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Supplementing postexercise carbohydrate (CHO) intake with protein has been suggested to enhance recovery from endurance exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate whether adding protein to the recovery drink can improve 24-hr recovery when CHO intake is suboptimal. In a double-blind crossover design, 12 trained men performed three 2-day trials consisting of constant-load exercise to reduce glycogen on Day 1, followed by ingestion of a CHO drink (1.2 g·kg−1·2 hr−1) either without or with added whey protein concentrate (CHO + PRO) or whey protein hydrolysate (CHO + PROH) (0.3 g·kg−1·2 hr−1). Arterialized blood glucose and insulin responses were analyzed for 2 hr postingestion. Time-trial performance was measured the next day after another bout of glycogen-reducing exercise. The 30-min time-trial performance did not differ between the three trials (M ± SD, 401 ± 75, 411 ± 80, 404 ± 58 kJ in CHO, CHO + PRO, and CHO + PROH, respectively, p = .83). No significant differences were found in glucose disposal (area under the curve [AUC]) between the postexercise conditions (364 ± 107, 341 ± 76, and 330 ± 147, mmol·L−1·2 hr−1, respectively). Insulin AUC was lower in CHO (18.1 ± 7.7 nmol·L−1·2 hr−1) compared with CHO + PRO and CHO + PROH (24.6 ± 12.4 vs. 24.5 ± 10.6, p = .036 and .015). No difference in insulin AUC was found between CHO + PRO and CHO + PROH. Despite a higher acute insulin response, adding protein to a CHO-based recovery drink after a prolonged, high-intensity exercise bout did not change next-day exercise capacity when overall 24-hr macronutrient and caloric intake was controlled.

Dietary calcium intake is a modifiable, lifestyle factor that can affect bone health and the risk of fracture. The diurnal rhythm of bone remodelling suggests nocturnal dietary intervention to be most effective. This study investigated the effect of daily, bed-time ingestion of a calcium-fortified, milk-derived protein matrix (MBPM) or control (CON), for 24 weeks, on serum biomarkers of bone resorption (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, CTX) and formation (serum pro-collagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide, P1NP), and site-specific aerial bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular bone score (TBS), in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. The MBPM supplement increased mean daily energy, protein, and calcium intake, by 11, 30, and 107%, respectively. 24-week supplementation with MBPM decreased CTX by 23%, from 0.547 (0.107) to 0.416 (0.087) ng/mL (p < 0.001) and P1NP by 17%, from 60.6 (9.1) to 49.7 (7.2) μg/L (p < 0.001). Compared to CON, MBPM induced a significantly greater reduction in serum CTX (mean (CI95%); −9 (8.6) vs. −23 (8.5)%, p = 0.025 but not P1NP −19 (8.8) vs. −17 (5.2)%, p = 0.802). No significant change in TBS, AP spine or dual femur aerial BMD was observed for CON or MBPM. This study demonstrates the potential benefit of bed-time ingestion of a calcium-fortified, milk-based protein matrix on homeostatic bone remodelling but no resultant treatment effect on site-specific BMD in postmenopausal women with osteopenia.

What is the central question of this study? What is the effect of an elevated carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) concentration following carbon monoxide inhalation on the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) in humans and is this effect dependent on aerobic fitness? What is the main finding and its importance? An elevated COHb concentration intensified physiological responses to exercise at the MLSS - including heart rate, ventilation and peripheral fatigue - in general and reduced the MLSS (i.e., destabilized the blood lactate concentration) in trained but not untrained males and females.This study investigated whether a lower effective [Hb], induced by carbon monoxide (CO) inhalation, reduces the peak oxygen uptake (

Serum protein glycosylation is known to be affected by pathological conditions, including cancer and inflammatory diseases. Pancreatic cancer patients would benefit from early diagnosis, as the disease is often detected in an advanced stage and has poor prognosis. Searching for changes in serum protein site-specific glycosylation could reveal novel glycoprotein biomarkers. We used Sambucus nigra lectin affinity chromatography to enrich α-2,6 sialylated tryptic N-glycopeptides from albumin-depleted sera of pancreatic cancer patients, acute pancreatitis patients, and healthy individuals, and compared their relative abundance using ultra performance LC-MS. Relative quantitation was done using the spectrum processing software MZmine. Identification was performed on the web-based tool GlycopeptideID, developed for in silico analysis of intact N-glycopeptides. Seventeen high-abundance serum proteins, mainly acute-phase proteins, and immunoglobulins, with total 27 N-glycosylation sites, and 62 glycoforms, were identified. Pancreatitis patient sera contained 38, and pancreatic cancer patients sera contained 13 glycoform changes with statistical significance (p < 0.05). In pancreatitis, up to tenfold changes were found in some glycoforms, and in pancreatic cancer, threefold. Analysis showed that the changes often concerned one or two, but not all, N-glycosylation sites in a specific glycoprotein. In conclusion, the analysis shows that pancreatic cancer, and acute pancreatitis are associated with changes in concentrations of intact sialylated N-glycopeptides derived from acute-phase proteins, and immunoglobulins, and that changes are site specific.