diplen LX membrane group. In addition, based on WHI, wound healing score in patients was also higher and more favorable in the Diplex LX membrane group. Due to the above factors, the majority of patients preferred the use of the Diplen LX membrane.

Background:Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is limited to produce AgNPs with only relatively low concentrations, and is unsuitable for large-scale productions. The use of Myrtus communis (MC) leaf methanolic extract (rich in hydrolyzable tannins) has been recommended to resolve the issues related to the aggregation of nanoparticles at high concentrations of silver ions with added facet of antioxidant properties.Methods:The produced highly concentrated MC-AgNPs were characterized by using imaging and spectroscopic methods. Subsequently, antioxidant, anticancer and antifungal activities of the nanoparticles were evaluated.Results:The thermogravimetric analysis and energy dispersive spectroscopy quantitative results suggested that the nanoparticles are biphasic in nature (bio-molecule + Ag0) and layered in structure, suggesting the formation of nanoparticles through a different mechanism than those described in the literature. MC-AgNPs showed greater scavenging activity of nitric oxide and iron (II) chelating ability than the extract. It also showed good reducing power compared to the standard antioxidant. Remarkable anticancer activity of MC-AgNPs (IC50 = 5.99µg/mL) was found against HCT-116 (human colon carcinoma) cell lines after 24h exposure with a therapeutic index value 2-fold higher than the therapeutic index of standard doxorubicin. Furthermore, distinct antifungal activity (MIC = 4µg/mL) was found against Candida krusei.Conclusion:The current method outperforms the existing methods because it produces a large amount of multifunctional nanoscale hybrid materials more efficiently using natural sources; thus, it may be used for diverse biomedical applications.

In current work, Gurtin–Murdoch surface/interface and nonlocal theories are presented to investigate nonlinear vibration and stability analysis of piezoelectric nanoresonator simultaneously subjected to direct and alternating voltages. Complex averaging method combined with arc-length continuation is used to achieve the nonlinear frequency response and stability analysis of the piezoelectric nanoresonator. It is concluded that ignoring surface and small-scale effects lead to inaccurate results in vibration response of the piezoelectric nanoresonator. Also, with increasing dimensionless nonlocal parameter and decreasing nanoshell stiffness, dimensionless natural frequency, the resonance amplitude, the range of instability with saddle-node bifurcations and nonlinear hardening behavior, and also resonance frequency decrease. In addition, it is found that when the surface/interface effects corresponding to higher surface/interface density are considered, natural frequency is increased. Also, regardless the Lamé’s constants lead to decreasing of piezoelectric nanoresonator stiffness, and as a result, the dimensionless natural frequency is lower than all cases. The rest of the surface/interface parameters do not have much effect on the dimensionless natural frequency. Also, with increasing electrostatic and piezoelectric voltages, the oscillation amplitude and range of the piezoelectric nanoresonator system’s instability and all nonlinear behavior of piezoelectric nanoresonator are increased.

Objective Curcumin, a natural polyphenol that has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Therapeutic potential of curcumin is substantially limited by the rather low water solubility, rapid metabolism and low bioavailability. Therefore it is necessary for its' suitable carriers. In the present study, it was aimed to assess of polymeric micelles of curcumin on experimental model of colon cancer in Rat. Method Pathogen-free male Sprague–Dawley rats divided into 4 groups. Animals from group A, B, C received DMH intraperitoneal injection once a week at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight in 0.9% normal saline. Group A, as DMH control. B, C received Nano-micelle curcumin and 5-FU respectively 4 weeks before first carcinogen challenge and continued until week 30 of experimentation. After 4 weeks all animals were killed and their colon removed and investigated for morphological and immunohistochemistry studies of apoptosis and expression of Bcl2, BAX and Caspase9. Results It was observed significant morphological changes in Nano-curcumin groups compared with DMH group but for expression of apoptotic factors, although decrease in Bcl2 expression and increase in BAX and caspase9 observed in Nano-micelle group but these changes were not significant compared with DMH group (P > 0.05). Conclusion Results of this study indicate that Nano-micelle of curcumin has some preventive effect in experimental model of colon cancer in vivo but has not induced complete apoptotic effect and more studies that are complete are needed.

In this work, nonlinear vibration and frequency response analysis of a double-walled piezoelectric nanoresonator based on a cylindrical nanoshell is performed using the Gurtin–Murdoch surface/interface theory. The piezoelectric nanoresonator is simultaneously subjected to the visco-Pasternak medium and nonlinear van der Waals and electrostatic forces. It is found that the electrostatic and piezoelectric voltages, length to radius ratio, nanoresonator gap width, linear and nonlinear van der Waals coefficients and other parameters can effectively change the flexural rigidity of the system, which in turn affects the nonlinear frequency response. Also, increasing or decreasing of some parameters leads to increase or decrease in the resonance amplitude, resonant frequency, instability of the system, nonlinear behavior and bandwidth.

Taurine (TAU) is the most abundant free amino acid in the human body. High concentrations of this amino acid are found in tissues such as the skeletal muscle, brain, and kidney. Recently, a focus has emerged on the effects of TAU on cellular mitochondria. It has been found that TAU could positively affect this organelle by enhancing mitochondrial membrane potential, increasing ATP levels, and mitigating mitochondria-mediated ROS formation. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of a wide range of TAU concentrations (0.01 mM-1000 mM) on mitochondrial function. Mice liver mitochondria were isolated and exposed to different concentrations of TAU (30 min). Several indices, including mitochondrial depolarization, dehydrogenases activity, permeabilization, and ATP content, were monitored. It was found that TAU supplementation significantly enhanced parameters such as mitochondrial ATP levels and mitochondrial membrane potential in comparison with the control group. Moreover, TAU prevented Ca2+-induced mitochondrial permeabilization. This amino acid revealed no significant adverse effect on isolated mitochondria even at very high and supra-physiological concentrations (e.g., 100, 250, and 500 mM). These data suggest TAU as an ideal and safe agent to protect mitochondria against toxic insults or regulating cellular function in different mitochondria-linked disorders.

Tramadol (TR) is an analgesic drug used to treat moderate-to-severe pain but it induces seizure even at therapeutic doses. The exact mechanism of TR-inducing seizure is not clear but inhibition of the serotonin, GABA, and nitrous oxide (NOS) pathways are the commonly proposed mechanisms. Adenosinergic system has a crucial function in the modulation of seizure. Also, oxidative damage is an unavoidable effect of the seizure. This study was conducted to evaluate the role of the adenosinergic system on the seizure and oxidative stress biomarkers induced by TR using antagonist of the adenosinergic receptors in the Albino mice. For that purpose, generated clonic seizure, as seizure threshold, was evaluated by TR. Caffeine (CAF; 8 mg/kg, i.p.), a nonselective antagonist of adenosine receptors, was administered 1 hour before the seizure induction. The seizure threshold significantly increased by CAF-treated group when compared to TR group (

Pyrethroids are a class of synthetic insecticides that are used widely in and around households to control the pest. Concerns about exposure to this group of pesticides are now mainly related to their neurotoxicity and nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration seen in Parkinson’s disease. The main neurotoxic mechanisms include oxidative stress, inflammation, neuronal cell loss, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The main neurodegeneration targets are ion channels. However, other receptors, enzymes, and several signalling pathways can also participate in disorders induced by pyrethroids. The aim of this review is to elucidate the main mechanisms involved in neurotoxicity caused by pyrethroids deltamethrin, permethrin, and cypermethrin. We also review common targets and pathways of Parkinson’s disease therapy, including Nrf2, Nurr1, and PPARγ, and how they are affected by exposure to pyrethroids. We conclude with possibilities to be addressed by future research of novel methods of protection against neurological disorders caused by pesticides that may also find their use in the management/treatment of Parkinson’s disease.

In the current study, the dynamic behavior of two planar mechanisms with revolute joints, in the presence of clearances is investigated. Subsequently, a control scheme with the aim of restraining the clearance and maintaining a more stable behavior is proposed. This approach is based on using tuned mass damper (TMD) in order to reduce the effects of clearances in mechanisms for passive control purpose. The applied absorber’s mass is insignificant and they are little in size. By attaching two perpendicular absorbers in order to control the clearance, the oscillations are notably reduced. The proposed methodology is applied to planar multibody mechanical systems with revolute clearance joints with a view to demonstrating its features. The absorber performance is evaluated for changes around the designed state and the results show that the designed absorbers have a good robustness with variations to changes in different parameters.

Industrial robotic arms require a reliable ability to operate in the presence of unexpected perturbations. In this paper, control of a robotic arm is contemplated in the presence of parametric uncertainties which are coupled by significant external perturbations. The proposed method is based on tuning of the higher-order sliding mode controller parameters by the interval type 2 fuzzy logic. Initially, the common chattering effect of the classic sliding mode is eliminated by using higher-order SMC and saturation function, which makes it more robust than the classic algorithm. However, the high-order sliding mode still cannot deal with strong external perturbations properly. This issue is addressed by combining the algorithm with fuzzy type 2 membership functions which add the self-tuning feature to the controller. Simulations show the superiority of the proposed controller over the classic and the higher-order sliding mode controllers in dealing with various significant perturbations.

The preservation of the redox homeostasis is critical for cell survival and functionality. Redox imbalance is an essential inducer of several pathological states. CD4+ /helper T cells are highly dependent on the redox state of their surrounding milieu. The potential of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) engagement in controlling CD4+ T-cell fate during redox alteration is still challenging. C57BL/6 mice were treated with AhR agonist 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), AhR antagonist CH223191, an inhibitor of glutathione biosynthesis buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), and the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) alone or in combination. Six days later, splenocytes were evaluated for the expression of the redox-related genes and the possible changes in T-cell subsets. FICZ like BSO significantly elevated the expression of HMOX1, GCLC, and GCLM genes but it failed to increase the expression of the Nrf2 gene. Moreover, FICZ + BSO increased while FICZ + CH223191 or NAC decreased the expression of these genes. FICZ also significantly increased Th1 cell numbers but decreased Tregs in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, a high dose of FICZ + CH223191 + NAC significantly enhanced Th1, Th17, and Treg cells but its low dose in such a situation increased Th2 and Th17 while decreased Treg cells. AhR engagement during redox alteration can determine the fate of CD4 + T cells, so, AhR agonists or antagonists might be useful in assessing immune responses. However, these results need further verifications in vitro and in animal models of various diseases.

The spin effect on accumulation of the electron density profile in the presence of an external magnetic field is investigated. In this regard, the two-fluid quantum hydrodynamic model is used to derive the interaction of intense laser light with magnetized quantum plasma. The results emphasize that the initial laser intensity and external magnetic field play significant roles in the accumulation of electron density. Moreover, the behavior of spin-up and spin-down electrons in the same spatial position is completely different. In a way, where spin-up electrons accumulate, spin-down electron density is rarefied. This fact provides a useful recipe for spintronics applications.

The preservation of the redox homeostasis is critical for cell survival and functionality. Redox imbalance is an essential inducer of several pathological states. CD4

Mg2+ is an important cation in our body. It is an essential cofactor for many enzymes. Despite many works, nothing is known about the protective effects of MgSO4 against hypoxia-induced lethality and oxidative damage in brain mitochondria. In this study, antihypoxic and antioxidative activities of MgSO4 were evaluated by three experimental models of induced hypoxia (asphyctic, haemic, and circulatory) in mice. Mitochondria protective effects of MgSO4 were evaluated in mouse brain after induction of different models of hypoxia. Antihypoxic activity was especially pronounced in asphyctic hypoxia, where MgSO4 at dose 600 mg/kg showed the same activity as phenytoin, which used as a positive control ( P < 0.001 ). In the haemic model, MgSO4 at all used doses significantly prolonged latency of death. In circulatory hypoxia, MgSO4 (600 mg/kg) doubles the survival time. MgSO4 significantly decreased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl and improved mitochondrial function and glutathione content in brain mitochondria compared to the control groups. The results obtained in this study showed that MgSO4 administration has protective effects against lethality induced by different models of hypoxia and improves brain mitochondria oxidative damage.

The wide use of phthalates, as phthalates are used in the manufacturing of not only plastics but also many others goods, has become a main concern in the current century because of their potency to induce deleterious effects on organism health. The toxic effects of phthalates such as reproductive toxicity, cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, teratogenicity, and tumor development have been widely indicated by previous experimental studies. Some of the important mechanisms of toxicity by phthalates are the induction and promotion of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Awareness of the involved molecular pathways of these mechanisms will permit the detection of exact molecular targets of phthalates to protect or treat their toxicity. Up to now, various transcription factors and signaling pathways have been associated with phthalate-induced toxicity which by influencing on nuclear surface and the expression of different genes can alter cell hemostasis. In different studies, the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathways in processes of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and cancer has been shown following exposure to phthalates. In the present review, we aim to survey experimental studies (in vitro and in vivo) in order to show firstly the most involved receptors and also the importance and the role of the mentioned signaling pathways in phthalate-induced toxicity, and with considering this point, the future studies can focus on these molecular targets as a strategic method to reduce environmental chemicals-induced toxicity especially phthalates toxic effects.

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its main metabolite, monoethylhexyl phthalic acid (MEHP), are a serious threat to human and animals' health in the current century. However, their exact mechanism to induce nephrotoxicity is not clear. In the current study, we addressed toxic effects of MEHP and DEHP on embryonic human kidney cells (HEK-293 cell line) and kidney tissue of rats, respectively. In the HEK-293, MTT assay and oxidative stress parameters were measured after treatment with different concentrations of MEHP. For in vivo study, rats were treated with different doses of DEHP (50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg) via gavage administration for 45 days. The renal function biomarkers (BUN and creatinine) were determined in serum of rats. Mitochondrial toxic parameters including MTT, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial swelling, and also oxidative stress parameters were measured in isolated kidney mitochondria. Histopathological effects of DEHP were also evaluated in rats' kidneys. We demonstrated that MEHP induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in HEK-293 cells in a concentration dependent manner. The administration of DEHP led to histopathological changes in kidney tissue, which concurred with BUN and creatinine alternations in serum of rats. The results of present study showed a significant mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress confirmed by enhancement of mitochondrial swelling, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduction of MMP and mitochondrial glutathione (GSH). Taken together, this study showed that DEHP/MEHP resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage, which suggest a vital role of mitochondria in DEHP/MEHP-induced nephrotoxicity.