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AIMS: The aim of our meta-analyses was to compare the effects of glucose-lowering drugs on mortality, cardiovascular and renal endpoints for a range of type 2 diabetes (T2D) subgroups defined by their specific cardiovascular risk profile.METHODS: Meta-analyses comparing drugs within the classes of GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2 inhibitors were performed and compared to sulphonylureas and DPP-4 inhibitors with available cardiovascular outcome trials. The comparison between the different classes of glucose-lowering drugs included analyses of T2D populations with low risk and high risk for cardiovascular disease including populations with established cardiovascular disease and/or kidney disease. Outcomes included mortality, major cardiovascular adverse events (MACE), hospitalisation for heart failure (HHF) and a composite renal endpoint as applied in the underlying clinical trials.RESULTS: SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1RAs showed beneficial effects on mortality and MACE compared to the classes of DPP-4 inhibitors and sulphonylureas. SGLT-2 inhibitors were shown to be the most effective treatment in terms of HHF and kidney disease. Metformin was used as background therapy for the vast majority of participants in all included studies. Overall, the absolute effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1RAs on these important outcomes were evident for patients with established or at high risk for cardiovascular disease but limited for the low-risk subgroup.CONCLUSIONS: The findings from our analyses substantiate the relevance of treatment with SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1RAs as add-on to metformin in patients with T2D and a high risk for cardiovascular disease, and furthermore, support the recommendation for SGLT-2 inhibitor treatment in patients with T2D and heart failure or established kidney disease.

AIMS: The aim of our meta-analyses was to compare the effects of glucose-lowering drugs on mortality, cardiovascular and renal endpoints for a range of type 2 diabetes (T2D) subgroups defined by their specific cardiovascular risk profile.METHODS: Meta-analyses comparing drugs within the classes of GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2 inhibitors were performed and compared to sulphonylureas and DPP-4 inhibitors with available cardiovascular outcome trials. The comparison between the different classes of glucose-lowering drugs included analyses of T2D populations with low risk and high risk for cardiovascular disease including populations with established cardiovascular disease and/or kidney disease. Outcomes included mortality, major cardiovascular adverse events (MACE), hospitalisation for heart failure (HHF) and a composite renal endpoint as applied in the underlying clinical trials.RESULTS: SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1RAs showed beneficial effects on mortality and MACE compared to the classes of DPP-4 inhibitors and sulphonylureas. SGLT-2 inhibitors were shown to be the most effective treatment in terms of HHF and kidney disease. Metformin was used as background therapy for the vast majority of participants in all included studies. Overall, the absolute effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1RAs on these important outcomes were evident for patients with established or at high risk for cardiovascular disease but limited for the low-risk subgroup.CONCLUSIONS: The findings from our analyses substantiate the relevance of treatment with SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1RAs as an add-on to metformin in patients with T2D and a high risk for cardiovascular disease, and furthermore, support the recommendation for SGLT-2 inhibitor treatment in patients with T2D and heart failure or established kidney disease.

Radiocarbon dating of Arctic marine sediment is often challenging due to the low availability of calcareous fossils. Consequently, bulk organic matter dating has at times been used to establish sediment core chronologies. Yet, radiocarbon dates based on bulk organic matter often appear to deviate vastly from dates based on fossils, mainly caused by input of allochthounous carbon, including terrigenous organic matter. In this study, we aim to examine the link between the composition of the bulk organic matter and the age offsets between the bulk radiocarbon dates and those obtained from calcareous foraminiferal tests. All samples are taken from the marine sediment core AMD14-204C from offshore Upernavik (eastern Baffin Bay). The radiocarbon dates for bulk organic matter are on average similar to 3000 years older than the radiocarbon dates based on foraminifera, but with changing age offsets throughout the record. To investigate the cause of this age offset and its variations over time, we applied core scanning, X-ray Fluorescence analysis, stable isotopes, organic pyrolysis and microscopic organic petrology to examine the distribution and characterization of the organic matter. The results show that the older organic matter includes clastic input of reworked sedimentary rocks potentially originating from West Greenland and/or the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Changes in the input of contemporary marine algal produced organic matter versus both terrigenous input and reworked ancient organic matter appear to control the age offsets between the bulk and foraminifera dates. A low Hydrogen Index and low delta C-13(org) values together with a high Oxygen Index, indicative of high influence of terrigenous organic matter, seem to correspond to samples with the largest age offsets; 1000-2000 years greater than in other samples. To examine the cause of the variations in the age offsets, a new quantification of the autochthonous organic matter as a fraction of the TOC was calculated. This shows that samples with the largest age offsets contained the lowest fraction (as low as similar to 12%) of autochthonous organic matter in the TOC. ISSN:1871-1014

Radiocarbon dating of Arctic marine sediment is often challenging due to the low availability of calcareous fossils. Consequently, bulk organic matter dating has at times been used to establish sediment core chronologies. Yet, radiocarbon dates based on bulk organic matter often appear to deviate vastly from dates based on fossils, mainly caused by input of allochthounous carbon, including terrigenous organic matter. In this study, we aim to examine the link between the composition of the bulk organic matter and the age offsets between the bulk radiocarbon dates and those obtained from calcareous foraminiferal tests. All samples are taken from the marine sediment core AMD14-204C from offshore Upernavik (eastern Baffin Bay). The radiocarbon dates for bulk organic matter are on average ~3000 years older than the radiocarbon dates based on foraminifera, but with changing age offsets throughout the record. To investigate the cause of this age offset and its variations over time, we applied core scanning, X-ray Fluorescence analysis, stable isotopes, organic pyrolysis and microscopic organic petrology to examine the distribution and characterization of the organic matter. The results show that the older organic matter includes clastic input of reworked sedimentary rocks potentially originating from West Greenland and/or the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Changes in the input of contemporary marine algal produced organic matter versus both terrigenous input and reworked ancient organic matter appear to control the age offsets between the bulk and foraminifera dates. A low Hydrogen Index and low δ13Corg values together with a high Oxygen Index, indicative of high influence of terrigenous organic matter, seem to correspond to samples with the largest age offsets; 1000–2000 years greater than in other samples. To examine the cause of the variations in the age offsets, a new quantification of the autochthonous organic matter as a fraction of the TOC was calculated. This shows that samples with the largest age offsets contained the lowest fraction (as low as ~12%) of autochthonous organic matter in the TOC.

Intralocus sexual conflict arises when the expression of shared alleles at a single locus generates opposite fitness effects in each sex (i.e. sexually antagonistic alleles), preventing each sex from reaching its sex-specific optimum. Despite its importance to reproductive success, the relative contribution of intralocus sexual conflict to male pre- and post-copulatory success is not well-understood. Here, we used a female-limited X-chromosome (FLX) evolution experiment to limit the inheritance of the X-chromosome to the matriline, eliminating possible counter-selection in males and allowing the X-chromosome to accumulate female-benefit alleles. After greater than 100 generations of FLX evolution, we studied the effect of the evolved X-chromosome on male attractiveness and sperm competitiveness. We found a non-significant increase in attractiveness and decrease in sperm offense ability in males expressing the evolved X-chromosomes, but a significant increase in their ability to avoid displacement by other males' sperm. This is consistent with a trade-off between these traits, perhaps mediated by differences in body size, causing a small net reduction in overall male fitness in the FLX lines. These results indicate that the X-chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster is subject to selection via intralocus sexual conflict in males.

Indirect interactions are central to ecological and evolutionary dynamics in pollination communities, yet we have little understanding about the processes determining patterns of indirect interactions, such as those between pollinators through shared flowering plants. Instead, research has concentrated on the processes responsible for direct interactions and whole-network structures. This is partly due to a lack of appropriate tools for characterising indirect interaction structures, because traditional network metrics discard much of this information. The recent development of tools for counting motifs (subnetworks depicting interactions between a small number of species) in bipartite networks enable detailed analysis of indirect interaction patterns. Here we generate plant-hummingbird pollination networks based on three major assembly processes – neutral effects (species interacting in proportion to abundance), morphological matching and phenological overlap – and evaluate the motifs associated with each one. We find that different processes produce networks with significantly different patterns of indirect interactions. Neutral effects tend to produce densely-connected motifs, with short indirect interaction chains, and motifs where many specialists interact indirectly through a single generalist. Conversely, niche-based processes (morphology and phenology) produced motifs with a core of interacting generalists, supported by peripheral specialists. These results have important implications for understanding the mechanisms determining indirect interaction structures.

Understanding the end-Triassic mass extinction event (201.36 Ma) requires a clear insight into the stratigraphy of boundary sections, which allows for long-distance correlations and correct distinction of the sequence of events. However, even after the ratification of a Global Stratotype Section and Point, global correlations of TJB successions are hampered by the fact that many of the traditionally used fossil groups were severely affected by the crisis. Here, a new correlation of key TJB successions in Europe, U.S.A. and Peru, based on a combination of biotic (palynology and ammonites), geochemical (δ 13 C org ) and radiometric (U/Pb ages) constraints, is presented. This new correlation has an impact on the causality and temporal development during the end-Triassic event. It challenges the hitherto used standard correlation, which has formed the basis for a hypothesis that the extinction was caused by more or less instantaneous release of large quantities of light carbon (methane) to the atmosphere, with catastrophic global warming as a consequence. The new correlation instead advocates a more prolonged scenario with a series of feedback mechanisms, as it indicates that the bulk of the hitherto dated, high-titanium, quartz normalized volcanism of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) preceded or was contemporaneous to the onset of the mass extinction. In addition, the maximum phase of the mass extinction, which affected both the terrestrial and marine ecosystems, was associated with a major regression and repeated, enhanced earthquake activity in Europe. A subsequent transgression resulted in the formation of hiati or condensed successions in many areas in Europe. Later phases of volcanic activity of the CAMP, producing low titanium, quartz normalized and high-iron, quartz normalized basaltic rocks, continued close to the first occurrence of Jurassic ammonites and the defined TJB. During this time the terrestrial ecosystem had begun to recover, but the marine ecosystem remained disturbed.

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Filip Jansåker,1,2 Jonas Bredtoft Boel,3 Sara Thønnings,1,2 Frederik Boëtius Hertz,3 Katrine Hartung Hansen,2 Niels Frimodt-Møller,2 Jenny Dahl Knudsen1,21Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; 2Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; 3Department of Clinical Microbiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, DenmarkObjectives: To compare the therapeutic effect of pivmecillinam and other common oral antibiotics for community-acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)- or non-ESBL-producing Escherichia coli.Methods: Retrospective cohort study from 2010 to mid-2016 with data from the regional Laboratory Database and three national databases on antibiotic prescriptions, hospital admission, and mortality, respectively. Primary care patients (≥18 years) empirically treated for UTI caused by non-ESBL- or ESBL-producing E. coli (non-ESBL and ESBL E. coli) were included. Seven antibiotics, commonly used empirically for UTI, were investigated. Treatment failure measured as the redemption of a new antibiotic prescription or admission to hospital due to UTI. Cox proportional hazard ratios and adjusted risk differences along with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for 14 and 30 days, respectively.Results: Thirty-six thousand two hundred and ninety-three (95.7%) and 1624 (4.3%) cases were included in the non-ESBL and ESBL groups, respectively. Male sex, high age, ESBL production, and resistance to empirical therapy were found to independently increase the risk of treatment failure. Compared to pivmecillinam, ciprofloxacin had significantly lower treatment failure for non-ESBL E. coli, but significantly higher treatment failure in ESBL E. coli. There was no significant difference between nitrofurantoin and pivmecillinam.Conclusion: All antibiotics seem to have a higher risk of treatment failure for UTI caused by ESBL-producing E. coli as compared to non-ESBL-producing E. coli. At present, nitrofurantoin and pivmecillinam seem to be the most relevant orally available therapies for E. coli UTI. Local resistance data should guide which of the two that should be the contemporary first-line option. Keywords: UTI, ESBL, E. coli, pivmecillinam, nitrofurantoin, cohort

In this project, we are studying the nature of X-linked sexually antagonistic loci by doing a female-limited X chromosome (FLX) experimental evolution in a laboratory-adapted population of D. melanogaster. we predict that expressing the experimentally evolved X chromosome in the selected sex will result in more feminized phenotype expression of shared traits. There are four replicate populations of each of three experimental treatments: Female-limited X-chromosome (FLX), control wild type (Cwt), and a methodological control treatment to control for the confounding effect of the FM balancer chromosomein the FLX populations (CFM).The CFM treatment is handled in the same way as the FLX treatment, except that the X chromosome goes through repeating cycles of two generations in females followed by one generation in males.The mating attractiveness: This experiment was done in 12 blocks within a day, with 20 flies per replicate population per treatment in each block, estimating attractiveness of a total of 80 males per treatment.The sperm compitation: At generation 143, these tests were performed in 15 replicates per treatment per replicate population. In total, 360 test tubes of offspring were scored. The body size: Body size was estimated using measurements of thorax length. On day 13 from oviposition, 20 flies from each genotype were placed in 95 % ethanol. Air-dried flies were measured using a Nikon SMZ800 dissecting microscope at 63x magnification fitted with an eyepiece graticule. This assay was done at generations 18 and 72.

Formålet med masteroppgaven var å undersøke på hvilken måte elever og kroppsøvingslærere opplevde og beskrev læringsmiljøet, relasjonen, medvirkningen og deltakelsen i kroppsøvingsfaget på 10. trinn. Det var også interesse å få vite noe om kroppsøvingsarenaen kunne være en arena der relasjonen mellom elev og lærer kunne utarbeides på en annen måte enn i et klasserom. Metodene som ble benyttet for å besvare problemstillingene var deltakende observasjon og kvalitativt intervju. Masteroppgaven har blitt gjennomført ved hjelp av fjorten kvalitative intervju, derav tolv elever på 10. trinn (syv jenter og fem gutter) og to kroppsøvingslærere på 10. trinn. Deres opplevelser og beskrivelser ut ifra fenomenene som har blitt undersøkt ligger til grunn for resultatene i undersøkelsen. Resultatene viser at relasjonen mellom elev og kroppsøvingslærer er avgjørende for elevenes deltakelse og trivsel i kroppsøvingsfaget. Majoriteten som deltok beskrev at kroppsøvingsarenaen hadde stor betydning for både utarbeidelse, opprettholdelse og utvikling av relasjonen. Elevenes trivsel ble beskrevet ut ifra innhold og variasjon i kroppsøvingstimene, muligheten til medvirkning, samspill og tilhørighet med medelever og kroppsøvingslærernes didaktiske og relasjonelle kompetanse. Elever med ulike erfaringer med organisert idrett på fritiden opplevde en økt grad av trygghet, spesielt i ulike gruppeinndelinger i kroppsøvingstimene. I denne masteroppgaven har det blitt gjort undersøkelser av kroppsøvingsfaget, og resultatene har vist at læringsmiljøet består av flere betydningsfulle faktorer, og på den måten var relasjonen, medvirkningen og deltakelsen sentralt for elevenes mestring og trivsel i kroppsøvingsfaget.

Multiple levels of earthquake-induced soft-sediment deformations (seismites) are concentrated in the end-Triassic mass extinction interval across Europe. The repetitive nature of the seismites rules out an origin by an extraterrestrial impact. Instead, this intense seismic activity is linked to the formation of the Central Atlantic magmatic province (CAMP). By the earliest Jurassic the seismic activity had ceased, while extrusive volcanism still continued and biotic recovery was on its way. This suggests that magmatic intrusions into sedimentary strata during early stages of CAMP formation caused emission of gases (SO2, halocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) that may have played a major part in the biotic crisis.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease associated with low quality of life and early death. The goal in diabetes treatment is to prevent these outcomes by tight glycemic control and minimizing vascular risk factors. So far, even intensified combination regimen with the traditional antidiabetes agents have failed to obtain these goals. Incretin mimetics are a new class of antidiabetes drugs which involve modulation of the incretin system. They bind to and activate glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors on pancreatic beta-cells following which insulin secretion and synthesis are initiated. Since the compounds have no insulinotropic activity at lower glucose concentrations the risk of hypoglycemia - a well-known shortcoming of existing antidiabetes treatments - is low. Additionally, incretin mimetics have been shown to be associated with beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors such as weight loss, decrease in blood pressure and changes in lipid profile. Current clinical data on the two available incretin mimetics, exenatide and liraglutide, are evaluated in this review, focusing on pharmacology, efficacy, safety and tolerability. The review is built on a systematic PubMed and Medline search for publications with the key words GLP-1 receptor agonist, exenatide, liraglutide and type 2 diabetes mellitus up to January 2009.

Palaeoclimatic and palaeoceanographic studies from the southern Baffin Bay suggest that, in the past, the development of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) and the oceanic circulation in this area have been tightly coupled. For the northeast Baffin Bay, in which 27% of the western GIS drain, this connection has not yet been established due to the lack of data and samples. In order to model and predict the future responses of the GIS to changing climatic conditions, and hence, changing oceanographic conditions, it is important to better understand the nature of these ocean-cryosphere couplings and related GIS dynamics in the northeast Baffin Bay. For this reason, we systematically mapped the shelf and slope of the Melville Bay (northeast Baffin Bay) for glacigenic seabed features associated to past GIS advances and retreats. To investigate the timing of the GIS advance and retreat events, sedimentary records were recovered from the glacigenic features for proxy-studies. Furthermore, samples for palaeoceanographic proxy-studies were recovered to study the ocean circulation patterns in the western Baffin Bay, and thus, the palaeoceanographic influences on the GIS. Biological and palaeontological studies on proxy-signal bearing organism were designed to advance our understanding of these proxy-records and improve our interpretations and models of the ocean-cryosphere feedback processes., MARIA S. MERIAN-Berichte

Denne masteroppgaven tar for seg Amy Tans roman The Joy Luck Club. For å belyse romanen er det gjort bruk av det postkolonialt perspektiv gjennom Homi Bhabhas teori og begreper. Spesielt er det lagt vekt på hans begrep om hybriditet. Gjennom en nærlesning av en del av romanen, The Twenty-Six Malignant Gates, blir det fokusert på hvordan døtrene posisjonerer seg med tanke på de kulturelle og mellommenneskelige relasjonene som finnes i romanen. Ved å peke på hybridiseringsprosesser og miming i historiene, vises det hvordan ny kulturell mening og identitet blir forhandlet. Dette skjer gjennom det Bhabha kaller Det tredje rommet.

Copyright: © 2015 Hansen KG, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. *Corresponding author: Elin Hadler-Olsen, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway, E-mail: elin.hadler-olsen@uit.no

Bakgrunn I perioden 1995-2005 økte markedsandelen for snus fra 5 % (286 tonn) til 11 % (587 tonn) av den totale tobakksomsetningen i Norge (1). I 2004 ble røyking på offentlig sted forbudt i Norge, og kan ha bidratt til økt bruk av snus. Produksjonen av snus har også forandret seg, og stadig flere produkter av typen porsjonssnus, med ulik størrelse, smak og innpakning har kommet på markedet, og gjør at snusen framstår som mer «delikat». De siste årene ser man at stadig flere jenter begynner å snuse, og den største økningen ser man blant unge som aldri har røykt. Det foreligger ingen sikre tall på snusbruk blant unge, og holdninger og kunnskap om snus i denne gruppen er dårlig kjent. Material og metode Våren 2013 utformet vi en spørreundersøkelse i QuestBack plattformen (QuestBack AS, Oslo, Norge). Undersøkelsen inneholdt 31 spørsmål, og hadde som mål å kartlegge snusbruk blant avgangselever ved videregående skoler i Tromsø kommune. Den ble distribuert til i alt 773 elever, hvorav 371 (48 %) responderte. Av disse var 213 gutter og 158 jenter. Resultatene ble analysert i statistikkprogrammet SPSS. Skolene fikk også tilbud om å delta på et foredrag om snus i etterkant av spørreundersøkelsen, dette foredraget ble holdt på 3 av 6 skoler. Resultat og konklusjon Vi fant at 49 % av respondentene snuste, daglig eller av og til. Av disse var 63 % gutter og 37 % jenter, der halvparten av guttene og 37 % av jentene oppga at de hadde brukt snus i mer enn 3 år. 41 % av de som snuste gikk på studiespesialisering, mens 59 % gikk yrkesfaglig studieretning. Mer enn halvparten av de som snuste brukte 2-4 bokser snus per uke og 66 % av dem oppga at de følte seg avhengig av snus. 65 % av elevene ønsket ikke å slutte å snuse, og 75 % ønsket heller ikke mer informasjon om snus. De fleste som besvarte undersøkelsen oppga at de fant informasjon om snus på internett og i sosiale medier, og det var først og fremst de som snuste som fikk informasjon om snus fra tannlege og tannpleier. De som ikke snuste opplyste at de heller ikke ønsket å begynne å snuse. Informasjonen vi fikk fra denne undersøkelsen tyder på at snus har blitt svært vanlig blant ungdom i aldersgruppen 16-20 år. Snusbruken har økt mest hos jentene, og man ser at svært mange av elevene begynte å snuse allerede i tidlig ungdomsskolealder. Siden snus er sterkt avhengighetsskapende, er forebyggende tiltak mot snusbruk viktig. Informasjon må tilpasses og gis allerede på slutten av barneskolen eller tidlig på ungdomsskolen. I tillegg er det behov for tiltak for å motivere og hjelpe de som allerede snuser til å slutte.

Background Contact sensitization is frequent in the general population and arises from excessive or repeated skin exposure to chemicals and metals. However, little is known about its genetic susceptibility. Objectives To determine the role of polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes and the claudin-1 gene (CLDN1) on the risk of contact sensitization, taking common filaggrin gene (FLG) mutations into account. Methods In total, 3471 adult Danes from the general population were standard patch tested and filled out a questionnaire on their general health. They were genotyped for the following polymorphisms: GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletion, GSTP1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1695, four CLDN1 SNPs (rs893051, rs9290927, rs9290929 and rs17501010) and the FLG null mutations R501X and 2282del4. Results In individuals without ear piercings, a higher prevalence of nickel sensitization was found in those with the minor allele of CLDN1 SNP rs9290927 (P trend = 0·013). For CLDN1 rs17501010, contact sensitization to organic compounds was associated with the major allele (P trend = 0·031). The risk pattern was also identified for self-reported nickel dermatitis (P trend = 0·011). The fragrance sensitization prevalence differed in a pairwise comparison of the CLDN1 rs893051 SNP genotypes (P = 0·022), with the minor allele being associated with a higher prevalence. The associations were confirmed in logistic regression analyses. Conclusions The CLDN1 polymorphisms rs9290927, rs893051 and rs17501010 were associated, respectively, with nickel contact sensitization in individuals without ear piercings, contact sensitization to fragrances, and with both organic compounds and nickel contact dermatitis. We could not find associations between GST gene polymorphisms and contact sensitization. FLG mutations did not affect the observed associations.

Liesagang-like rings (LR) are periodic structures with equally spaced radial striations formed by a process that involves diffusion, nucleation, flocculation or precipitation, and supersaturation. Being more common in vitro, on rare occasions also reported in vivo in association with inflammatory or cystic lesions and confused with parasites or calcification on needle aspirates. The current paper documents that LRs may be seen in noncystic and noninflammatory changes of the breast.

Denne bog præsenterer og diskuterer en række metoder indenfor brugerdreveninnovation. Formålet er dels at inspirere læseren og dels at introduceremetoder til brugerdreven innovation på en anvendelsesorienteret måde, der kan facilitere opstart og gennemførsel af spændende innovationsprojekter.Bogen tager udgangspunkt i de erfaringer, der er gjort igennem det praksisorienterede forskningsprojekt InnoDoors.

This publication serves to test a number of methods that have been presented in the ‘method-graph’, which was created in connection with Project InnoDoors. The primary function of the test will be to further improve the ‘method-graph’ by refining and advancing some of the user-driven methods that are described in it. Also, the methods that are tested are evaluated in terms of their usefulness and effectiveness in terms of gaining user data and analysing the output that is derived. This publication serves to test a number of methods that have been presented in the ‘method-graph’, which was created in connection with Project InnoDoors. The primary function of the test will be to further improve the ‘method-graph’ by refining and advancing some of the user-driven methods that are described in it. Also, the methods that are tested are evaluated in terms of their usefulness and effectiveness in terms of gaining user data and analysing the output that is derived.

A 73-year-old woman was found to have a 1.7 cm axillary mass, for which a core needle biopsy was performed. The specimen revealed fragmented squamous epithelium surrounded by lymphoid tissue consistent with a squamous inclusion cyst in a lymph node, but a metastatic squamous cell carcinoma could not be excluded. Within one month, the lesion enlarged to 5 cm and was excised. Touch preparation cytology during intraoperative consultation displayed numerous single and sheets of atypical epithelioid cells with enlarged nuclei and occasional mitoses, suggesting a carcinoma. However, multinucleated giant cells and neutrophils in the background indicated reactive changes. We interpreted the touch preparation as atypical and recommended conservative surgical management. Permanent sections revealed a ruptured squamous inclusion cyst in a lymph node with extensive reactive changes. Retrospectively, the atypical epithelioid cells on touch preparation corresponded to reactive histiocytes. This is the first case report of a rapidly enlarging ruptured squamous inclusion cyst in an axillary lymph node following core needle biopsy. Our case demonstrates the diagnostic challenges related to a ruptured squamous inclusion cyst and serves to inform the readers to consider this lesion in the differential diagnosis for similar situations.

”Online Communities” er et medie for brugere og fagfolk, hvor de kan mødes digitalt for at dele erfaringer, og dette kan anvendes som inspiration indenfor Brugerdreven Innovation. Via ”desk research” kan virksomheder opnå adgang til varierende mængder af brugere på en forholdsvist enkelt måde. I denne rapport beskrives eksperimentets opbygning, resultater og mulige værdi. Vi håber hermed på at kunne give praktisk indsigt i, hvorledes virksomheder fra byggematerialeindustrien kan agere i online communities.

I denne rapport dokumenterer vi resultaterne af InnoDoors-eksperimentet Det Digitale Showroom, der er udviklet i samarbejde med Managing Director Kresten Thomsen hos Kresten.com og designvirksomheden Ideaal. Eksperimentet opstod baseret på et ønske om at teste, hvilke nye muligheder af digitale redskaber i købsprocessen åbner op for i forhold til kunderne og de butiksansatte.

This publication is based on the Master thesis “User-driven ecoinnovationprocess: Towards the implementation of the Green productline at JELD-WEN” written by Ana Maria Muñoz-Marin as herGraduation Project for the MSc. Global Innovation Managementdegree. The company-based experiment was carried out duringFebruary 1st and May 31st 2011.The Master thesis is developed as part of the InnoDoors researchproject at Aalborg University, and in close collaboration with thecompanies related to this project. Additionally data collected fromworkshops with companies and qualitative and quantitative datagained from interviews and questionnaires is used. This publication is based on the Master thesis “User-driven ecoinnovationprocess: Towards the implementation of the Green product line at JELD-WEN” written by Ana Maria Muñoz-Marin as her Graduation Project for the MSc. Global Innovation Management degree. The company-based experiment was carried out during February 1st and May 31st 2011. The Master thesis is developed as part of the InnoDoors research project at Aalborg University, and in close collaboration with the companies related to this project. Additionally data collected from workshops with companies and qualitative and quantitative data gained from interviews and questionnaires is used.

The thesis explores variation in the degree of Hindu-Muslim conflict in the Indian statesGujarat and Rajasthan. Gujarat is characterised by Hindu-Muslim political conflict as well asendemic religious violence. In 2002 more than 2000 people, predominantly Muslims werekilled in religious violence. The State Government, the Police and the Judiciary havedisplayed pro-Hindu and anti-Muslim sympathies. The government of Rajasthan is generallynot perceived as biased, nor has the state experienced widespread religious violence. Thereligious conflict is manifest through party politics and the degree of conflict is moderate.The analysis of Hindu-Muslim conflict is two-fold. First, the states are compared in terms ofdegree of Hindu-Muslim polarisation in conventional politics. Cleavage theory is utilised toexplore the relationship between crosscutting and overlapping cleavages and Hindu-Muslimpolarisation. The role of actors in constructing religious identities and thereby influencing thedegree of religious polarisation will be explored through a constructivist approach to identity.Second, states are compared in terms of violence, judicial and government bias. The role ofelites in preparing, enacting and explaining violence is explored through an instrumentalistapproach to violence, and the relationship between electoral incentives and Hindu-Muslimviolence will also be discussed. Furthermore, the thesis also explores incentives andmotivation behind violence and other forms of violation of Muslims. The study is a MostSimilar Systems Design and it is explorative and case-oriented. The sources includessecondary data and 23 elite interviews. Empirical findings suggest that the Hindu communityis more homogenous in Gujarat than Rajasthan due to socio-economic developments as wellas the role of actors. The absence of cleavages that crosscut religious identities increases thereligious divide in Gujarat. Violence is a deliberate strategy and large-scale violence involvescivil as well as state actors. In Gujarat the government’s support for violence is partly relatedto electoral incentives, but electoral incentives do not explain the variation between states asthis strategy has not been utilised under similar conditions in Rajasthan. Variation in thedegree of conflict between the two states is related to ideological incentives and the adoptionof a hard-line Hindu nationalist ideology. By combining cleavage theory and a constructivistapproach this study argues that degree of polarisation influence the potential for mobilisingon a Hindu nationalist agenda and the adoption of a hard-line ideology. Religious polarisationand nationalist ideology give incentives for utilising violence as a strategy. Political conflictand violent conflict are not unrelated. Exploring violent conflict in the context of politicalpolarisation reveals conditions that favour the development of violent conflict.

En indholdsanalyse af Jyllands-Postens, Berlingske Tidendes og Politikens dækning af GMO i 1990 til 2004. Diskuterer betydningen af dækningen i forhold til Ulrich Becks begreb synliggørelse af risiko og definitionskampe.

Radiocarbon dating of Arctic marine sediment is often challenging due to the low availability of calcareous fossils. Consequently, bulk organic matter dating has at times been used to establish sediment core chronologies. Yet, radiocarbon dates based on bulk organic matter often appear to deviate vastly from dates based on fossils, mainly caused by input of allochthounous carbon, including terrigenous organic matter. In this study, we aim to examine the link between the composition of the bulk organic matter and the age offsets between the bulk radiocarbon dates and those obtained from calcareous foraminiferal tests. All samples are taken from the marine sediment core AMD14-204C from offshore Upernavik (eastern Baffin Bay). The radiocarbon dates for bulk organic matter are on average similar to 3000 years older than the radiocarbon dates based on foraminifera, but with changing age offsets throughout the record. To investigate the cause of this age offset and its variations over time, we applied core scanning, X-ray Fluorescence analysis, stable isotopes, organic pyrolysis and microscopic organic petrology to examine the distribution and characterization of the organic matter. The results show that the older organic matter includes clastic input of reworked sedimentary rocks potentially originating from West Greenland and/or the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Changes in the input of contemporary marine algal produced organic matter versus both terrigenous input and reworked ancient organic matter appear to control the age offsets between the bulk and foraminifera dates. A low Hydrogen Index and low delta C-13(org) values together with a high Oxygen Index, indicative of high influence of terrigenous organic matter, seem to correspond to samples with the largest age offsets; 1000-2000 years greater than in other samples. To examine the cause of the variations in the age offsets, a new quantification of the autochthonous organic matter as a fraction of the TOC was calculated. This shows that samples with the largest age offsets contained the lowest fraction (as low as similar to 12%) of autochthonous organic matter in the TOC., Quaternary Geochronology, 67, ISSN:1871-1014