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Poly(lactic acid) fibre, PLA, is relatively new but has been on the market for several years. Yet there are problems associated with its production, especially the wet process. PLA, like PET, is not a very water absorbing material and has problems in dyeing. This study was focused on investigating the effect of different heat setting conditions on dimensional stability of PLA yarn by varying heat setting duration and tension applied during heat setting. Then, we investigated the effect of different colour depths on dimensional stability and the effect of heat setting pre-treatment on dimensional stability by comparing dyed yarn with different heat setting conditions and without heat setting. The results of dimensional stability and yarn strength under various conditions of heat setting and dyeing were quantitatively analysed and discussed.

Stenter machines are used widely in textile dyeing and printing houses for drying and heat setting of fabric. This is one of the most thermal energy-consuming equipment in the textile process. In t...

Heat equations such as heat flux and thermal conduction were applied in this paper so that these values were obtained during heat setting. Cotton spandex woven fabrics have the properties of stretch ability like stretch, growth, elasticity etc. Due to controlling such types of properties heat setting is mandatory. The values of heat flux and thermal conduction would be beneficial to heat application the fabrics more accurately. A heavy weight stretched woven fabric of twill weave was used in this research. The width of the fabric was 60 inch and had a thickness of 2.5 millimeter. Fabric was heated in a stenter machine with adjusted industrial settings. Heat flux values and thermal conduction values of the clothes were investigated using equations stated in this paper. Overheat can damage the fabrics drastically and all the comfort properties are also influenced seriously. Using heat flux equation and thermal conduction equation, fabrics are heated preciously and all these things are practically analyzed, examined and investigated in this research. This research is trial based and the findings are useful to the employees functioning in textile factories who are in duty of heat setting the cotton spandex woven fabrics and to controlling of their all comfort characteristics.

The aim of this paper is to present numerous heat equations and also to measure the thermal conductivity of fabrics using heat equations. Five types of cotton spandex woven fabrics of different spandex content were used in this research for experimentation. These fabrics had different thickness, but same weave and width so that the accurate thermal conduction values were measured. Thermal conductivity of the clothes was measured with heat equation stated underneath the paper. A stenter machine named “Montex Stenter Frame 6500” was used in this research for heat setting the clothes. Different temperature ranged from 160 °C to 220 °C was applied on clothes using this stenter machine with varied industrial setting. The findings of this paper are practice based and the outcomes are advantageous to the personnel involved in textile industries who are in charge of heat setting the clothes and to measuring of their thermal conductivity values. This research opens possible ways for the scholars to further study in this field.

Teknologi IoT saat ini sangat berkembang. Biasanya ayam mengerami telurnya secara alami oleh induknya. namun pada masa sekarang ini sudah banyak diproduksi mesin penetas telur. pengeraman melalui mesin penetas telur yang dibuat oleh manusia bisa dilakukan dengan jumlah telur yang sangat banyak. kedua teknik pengeraman tersebut memiliki kekurangan dan kelebihan masing-masing. Diantara mesin tersebut pengaturan panas dari mesin tersebut masih manual, yaitu dengan cek temperatur secara berkala agar tidak terlalu panas atau panasnya kurang untuk menetaskan telur tersebut dan itu akan sangat menguras tenaga. Alat penetas telur yang banyak beredar sekarang ini lebih boros listrik, dikarenakan penggunaan lampu pada alat tersebut tidak dikontrol sehingga akan menyala terus dan akan memakai listrik yang sangat banyak. Projek penelitian ini membuat alat untuk menetaskan telur dan menjaga temperatur tetap stabil. Alat yang dapat mengatur temperatur secara otomatis dan mengirim datanya ke user. Mengirim data yang sudah dikumpulkan dari sensor ke user lewat mikrokontroller nodeMCU. Serta dapat memonitoring keadaan dari alat tetas telur lewat Andrioid user yang telah dikirim data dari alat dan disimpan didatabase lalu dikirim keserver

Present study evaluates the effect of calcium and heat setting on gel characteristics of lesser sardine (Sardinella fimbriata) surimi. Total seven formulations were made namely, S. fimbriata minced meat without heat setting (A1), minced meat with heat setting (A2), S. fimbriata surimi control (without addition of calcium) without heat setting (B1), control (without addition of calcium) with heat setting (B2), surimi added with 0.3% calcium without heat setting (C1) and surimi added with calcium with heat setting (C2) and refiner meat without addition of calcium and with addition of sodium bicarbonate (D). C1 exhibited gel strength of 329 g cm (Grade KA) whereas C2 sample exhibited gel strength of 556.2 g cm (Grade AA) as a result of gel setting at 35 °C for 45 min. Textural parameters such as hardness, chewiness, gumminess and cohesiveness were improved in C2 when compared with all other formulations. Addition of calcium and sodium bicarbonate significantly improved whiteness of surimi with gel setting in comparison to other treatments (p

Thermal shrinkage has for long been a critical issue in nonwoven industrial applications. A dimensionally stable nonwoven web with excellent mechanical property was achieved by heat treatment with ...

Heat-based processes on thermoplastic fibre materials cause the materials to shrink. Knitted fabrics may change their dimensions due to thermal shrinkage of the constituent yarns in the fabric and ...

The textile sector, an important economic driving force in Antioquia, Colombia, uses great quantities of thermal energy mainly produced by coal combustion, which holds enormous potential for recovery. One of the most common processes in a textile plant is heat setting, which uses a significant amount of thermal energy to adjust the properties of fabrics, such as shrinking, stiffness, pull strength, width, and stretching. In this study, we calculate the mass and energy balances of a stenter and propose a system to recover the energy available in its exhaust gases. The energy recovery potential in this heat setting process is 800.97 kW, which represents 87.2% of the total input energy. Additionally, we evaluate different heat exchangers to recover the available heat and present criteria to select them. Finally, thermosyphons, whose thermal efficiency was theoretically determined here, offer a promising alternative for heat recovery from actual stenters. Resumen El sector textil, un importante motor económico de Antioquia, Colombia, usa grandes cantidades de energía térmica, principalmente producida por la combustión de carbón y tiene un enorme potencial de recuperación. Uno de los procesos en una planta textil es el termofijado, el cual usa una cantidad significativa de energía térmica para ajustar las propiedades de la tela, tales como encogimiento, rigidez, fuerza de tracción, ancho y estiramiento. En este estudio, se realizó el balance de masa y energía de una termofijadora y se propuso un sistema para recuperar la energía en sus gases de escape. El potencial de recuperación de energía en el proceso de termofijado fue de 800,97 kW, representando 87,2% de la energía total de entrada. Adicionalmente, se evaluaron diferentes opciones de intercambiadores de calor. Finalmente, los termosifones, cuya eficiencia térmica se determinó teóricamente, ofrecen una alternativa viable para la recuperación de calor de las termofijadoras.

Multilevel transport interchanges play a decisive role in the road infrastructure both throughout the world and in Russia. Significant problems of the safe operation of multi-level highways in the general metropolitan traffic system and the country territory, in general, are associated with the need to thoroughly clear them of snow and ice during winter and off-season periods. The simplest, most obvious, and historically proven non-mechanical ice control method is using the chemical reagents mixtures. Despite the fact that the quality of the original anti-ice chemical products is constantly being improved, the reagents composition is updating, the target operation remains unchanged — a decrease in the ice and snow melting temperature point. Unfortunately, in the process of melting with heavy snowfall, the concentration and, accordingly, the brine viscosity increases, leading to «oiling» of the asphalt pavement, thereby worsening the already difficult situation on the road. One of the attractive ways to keep the roadway in proper condition is to heat it to get rid of ice. Direct heating methods such as central heating or electric heating are too costly and economically unfeasible. It seems promising to use low-temperature geothermal energy, which will significantly reduce energy costs and increase the transport projects’ economic attractiveness. This work is devoted to the study of the practical applicability of the bridge floor surface heat setting technology using low-temperature geothermal energy as part of the «Best available technologies» concept implementation in accordance with GOST R 56828.15-2016 in terms of infrastructure facilities energy efficiency. Based on the work results, the authors provide the study results and numerical modeling, as well as their comparison. The results presented in this article are a part of the dissertation research «New technological solutions development for the bridge floor surface at transport interchanges» Kostenko S.А.

Organic single crystals with elastic bending capability and potential applications in flexible devices and sensors have been elucidated. Exploring the temperature compatibility of elasticity is essential for defining application boundaries of elastic materials. However, related studies have rarely been reported for elastic organic crystals. Now, an organic crystal displays elasticity even in liquid nitrogen (77 K). The elasticity can be maintained below ca. 150 °C. At higher temperatures, the heat setting property enables us to make various shapes of crystalline fibers based on this single kind of crystal. Through detailed crystallographic analyses and contrast experiments, the mechanisms behind the unusual low-temperature elasticity and high-temperature heat setting are disclosed.

The paper discusses the design and development of the platen used in a special-purpose machine by ABC textile industry in Coimbatore. The objective is to attain uniform heat-setting temperature on both top and bottom platens of the machine. This research work is therefore important as it addresses the real need raised by the industry to have better heat-setting process in order to optimize and develop a better-quality end-product. Heat setting changed the structure and gave the fibers an unyielding property. Elongation of the fabric varies with different temperatures. Hence, it is very much essential to maintain precise and uniform temperature in heat setting. The author proposed design modifications on the heating element configuration and the material of the platen to achieve uniform temperature and improved heat transfer. Numerical validation and experimentation were carried out to ensure the design modifications and the attainment of uniform temperature with improved heat transfer in the top and bottom platen across different zones in the platen. The effect of changing the design on thermal characteristics, results and the benefits achieved by the company are discussed.

Pilling is a common surface defect in fleece fabrics made of chief value cotton (CVC) and polyester cotton (PC). The term “Chief Value Cotton” refers to fabrics produced by mixing cotton and synthetic fiber such as polyester where cotton typically makes up more than half of the overall combination of polyester. Customers nowadays want polyester cotton blended fleece fabric with excellent pilling resistance, but it is difficult to improve pilling properties in polyester cotton blended fleece fabric. A variety of studies have been conducted to improve the pilling properties of single jersey CVC knit fabric. The primary goal of this study is to eliminate pilling in fleece fabrics made of three-thread polyester cotton blends. In this analysis, singeing with a heat setting was used to increase pilling resistance. According to this experimental study, the pilling resistance properties improve from grade 1 to grade 4, which is extraordinary. This method can be used to successfully solve the pilling problem in three thread polyester cotton blended fleece fabrics in the textile knitting industry.

In this article, the harness cords were manufactured by braiding, coating and heat setting at the temperatures of 130 and 195℃, respectively. The film formers used in coating process were poly(butyl acrylate), copolymer size and partial alcoholysis polyvinyl alcohol. The pure film formers' spectra were obtained using in-situ infrared test method on a spectrometer. The scanning electron microscope, bending tester and wearing test device were used to measure the morphology, bending rigidity and wearability of harness cords, respectively. The results showed that the temperature of heat setting changed the molecular structure of coatings, and different influences of temperature on the bending rigidity and wearability of coated harness cords were observed. When the heat setting temperature rose from 130 to 195℃, the bending rigidity of poly(butyl acrylate)-coated harness cord almost kept constant. However, the bending rigidity of copolymer size and polyvinyl alcohol-coated harness cords increased by 33.1% and decreased by 47.4%, respectively. The poly(butyl acrylate) coating presented the best adhesivity to hydrophobic polyester harness cord, and the coated harness cord showed the best uniformity and flexibility as well as higher wearability. After heat setting at 195℃, the wearability of harness cords coated with poly(butyl acrylate), copolymer size and polyvinyl alcohol was increased by 380, 120 and 585%, respectively, when compared with the uncoated one.

Tubular woven fabric can maintain a certain two-layer hollow height-alterable structure by heat setting, which quickly and effectively fills various materials, especially for the soft down feather. Therefore, by designing the pattern structure, a variable structure tubular fabric was designed and prepared by weaving equipment. We obtained a two-layer hollow height-alterable fabric by the heat-setting method and constructed a compression theory model. The compression process designed in this paper is the bending process of the fabric, so the bending deformation can be simplified into that of an elastically bent elastic rod. The results show that the theoretical curve and the actual compression curve are more consistent in the compression within strain 50%. The influence of key structural parameters on the compression performance of tubular fabric was also studied. On the basis of the model, the influence of material properties on the compression performance of tubular fabric was also discussed. The paper can provide theoretical guidance for the development of tubular fabrics with high hollow ratio and compression resistance in industrial textiles.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to facilitate the production of cotton spandex woven fabric with some user-friendly properties like wearer comfort, super stretch and elasticity. The findings could contribute to ease spandex production and to optimize its property of elasticity. Stretch or a super stretch property is generally desirable, as it can increase the comfort level of those who wear it. In this experiment, the difficulties which were identified while manufacturing cotton spandex woven fabric resolved after identification. Design/methodology/approach In this experiment, three types of cotton spandex woven fabrics, with different composition and constructions, were used to find out their elastic properties. Temperature ranging from 160°C to 200°C with the machine speed of 20 to 26 MPM (meter per minute) was applied with an adjusted industrial setting with the facilities of a stenter machine to optimize the properties of cotton spandex woven fabric. Findings The findings establish that the temperature treatment closely compacted the elastic portions with cotton fibers, giving stability to the spandex yarn, which as a result, influenced cotton spandex woven fabric’s elastic properties, namely, stretch, growth and recovery. The consequences of temperature on cotton spandex yarns were assessed using a microscope, and the results were subsequently analyzed. Research limitations/implications Because of the poor facilities in testing laboratory, only few tests with microscopic evaluation were conducted to assess the elastic performances of cotton spandex woven fabric. Practical implications It is a practice-based research, and the findings could be beneficial to personnel in the textile industry, who are responsible for the manufacturing of cotton spandex woven fabric. Social implications This research could enhance the wearer’s satisfaction, with some comfort elastic properties, which can have a positive influence over spandex clothing industries. Originality/value This research establishes that heat setting had a progressive influence on the production of cotton spandex woven fabric and for the optimization of its elastic performances. This research opens a possible way for scholars to further study in this field.

The purpose of this research established in this paper was to optimize the strength of cotton spandex woven fabric through heat setting with the facilitates of a stenter machine with some adjusted industrial setting. Heat setting was carried out at sufficiently high temperatures with precise time and speed, so that the spandex yarn in the fabric would get set at a desired stretched dimension. Heat setting parameters were preferred to attain the optimized strength properties of cotton spandex fabric within moderately rigid limits. Heat setting reduced the spandex recovery forces to further compression or extension. Heat setting of cotton spandex fixed the spandex inside. Heat setting also condensed the spandex inside. Due to temperature application, spandex portion gripped the cotton fibers which gave stability in the internal structure of yarn. Trials were conducted in textile mills at various temperatures those were accomplished by heating the fabric at an agreed temperature. Three different nomenclature of cotton spandex fabrics having various composition were used in this experiment to find out the strength parameters. Different temperature varied from 165 °C to 195 °C with the adjusted machine speed from 21 to 25 m per minute (m/min) were applied in this experiment to the get optimum strength. Heat setting was preferably carried out at early stages of the processing zone rather than at the end to avoid yellowing effect while drying. Improper heat seating could discolor the cotton spandex with its companion fibers. Overheat could spoil the elasticity and strength of cotton spandex, therefore it was very important to adjust the temperature and speed accordingly. This experiment proved that, temperature application had an impact over the strength of cotton spandex and also it created a suitable way for the researcher to further experiment in spandex production.

Chemically recycled polyester fibers consisting of a core and sheath layer were used to produce nonwoven fabrics for ecofriendly automotive interiors. The density and thermal shrinkage of the recycled polyester nonwoven fabrics were higher than in virgin polyester nonwoven fabrics, irrespective of the heat-setting temperature and time, but the air permeability was lower. The wicking property of the recycled polyester nonwoven fabrics decreased significantly above 180℃. The tensile stress and modulus of the recycled polyester nonwoven fabrics increased gradually with increasing heat-setting temperature. However, the strain at maximum stress of the recycled polyester nonwoven fabrics decreased rapidly. The abrasion strength of the recycled polyester nonwoven fabrics improved above a heat-setting temperature of 200℃. The impact strength of the recycled polyester nonwoven fabrics was higher than that of virgin polyester nonwoven fabrics. As the heat-setting temperatures used for the nonwoven fabrics were higher than the melting temperature of chemically recycled and virgin polyester fibers, thermal bonding occurred between fibers. The lightness of the recycled polyester nonwoven fabrics decreased with increased heat-setting temperature and time. The recycled polyester nonwoven fabrics also showed slight yellowing. The thermal bonding between the fibers in the recycled polyester nonwoven fabrics was generated at a lower heat-setting temperature than for virgin polyester nonwoven fabrics, and therefore it is considered that under more relaxed heat treatment conditions, the recycled polyester nonwoven fabrics would show a performance similar to that of the virgin ones.

Wrinkle free fabric at low cost is always a desirable aesthetic property. Different type of resins/finishes and pre-heat setting prior to processing are applied to avoid wrinkles in woven and hosiery, respectively. Current study is proposed to produce wrinkle free circular plaited knitted fabric by the elimination of a pre-boarding step. In this achievement, yarn covering parameters and compatibility of yarns with knitting machines are examined. Sock samples were analyzed for improved physical appearance (wrinkles) after various processes (pre-tumbling, dyeing, bleaching, and washing). Yarn specifications (sheath yarn fineness, sheath yarn texture i.e. shrink/un-shrink, covering air-knots) impact on socks physical appearance were also analyzed. The results clearly showed that by decreasing number of yarn covering air knots and sheath yarn fineness leads to prevention of wrinkle formation. The results also prove to be supportive for cost effectiveness by eliminating the pre-setting stage.

Synthetic polymer fabrics are normally heat set to improve the dimensional stability. In the recent past garment finishing processes that involve heat has increased, where already heat set synthetic materials are subjected to another heat application. Most of these processes are applied on cut fabric panels as the placement of the application such as a print or a heat seal label is well defined with tight tolerances. This heat application leads to shrink and reduce the size of the garment panel though these fabrics have already been heat set. Different garment panels shrink in different amounts, hence adding a fixed heat shrinkage allowance will not ensure the dimensions of the finished garment. This research is to investigate the effect of cut panel dimensions and the previous heat set temperature on the shrinkage at the post heat applications on garment panels. 100% polyester plain knitted fabrics were heat set and the thermal shrinkage of fabric panels were measured after post heat application. The results revealed that the heat setting temperature and panel dimensions are significant predictors of wale-wise thermal shrinkage while the effect of cut panel layout is negligible.

An injury is a disorder that occurs in the body which results in the appearance of redness, pain, swelling and the inability to function properly in the limbs. Handling of minor to severe injuries is carried out with medical treatment such as surgery or traditional medicine, but this treatment has not provided any assurance of healing, as for the alternative treatment, namely heat therapy. Heat therapy is able to open blood vessels wider and can provide a supply of oxygen and nutrients to reduce pain in injured sufferers. From this research, it can be produced a design of an electric therapy device that can produce heat equipped with a heat setting and a therapy time controller. The design of an electric therapy device to help heal physiotherapy dipole injuries at Dr. SOEDOMO Trenggalek Hospital has several advantages, namely that it can generate heat according to temperature settings, can adjust the length of therapy process time according to time settings and can also provide a display of temperature and time on the LCD display. The results of research on this electric therapy device are able to work according to predetermined working principles.

Measuring the thin and thick diameter of untwisted intermingled yarns is an important and useful technique that depends on the heat setting and yarn parameters. In this study, a new method based on image processing has been presented to measure heat-set yarns' diameter. Twist, time, the temperature has been considered at five levels, and the Taguchi method is used for the experiment's design. Afterward, the artificial neural network (ANN) and regression models were used to predict heat-set yarns' diameters. The obtained results indicated that the ANN model could predict the diameter of heat-set yarns with high accuracy, and this can help predict the size of the yarn diameter based on the heat set conditions.

The objectives of this research work were to investigate the use of high-pressure steam in order to replace air in the production of spun-like textured yarns and to investigate the effect of core-yarn draw ratio and core-yarn heat setting on texturing performance. An existing air jet texturing machine was modified to supply either air or steam to the texturing nozzle. Using an identical nozzle, both air-jet and steam-jet textured yarns were manufactured. Results show that the core-yarn and textured yarn tension increase and the loop instability decreases when the core-yarn draw ratio is increased. Therefore, it can be predicted that the core-yarn draw ratio has influence on the performance of both air jet and steam jet texturing. Boiling water shrinkage of core-yarn as well as air-jet and steam-jet textured yarn increases when the core-yarn draw ratio was increased. However, steam-jet textured yarn has lower boiling water shrinkage than both core-yarn and air-jet textured yarn. Core-yarn heat sett...

Structure evolution that took place during the constrained annealing of uniaxially constrained width oriented Poly (ethylene terephthalate) and Poly (ether imide) blend films was studied using real time spectral birefringence measurement technique and off line differential scanning calorimetry, wide and small angle X-ray scattering and mechanical testing. At lower deformations, heat setting generally lead to complete elimination of birefringence due to relaxation in blends containing as little as 10% PEI. At high deformation levels, annealing leads to initial relaxation nearly to optical isotropy followed by reversal and increase in birefringence associated with development of crystallization. The ultimate birefringence decreases with increasing PEI content as it disrupts crystallization. Latter behavior indicates that despite achieving near optical isotropy during initial relaxation phase, these films still contain oriented nuclei that facilitate the oriented crystallization of the PET phase at longer annealing times as evidenced by the off line WAXS and SAXS experiments.

Conformational and thermal-rheological properties of acidic (APC) and neutral (NPC) protein concentrates were evaluated and compared to those of squid (Dosidicus gigas) muscle proteins (SM). Surface hydrophobicity, sulfhydryl status, secondary structure profile, differential scanning calorimetry and oscillatory dynamic rheology were used to evaluate the effect of treatments on protein properties. Acidic condition during the washing process (APC) promoted structural and conformational changes in the protein present in the concentrate produced. These changes were enhanced during the heat setting of the corresponding sol. Results demonstrate that washing squid muscle under the proposed acidic conditions is a feasible technological alternative for squid-based surimi production improving its yield and gel-forming ability.

In Chinese heat setting industry so far, most detection of fabric weight is achieved manually by workers, and the control of it is conducted almost by off-line methods, which leads to many problems, such as low product quality, and high material cost, etc. In order to solve these problems, we have proposed an effective scheme for on-line detecting the fabric weight in heat setting process in our previous work. In this paper, the relationship between the fabric weight and the relevant process parameters is analyzed, and an idea of mass-transfer is put forward for modeling the heat setting process of weight. Then a ratio-Smith predictive control system is designed to compensate the large delay existed in the process. Finally, simulation result is demonstrated to show the effect of the control design.

This paper presents a study of heat-setting treatment on tubular polydioxanone stents which can be used as intestinal implants. Two PDO monofilaments with linear densities of 100 ± 2 and 150 ± 2 tex respectively were used for producing a set of weft-knitted tubular stents using a small-diameter, circular weft knitting machine. The heat-setting treatment was used for the stents to restore a tubular shape. The physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the stents were examined before and after the heat-setting treatment. The results of mechanical testing illustrated that the prototype stents in this work could achieve higher radial forces than Wall stents and Z stents on the market. The heat setting with temperature of 80℃ and time of 5 min were found to be more appropriate for the stents. In conclusion, the stents were successfully developed and have potential application for the treatment of intestinal stenosis or obstruction.

In this article, a novel method for evaluating the pinpoint effect of pile yarns of carpet is introduced. The method was initially accomplished by presenting a standard method for bundle preparation. Afterward the changes in free spaces between yarns in bundle cross section introduced as an index for evaluation of the degree of pinpoint effect of heat-set yarns on carpet appearance. To achieve the objectives of this research, yarns of different twist were heat set at various times and temperatures. The ratio of free space between yarns to the total area of the bundle was obtained using image processing technique and defined as the index of pinpoint effect. Taguchi method of experiments design was applied to investigate the effect of the mentioned controllable factors of heat-setting process on pinpoint effect of pile yarns of carpet. The results established that increasing the twist, time, and temperature positively contributes on pinpoint effect. Higher twists, times, and temperatures create a jam struct...

The effect of heat setting methods on the structures and mechanical properties of high strength polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibre is studied in this article. The microstructure and mechanical properties of heat treated PVA fibre is investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and single fibre electronic tensile strength tester. Results show that the heat setting method with constant tension is a good heat setting method which can largely enhance the tensile strength of PVA fibre. During the heat setting process, the mechanical properties of PVA fibre are greatly affected by the temperature, tension and setting time. When the temperature is 220°C, tension is 5cN/dtex and setting time is 90sec, the tensile strength of PVA fibre increases from 12.0cN/dtex to 16.4cN/dtex in compare with the PVA fibre without heat setting

The silk industry in China produces a large amount of mulberry branches as by-product every year. Mulberry branches have high longitudinal toughness and good overall mechanical properties. However, these branches are incinerated because their utility in other industries is limited by their small size. This study determines the feasibility of manufacturing scrimber from mulberry branches by using cold pressing method, followed by thermo-curing with different densities and resin contents. Results show that density [ranging from (0.81–1.24) g/cm3] exerts a greater effect on the shear strength, modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elasticity (MOE) than resin content (changing from 8 to 20 %). The increase rate slows down when the density exceeds 1.1 g/cm3 and the resin content reaches more than 12 %. The strength-to-weight ratio analysis shows that the MOR/density and MOE/density maximum at 1.02–1.10 g/cm3. The density and resin contents of mulberry scrimber with cold compress and heat setting can be set to 1.0–1.1 g/cm3 and at approximately 12 %, respectively. The mechanical properties of the product meet the maximum requirement indicated in the Chinese national standard for construction. Mulberry scrimber can be a very promising supplement for wood because of its good performance, abundant supply, and renewability.

Commercially available polypropylene fiber (PPF) samples with relaxation heat setting for 30 minutes in a drying oven at various temperatures (room temperature, 90 °C, 100 °C, 110 °C, 120 °C, 130 °C, 140 °C, 150 °C, respectively.) were prepared for measurement of their sonic velocity, orientation degree, orientation angle and modulus. According to the obtained data for the PPF molecular orientation before and after the relaxation heat setting, it is found that, with the increasing of relaxation heat setting temperature, the sonic velocity in PPF, orientation degree and modulus decreased, while the orientation angle increased. The result may be helpful to choose proper working temperature for PP hernia patch fabrication.

The paper discusses the design of the oven device, made on the basis of semiconductor thermoelectric converters. The proposed design enables high-precision temperature-stable elements of the REA.

The setting process of the needling filter felt by heat can control its flatness and cohesion and can ensure its filtering precision. Based on this, the new type of needling process and the new type of heat treatment technology were developed, the setting arc structure and heat preservation measures were designed, the main roller working system for setting and driving motor system were designed, and they have been put into production. The comparative experiment results show that this device overcomes such defects as surface roughness, easy deformation, breathable unevenness, low intensity and short cycle in the traditional filter felt, which can complete the two processes of extrusion and heat setting for once, and the filtration precision, setting efficiency and the rate of qualified products have improved obviously.

This article reports the outcome of a study conducted for examining the effect of heat setting parameters on some properties of PLA knitted fabric. Three heat setting parameters, namely, treatment time, treatment temperature, and tension, were considered for optimizing the heat setting process with fabric shrinkage after dyeing and color yield as the evaluation factors. Experimental results revealed that lower shrinkage and higher color yield can be achieved when: (i) heat setting time = 60 s; heat setting temperature=130 oC; and tension=0%. After that, the PLA knitted fabric was treated under the optimum heat setting condition and was dyed with 1% depth disperse dye, which produced a better dyeing result. However, the handle of the heat set PLA knitted fabric, as measured by Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric (KES-F), became stiffer and more resistant to shearing movement and had worse drape and bending recovery ability, while the appearance became fluffier and rougher.

A thin tapered glass micropipette has been widely applied in biomedical application. During the micromachining process of tapered micropipette by P-2000 laser-based micropipette puller, four process parameters affect the shape of the micropipette, and they are Heat, Velocity, Delay and Pull, respectively. Because of the interaction between any two of these factors, it is difficult to find the optimal parameters to meet the requirement of micropipette tip shape. A special micropipette shape for the application of functional electrical simulation is fabricated and optimized by the orthogonal experiments. The micropipette shape is with a tip diameter of [email protected], the change value of the tip diameter located at the length of [email protected] as small as than [email protected] and total length of 6-12mm. The experimental results show that the optimum matching ones in the given values of the discrete parameters are with the Heat setting of 700, the Velocity setting of 45, the Delay setting of 145 and the Pull setting of 225. The results and analysis presented in the manuscript are based on the use and settings of CO"2 laser-based micropipette puller (P-2000, Sutter Instrument) and no physical equivalence could be defined for the various settings except the Delay parameter. Then its application for functional electrical stimulation of muscle tissue is introduced and the corresponding experiments are performed.

A mathematical model of the radiation-convective heat exchange in a working space of the VULON furnace intended for heat setting the raw material during the production of carbon fibers is developed. According to the results of a numerical experiment with the use of the mentioned model, the possibility of automatically controlling heat setting by controlling the temperature of electrical heaters mounted in furnace channels is shown. The temperature mode for heaters without overburning the bundles is calculated for concrete samples of the bundles of the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber with the application of experimentally found physicochemical constants of reactions running during the heat setting of the fiber. Recommendations for optimizing the preparation of the raw material to heat setting and the system of air supply into the working channel of the furnace are presented.

This research aims to elucidate the crystallinity, structural and mechanical properties of cotton/spandex knitted fabric after conducting heat setting i.e., annealing process with optimized condition for the first time. Experimental results disclosed that, crystallinity index (CI) (%) of heat-treated cotton/spandex were increased with increased temperature and also mechanical properties i.e., tensile strength was improved as the temperature rose from 120 to 140°C and decreased with augmenting temperature ranges, which is in good agreement with the findings of CI % through X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The attendance of cellulose dehydration was further confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra in order to observe the structural integrity.

The aim of this project is to support the cotton spandex woven industry by manufacturing a wide variety of stretched clothes where, some friendly performance like wearer comfort, super stretch, elasticity and recovery can be achieved powerfully. This project is a practical based project, which can help not only the textile learners but also the fabric developer in a massive way to manufacture cotton spandex fabric and also to control their properties strongly. The difficulties found during manufacturing cotton spandex woven fabric were enlisted them cordially and after that all of them were solved earnestly. Cotton spandex woven fabric cannot be manufactured without trial, all of which are strongly discussed in this project briefly. This project work is just not a paper work, but it is an achievement, which has been achieved by working strongly in the textile mills. It is to be mentioned that, “stretch or super stretch” is a welcoming property which can increase the comfort level of wearer, on the other hand there remains another paradoxical property named “growth” which has some de-welcoming properties on fabrics for which it is strongly needed to be controlled and all these things are carefully discussed in this project. Growth basically has an increasing relative property with the increment of stretch, but at a stage, this increased growth brings about some negative effect in fabric which creates some bad impression to wearer. Although, growth is proportional to its stretch but this growth should not be increased with the increment of stretch due to which, it is required to be controlled through some additional but necessary treatment like heat setting through stenter machine at fabric’s wet processing zone. What actually happened due to heat setting the cotton spandex woven fabric and what changes happened in its internal structure that is also seen in microscope and analysed the differences and discussed it here in this project work.

From PTFE baseband prepared by three-dimensional drawing, after the processing of different temperature and time. And then by twisting, hot drawing and heat setting, the PTFE filament was prepared in appropriate tension conditions. The surface morphology of the resulting filaments was observed by SEM, the result shows that the uniformity of the PTFE membrane has been improved by using three-dimensional drawing process, hot drawing processes had a great effect upon the breaking strength and elongation at break of PTFE fibers. In order to keep ensure reasonable mechanical properties, the draw ratio in the range of 20 to 50 times to adjust the temperature controlled at 150°C to 300 °C.

An equation was developed to predict the morphology of aramid fibers using dissolution time ( t) data of Kevlar and Nomex multifilament yarns, which were heat set at various temperatures. The degree of crystallinity of the fibers was characterized by WAXS and the dissolution time of the samples was measured. The degree of crystallinity and dissolution time of the fibers increases with both heat treatment time and heat treatment temperature. The coefficient of correlation between 1/ t and the X-ray degree of crystallinity was found to be −0.88 for Nomex aramid and −0.95 for Kevlar aramid multifilament yarns. The dissolution times of completely amorphous and fully crystalline fibers can be predicted using regression and were substituted in a novel equation to characterize the morphology of the aramid fibers. New equations were proposed to assess the degree of crystallinity of the aramid multifilament yarns. For Nomex, the equation is χc = [(0.053) − (1/ t)]/(0.00054). For Kevlar, the equation is χc = [(0.12) − (1/ t)]/(0.0015).

The monofilament with 0.304mm of diameter was produced using a polybutylene succinate (PBS) resin, and a gill net was made by it. We investigated the impact of heat setting temperature on the mechanical properties, knot state and height of gill net. Heat treatment was carried out using the high pressure steam machine for 20 minutes at temperature of , , and . Before heat treatment, the strength and elongation of PBS monofilament were estimated to be , 23.8% at unknot, , 18.8% at single knot, , 22.9% at double knot in dry condition, respectively. The strength and elongation of PBS monofilament with double knot were decreased as heat setting temperature increased, and the decreasing rate of strength was showed to be higher than that of elongation. It was not found any differences in strength and elongation of PBS monofilament yarn with double knot at the and of heat setting temperature by 5% significance of T-test, but there was a significant difference at the and of heat setting temperature. The net`s height and length from leg to leg appeared no differences at the and of heat setting temperature. In results, it was investigated that the PBS monofilament gill net with the maximized physical properties could be manufactured at of heat setting temperature using a high pressure steam machine for 20 minutes.

For nearly half a century textile prostheses have been intensively used in vascular surgery. They have saved millions of human lives, but they are not yet perfect. Graft failures have been, in part, attributed to the prostheses finishing processes, generally based on thermal treatments. These treatments permit to reduce fabric porosity and fix the wavy form of prosthetic tube walls involved by crimping process. Four tubular fabrics have been woven with different polyethylene terephthalate (PET) yarns spun under different industrial processes: Setila, Dacron, Diolen and Viscosuisse. Three heat setting techniques were investigated for prostheses crimping: dry heat, vapor heat and autoclaving. Crystallinity index and crystal growth in the equatorial directions have been calculated from Wide Angle X-ray Scattering scans. The aim was to analyze physical structural changes of PET fibers after thermal finishing processes applied to textile vascular prostheses and highlight fiber morphological evolutions related to these treatments. Viscosuisse yarns held the largest crystalline domains built up of numerous crystals but smaller than Dacron ones. However, the best crystalline configurations for the overall yarns were generally obtained for dry heat processes. Compromise regions of treatment conditions for prosthetic Dacron tubes were also obtained to optimize crystal development for the different crimping processes.

This study was performed in order to investigate the effects of tandem and conventional vacuum steaming on the physical properties of 100% cotton and 100% viscose yarns. The yarns with different twisting coefficients and numbers were twisted and exposed to tandem and conventional vacuum steaming at different temperatures. Tenacity, unevenness, hairiness, twist liveliness, package hardness values, and spirality of knitted fabrics produced from these yarns were measured before and after vacuum steaming. The results obtained were assessed by means of COSTAT statistical analysis program. Variation analysis and SNK test were carried out at 5% (0.05) level of significance. The findings of this study indicate that the effects of vacuum steaming methods on the tenacity, unevenness, hairiness, twist liveliness and package hardness values of yarns are statistically significant. Although the effects of tandem vacuum steaming vary depending on the temperature applied and the raw material used, decreases are observed in unevenness, hairiness, twist liveliness and package hardness values of yarns. Apolteks Textil San. Tic. A.Ş Epiriler Textil San. Tic. A.Ş

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is biosynthetic aliphatic polyester with good biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this paper, PHBV biodegradable fibers were manufactured by melt-spinning, and the drawing procedure and heat setting of the fibers were applied. By X-ray diffraction, SEM and stress-strain measurements, the crystalline and mechanical properties of PHBV fibers were investigated. The results showed that β-form crystals were obtained in some PHBV fibers. Surface fibrillation phenomenon occurred in the oriented PHBV fibers. The tensile strength of PHBV fibers increased with increasing the draw ratio. The tensile strength of 10 times stretched PHBV fibers can reach 227 MPa.

Several convert processes, e.g. Scouring, Bleaching, Heat setting, High temperature & high pressure dyeing (HTHPD), which might damage the breaking strength of PU filaments were examined in this research. The influence of temperature, time and elongation percentage in heat setting was discussed in particular. The experimental results show that the dominant processes which damage the PU filaments are heat setting and HTHPD. The breaking strength retention of PU filaments range between 51.74%-84.03%, 67.64%-74.67%, respectively after heat setting & HTHPD. The higher the elongation percentage, the lower the heat setting efficiency.

Poly(e-caprolactone)/poly(e-caprolactone-co-lactide) (PCL/PLCL) blend filaments with various ratios of PCL and PLCL were prepared by melt spinning. The effect of PLCL content on the physical properties of the blended filament was investigated. The melt spinning of the blend was carried out and the as spun filament was subsequently subjected to drawing and heat setting process. The addition of PLCL caused significant changes in the mechanical properties of the filaments. Crystallinity of blend decreased with the addition of PLCL as observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the fracture surface becomes rougher at higher PLCL content. It may be proposed that PCL and PLCL show limited interaction within the blend matrix. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012