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The honeybee Apis mellifera is highly appreciated worldwide because of its products, but also as it is a pollinator of crops and wild plants. The beehive is vulnerable to infections due to arthropods, fungi, protozoa, bacteria and/or viruses that manage to by-pass the individual and social immune mechanisms of bees. Due to the close proximity of bees in the beehive and their foraging habits, infections easily spread within and between beehives. Moreover, international trade of bees has caused the global spread of infections, several of which result in significant losses for apiculture. Only in a few cases can infections be diagnosed with the naked eye, by direct observation of the pathogen in the case of some arthropods, or by pathogen-associated distinctive traits. Development of molecular methods based on the amplification and analysis of one or more genes or genomic segments has brought significant progress to the study of bee pathogens, allowing for: (i) the precise and sensitive identification of the infectious agent; (ii) the analysis of co-infections; (iii) the description of novel species; (iv) associations between geno- and pheno-types and (v) population structure studies. Sequencing of bee pathogen genomes has allowed for the identification of new molecular targets and the development of specific genotypification strategies. Instituto de Patobiología Fil: Lannutti, Lucas. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IPVET); Argentina Fil: Lannutti, Lucas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Lannutti, Lucas. Universidad de Morón. Escuela Superior de Ciencias Exactas; Argentina Fil: Gonzalez, Fernanda Noemi. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT); Argentina Fil: Gonzalez, Fernanda Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Dus Santos, Maria Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT); Argentina Fil: Dus Santos, Maria Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Florin-Christensen, Mónica. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IPVET); Argentina Fil: Florin-Christensen, Mónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Florin-Christensen, Mónica. Universidad de Morón. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Argentina Fil: Schnittger, Leonhard. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IPVET); Argentina Fil: Schnittger, Leonhard. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Schnittger, Leonhard. Universidad de Morón. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Argentina

This update and revision of the international guideline for urticaria was developed following the methods recommended by Cochrane and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group. It is a joint initiative of the Dermatology Section of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GALEN) and its Urticaria and Angioedema Centers of Reference and Excellence (UCAREs and ACAREs), the European Dermatology Forum (EDF; EuroGuiDerm), and the Asia Pacific Association of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology with the participation of 64 delegates of 50 national and international societies and from 31 countries. The consensus conference was held on 3 December 2020. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS). Urticaria is a frequent, mast-cell-driven disease that presents with wheals, angioedema, or both. The lifetime prevalence for acute urticaria is approximately 20%. Chronic urticaria, i.e. chronic spontaneous urticaria and chronic inducible urticaria, is disabling, impairs quality of life, and affects performance at work and school. This updated version of the international guideline for urticaria covers the definition and classification of urticaria and outlines expert-guided and evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the different subtypes of urticaria. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Background: Cholinergic urticaria (CholU) is a common type of chronic inducible urticaria. Little is known about the burden of the disease and its unmet medical needs. Aim: To characterize the unmet medical needs of patients with CholU. Methods: Patients with CholU (n = 111) took part in a German online survey that assessed their symptoms, diagnostic delay, impact on daily life, quality of life (QoL), and their experience with physician care. Results: Virtually all patients reported typical signs and symptoms of CholU, i.e., whealing (93.7%) and itching (91.9%), in response to typical trigger situations, such as physical activity, passive warming, or stress. Despite this, patients reported a marked diagnostic delay of 30.2 months (range from 0 to 279 months). Only 38% of the patients received a blood examination, and only 16% underwent provocation testing for diagnosing CholU, as recommended by the international guidelines. Physician contacts were common, but patient satisfaction with their disease management was low. In total, 90.1% of the patients stated to have an uncontrolled disease, resulting in a strong impact on their everyday activities, sleep, and QoL. Conclusion: Patients with CholU exhibit many important unmet needs, and improvement in the diagnostic workup and patient care is needed, as are better treatment options. Version of record

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 GA²LEN. Allergy published by European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This update and revision of the international guideline for urticaria was developed following the methods recommended by Cochrane and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group. It is a joint initiative of the Dermatology Section of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA(2)LEN) and its Urticaria and Angioedema Centers of Reference and Excellence (UCAREs and ACAREs), the European Dermatology Forum (EDF; EuroGuiDerm), and the Asia Pacific Association of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology with the participation of 64 delegates of 50 national and international societies and from 31 countries. The consensus conference was held on 3 December 2020. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS). Urticaria is a frequent, mast cell-driven disease that presents with wheals, angioedema, or both. The lifetime prevalence for acute urticaria is approximately 20%. Chronic spontaneous or inducible urticaria is disabling, impairs quality of life, and affects performance at work and school. This updated version of the international guideline for urticaria covers the definition and classification of urticaria and outlines expert-guided and evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the different subtypes of urticaria.

In this autobiographical case report, the physician-author-patient is documenting the remission of his own severe chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) in response to caloric restriction and subsequent weight loss. To my knowledge, this is the first reported case of CSU remission secondary to weight loss in the literature. CSU is a common debilitating pruritic skin condition that carries a significant economic and psychological burden. Currently, the mainstay of CSU treatment is symptom control, rather than seeking to achieve complete remission. Despite some recent retrospective studies reporting an association between obesity and CSU, there is a paucity of interventional research testing the impact of obesity management on CSU. The case reported herein highlights the need for research able to test the hypothesized association between obesity, particularly visceral obesity, and CSU.

Honeybee hives is a densely crowded, moist, and warm environment with many closely related individuals. In other words, it is the perfect setting for parasites to exploit. Since honeybees have survived for millions of years, it’s evident that they have figured out ways to keep the ever-present pathogens at bay. Parasitic mites and insect pest infestation in beehives colonies were carried out in Awgbu town and Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. The study was to determine the effects of parasitic mites on bees, small hive beetle infestation on beehives colonies, wax moth damage on combs, and its susceptibility to their infestation. The total number of hives sampled was 30. 100 bees, 6 suspected infected honeycombs from weak and absconded hives were collected from the field study and kept in containers in the laboratory for analysis. The hives were inspected for small hive beetle, bees were examined under a light microscope for the presence of mites, and combs were cultured from egg to larvae through pupae and adults while mortality of this wax moth was recorded. 100 bees that were examined under the light microscope showed no presence of parasitic mites; 438 larvae fully grown to the last instars larvae, 150 pupated and 36 adult moths emerged; 59 small hive beetles were recorded from 30 inspected hives. Therefore, this study provided information to the beekeepers on the detrimental effects of wax moth that leads to colony collapse disorder in beehives colonies. The study opens new research areas in the field of agriculture as well as provides an authentic reference for future research on the subject matter.

Public health efforts over the past few months have been aimed at vaccinating young adults. Moderna and Pfizer COVID-19 vaccines are widely available options. Cutaneous reactions to these vaccines have been described as self-limiting and relatively immediate after vaccine administration. In this case report, we present a young adult who received the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and developed chronic, spontaneous urticaria.

The study was intended to assess honey production system, constraints and opportunities in selected kebeles of Hawassa city administration, sidama zone in 2018/19. Production limitation has resulted with a significant complain among the beekeepers and all concerned bodies regarding the possible threat for decreasing honey production in the area. Cross-sectional types of studies were used to collect data. 20 beekeepers were selected from each kebeles using purposive sampling method to conduct formal survey with semi-structured questionnaire making a total of 100 interviewed bee keepers. The main purpose of keeping honey bees were for both income generation and home consumption. The main sources of the foundation colony were catching swarm (80%) and gift from parents (20%). Most (40%) of the beekeepers in the study area have owned only traditional hives and all the three types of hive owned (32%). Beekeepers in the study area prevent the incidence of swarming by return back to the colony (56%), removal of queen cell (16%) and cutting of combs (28%). The average amount of honey harvested per hive per year from traditional hive, transitional and frame hive was 5.6±1.49kg, 11.9±3.15kg and 10.8±2.91kg, respectively. There was (p

Background: Up to 1% of the general population in the USA and Europe suffer from chronic urticaria (CU) at some point in their lifetime. CU has an adverse effect on the quality of life. Objectives: This study aims to provide an update on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, aggravating factors, complications, treatment and prognosis of CU. Methods: The search strategy included meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, reviews and pertinent references. Patents were searched using the key term "chronic urticaria" at the following links: www.google.com/patents, www.uspto.gov, and www.freepatentsonline.com. Results: CU is a clinical diagnosis, based on the episodic appearance of characteristic urticarial lesions that wax and wane rapidly, with or without angioedema, on most days of the week, for a period of six weeks or longer. Triggers such as medications, physical stimuli, and stress can be identified in 10 to 20% of cases. C-reactive protein/erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and complete blood cell count with differential are the screening tests that may be used to rule out an underlying disorder. The mainstay of therapy is reassurance, patient education, avoidance of known triggers, and pharmacotherapy. Secondgeneration H1 antihistamines are the drugs of choice for initial therapy because of their safety and efficacy profile. If satisfactory improvement does not occur after 2 to 4 weeks or earlier if the symptoms are intolerable, the dose of second-generation H1 antihistamines can be increased up to fourfold the manufacturer’s recommended dose (all be it off license). If satisfactory improvement does not occur after 2 to 4 weeks or earlier if the symptoms are intolerable after the fourfold increase in the dosage of second-generation H1 antihistamines, omalizumab should be added. If satisfactory improvement does not occur after 6 months or earlier if the symptoms are intolerable after omalizumab has been added, treatment with cyclosporine and second-generation H1 antihistamines is recommended. Short-term use of systemic corticosteroids may be considered for acute exacerbation of CU and in refractory cases. Recent patents for the management of chronic urticaria are also discussed. Complications of CU may include skin excoriations, adverse effect on quality of life, anxiety, depression, and considerable humanistic and economic impacts. On average, the duration of CU is around two to five years. Disease severity has an association with disease duration. Conclusion: CU is idiopathic in the majority of cases. On average, the duration of CU is around two to five years. Treatment is primarily symptomatic with second generation antihistamines being the first line. Omalizumab has been a remarkable advancement in the management of CU and improves the quality of life beyond symptom control.

Varroasis is a disease caused by arachnids of the genus Varroa, an obligatory parasite of bees and the cause of high mortality. The present study aimed to report the prevalence of Varroa spp in the apiary of the Fundo Tartar Pecuario of the National University of Cajamarca, Peru and the possible resistance factors associated with the production and temperament of the hives and nuclei. The sampling was carried out in December 2019. The average prevalence of Varroa spp in the four nuclei sampled was 1.62 ± 0.61% and in the three hives it was 1.11 ± 0.5%, being 1.39 ± 0.41% for the apiary. All the nuclei and hives were classified with good production (1 to 2 floors) and in terms of temperament: 1 calm nucleus, 1 aggressive and 2 very aggressive, while the three hives were very aggressive. It is concluded that the quality of being a nucleus or hive does not influence the production or temperament of the bees. Furthermore, temperament or production are not related to the presence of Varroa spp in the apiary., La varroasis es una enfermedad causada por arácnidos del género Varroa, parásito obligatorio de las abejas y causante de elevada mortalidad. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo reportar la prevalencia de Varroa spp en el apiario del Fundo Tartar Pecuario de la Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Perú y los posibles factores de resistencia asociados a la producción y temperamento de las colmenas y núcleos. El muestreo se realizó en diciembre de 2019. La prevalencia promedio de Varroa spp en los cuatro núcleos muestreados fue de 1.62 ± 0.61% y en las tres colmenas de 1.11 ± 0.5%, siendo de 1.39 ± 0.41% para el apiario. Todos los núcleos y colmenas fueron clasificados con buena producción (1 a 2 pisos) y en cuanto al temperamento: 1 núcleo tranquilo, 1 agresivo y 2 muy agresivos, mientras que las tres colmenas fueron muy agresivas. Se concluye que la cualidad de ser núcleo o colmena no influye en la producción ni en el temperamento de las abejas. Además, el temperamento o la producción no guardan relación con la presencia de Varroa spp en el apiario.

Recognize that delayed hypersensitivity reactions to sulfonamides may present as urticated plaques with hyperpigmentation and purpura for which a diagnosis of urticarial vasculitis should be considered.

Introduction. Several forms of allergy have been clinically presented, including, among others, atopic dermatitis (eczema), urticaria (hives), and allergic rhinitis (rhinitis). As their detailed pathogenesis continues to be researched, we aimed in the current study to compare gut microbiota differences between eczema, hives, and rhinitis patients. Methods. We enrolled 19 eczemas, nine hives, and 11 allergic rhinitis patients in this study. Fecal samples were examined using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid amplicon sequencing, followed by bioinformatics and statistical analyses. We compared microbiota in dermatitis (eczema), chronic urticaria (hives), and allergic rhinitis (rhinitis). Results. All clinical data were similar between the subgroups. The microbiota results indicated that Bacteroidales species were found in skin allergies, both urticaria and eczema, when compared to rhinitis. The microbiota differs substantially between those patients with atopic dermatitis (eczema), chronic urticaria (hives), and allergic rhinitis (rhinitis), thus indicating that the gut-skin and gut-nose axes exist. Gut flora colonies differ significantly between skin allergy and nose allergy. Bacteroidales species could be a clinical link between gut flora and skin allergy; of those, Bacteroids Plebeius DSM 17135 is significantly associated with the urticaria (hives) subgroup.Conclusion. Our results demonstrated high intra-group homogeneous and high inter-group heterogeneous microbiota. The clinical symptoms of eczema, hives, and rhinitis can all be linked to specific microbiota in the current study. In this pilot study, the Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidales species are associated with allergic disease, in line with several previous published articles, and the abundance of Firmicutes Phylum is representative of intestinal dysbiosis. In the future, a larger cohort and thorough biochemical studies are needed for confirmation.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar, con cálculos de gestión económica dentro de un ejercicio, los resultados de 2 modelos (casos reales) de producción apícola de similar escala pero con estrategias diferenciadas en el manejo de colmenas, distinguiendo Trashumante de Fijista. Estas 2 tipologías son en cierto modo arbitrarias, pero en ellas se considera al Trashumante como quien traslada sus colmenas de una zona a otra en busca de polen y néctar más abundante, además de la posibilidad de brindar servicios de polinización. El caso aquí mostrado es el de un productor que busca compatibilizar su actividad como transportista con la apicultura, utilizando el transporte propio para ambas actividades. En el caso del Fijista, se trata de un apicultor que posee sus colmenares en la zona y desarrolla actividades paralelas, aunque prioriza la apicultura. Ambos son productores principalmente de miel. Se tomaron los datos de un ciclo productivo, llevando los valores a dólares para tener una referencia comparativa en el tiempo, dado la incidencia de la inflación. Incorporando este último factor, se podría dar lugar a otras reflexiones y análisis además de lo mencionado. Este trabajo fue presentado en una ponencia en el Congreso Argentino de Apicultura (SADA), que se realizó entre el 5 y el 8 de julio del 2021 en forma virtual. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria General Villegas Fil: Martin, Guillermo Daniel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria General Villegas. Agencia de Extensión Rural Trenque Lauquen; Argentina. Fil: Solignac, Julián. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria General Villegas. Agencia de Extensión Rural Pehuajó; Argentina

This update and revision of the international guideline for urticaria was developed following the methods recommended by Cochrane and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group. It is a joint initiative of the Dermatology Section of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA(2)LEN) and its Urticaria and Angioedema Centers of Reference and Excellence (UCAREs and ACAREs), the European Dermatology Forum (EDF; EuroGuiDerm), and the Asia Pacific Association of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology with the participation of 64 delegates of 50 national and international societies and from 31 countries. The consensus conference was held on 3 December 2020. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS). Urticaria is a frequent, mast cell-driven disease that presents with wheals, angioedema, or both. The lifetime prevalence for acute urticaria is approximately 20%. Chronic spontaneous or inducible urticaria is disabling, impairs quality of life, and affects performance at work and school. This updated version of the international guideline for urticaria covers the definition and classification of urticaria and outlines expert-guided and evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the different subtypes of urticaria., Urticaria and Angioedema Centers of Reference and Excellence (UCAREs and ACAREs); European Union (EU); 6th Framework Programme; Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA2LEN); European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI); Asia Pacific Association of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology (APAAACI); European Dermatology Forum (EDF)

This doplima thesis deals with the determination of the degree of infection by selec-ted diseases among hives in Czech republic. The literature search mentions viral diseases, problems and methods of isolating total RNA from a sample of bees. The methodology is further focused on the isolation of total RNA, amplification of viral RNA in the sample by RT-PCR with specific primers. Evaluation of the results is performed by electrophoresis and subsequent sequencing of the positive sample and sequence comparison in the NCBI database.

La abejas llevan siglos sobrevolando los textos jurídicos. De hecho, son los únicos animales a los que los Códigos continentales dedican una atención específica y cuyo régimen jurídico ha permanecido inalterado, a pesar de los muchos cambios que se han producido en el entorno social, económico y biológico de nuestro planeta. La progresiva desaparición de las abejas junto a la profunda crisis que ha provocado el coronavirus, obliga a plantearse una nueva visión de la salud personal y colectiva, en la que la protección de la biodiversidad es ineludible. Los insectos polinizadores son clave para el mantenimiento de la salud del planeta y del equilibrio de los ecosistemas. De ellos depende nuestra alimentación y el mantenimiento de la salud, en gran medida. Este trabajo, quiere sentar las bases para una nueva consideración de las abejas en el ámbito jurídico. La UE es consciente de que la legislación relativa es insuficiente y obsoleta. Más protección de las abejas, equivale a mejor protección de la salud. Bees have been hovering under the radar of legal texts for centuries. In fact, they are the only animals to which continental codes dedicate specific attention and whose legal framework has remained unaltered, despite many changes that have come about in the social, economic and biological setting of our planet. The progressive disappearance of bees combined with the profound crisis caused by the coronavirus obliges the consideration of a new vision of personal and collective health in which biodiversity protection is inevitable. Pollinating insects are key for the health of the planet and the balance of ecosystems. To a great extent our diet and health maintenance rely on them. This work seeks to lay the basis for a new consideration of bees in the legal realm. The EU is aware that the relative legislation is insufficient and obsolete. More protection for bees equates to better health protection.

Ants are frequent visitors to Apis mellifera L. hives. Certain species may cause serious loss of productivity to apiculture. The objective of this study was to describe the diversity and abundance of ants both outside and inside the hives of Apis mellifera L. in Valles Templados, Jujuy province, Argentine. Ants were collected by hand and pitfall traps in the Spring and Summer season of 2016, 2017 and 2018, in apiaries found at three different localities of Valles Templados: Río Blanco, Tilquiza and Severino. Pitfall trapping resulted in 824 specimens belonging to 10 species in Severino, 208 individuals of 9 species in Tilquiza, and 289 individuals of 2 species in Río Blanco. The most common ant species found were: Pheidole sp. (56.07%), Linepithema humile (94.81%), and Solenopsis sp. (56.73%) in Severino, Rio Blanco and Tilquiza, respectively. The hand collection of ants yielded 248 individuals of 7 species collected in Severino, 35 individuals of 3 species in Tilquiza, and 294 individuals of 2 species in Río Blanco. The most common species was Linepithema humile 67.3%. The abundance figures showed significant differences among sampling sites. Several species collected by hand were the same as those collected with pitfall traps at the three localities. This study provides information about the taxonomic composition of Formicidae associated with Apis mellifera L. in Valles Templados in Jujuy. It also provides valuable information on the effect of ants on bee hives, which enables to develop control measures where necessary. Fil: Ruiz, Gisela Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; Argentina Fil: Benitez Ahrendts, Marcelo Rafael. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina

This evidence- and consensus-based guideline was developed following the methods recommended by Cochrane and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group. The conference was held on 1 December 2016. It is a joint initiative of the Dermatology Section of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the EU-founded network of excellence, the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA²LEN), the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) and the World Allergy Organization (WAO) with the participation of 48 delegates of 42 national and international societies. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS). Urticaria is a frequent, mast cell-driven disease, presenting with wheals, angioedema, or both. The lifetime prevalence for acute urticaria is approximately 20%. Chronic spontaneous urticaria and other chronic forms of urticaria are disabling, impair quality of life and affect performance at work and school. This guideline covers the definition and classification of urticaria, taking into account the recent progress in identifying its causes, eliciting factors and pathomechanisms. In addition, it outlines evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the different subtypes of urticaria.

Chronic urticaria (CU) is characterised by the recurrence of hives/angioedema for >6 weeks. It affects children and adults and has a worldwide distribution. In children, CU is substantially less common than acute urticaria but is associated with larger decrease in quality of life. The current classification divides CU into two groups: 1) chronic spontaneous urticaria, which includes idiopathic urticaria (by far the most common type), autoimmune urticaria, and those associated with drugs, food, or additives allergies; and 2) chronic inducible urticaria, constituted by cholinergic urticaria and physical urticarias. Diagnosis of CU is based on the history and characteristics of the lesions. Although laboratory and specific testing could establish the diagnosis of some subtypes of CU, frequently the aetiology is never found; therefore, an extensive workup is not recommended. Once the trigger has been identified, it must be avoided. Specific treatment may be tried, but unfortunately this is not always possible. Currently, the first-line treatment for children with CU are second generation H1-antihistamines (SG-H1AH), such as cetirizine, fexofenadine, desloratadine, and rupatadine, among others. If, after 2–4 weeks, the patient has not improved, an increment from 2 to 4-times the regular dose is recommended. Patients that fail to respond to this treatment may be switched to another SG-H1AH or a second agent, such as H2-antihistamines (e.g., cimetidine, ranitidine), ketotifen, cyclosporine, or a leukotriene receptor inhibitor (e.g., montelukast), may be added to the H1-antihistamine therapy. Recently, omalizumab, an anti-immunoglobin-E monoclonal antibody has been approved in several jurisdictions for patients 12 years or older with recalcitrant CU; however, its high cost has limited its use.

La abejas llevan siglos sobrevolando los textos jurídicos. De hecho, son los únicos animales a los que los Códigos continentales dedican una atención específica y cuyo régimen jurídico ha permanecido inalterado, a pesar de los muchos cambios que se han producido en el entorno social, económico y biológico de nuestro planeta. La progresiva desaparición de las abejas junto a la profunda crisis que ha provocado el coronavirus, obliga a plantearse una nueva visión de la salud personal y colectiva, en la que la protección de la biodiversidad es ineludible. Los insectos polinizadores son clave para el mantenimiento de la salud del planeta y del equilibrio de los ecosistemas. De ellos depende nuestra alimentación y el mantenimiento de la salud, en gran medida. Este trabajo, quiere sentar las bases para una nueva consideración de las abejas en el ámbito jurídico. La UE es consciente de que la legislación relativa es insuficiente y obsoleta. Más protección de las abejas, equivale a mejor protección de la salud. Bees have been hovering under the radar of legal texts for centuries. In fact, they are the only animals to which continental codes dedicate specific attention and whose legal framework has remained unaltered, despite many changes that have come about in the social, economic and biological setting of our planet. The progressive disappearance of bees combined with the profound crisis caused by the coronavirus obliges the consideration of a new vision of personal and collective health in which biodiversity protection is inevitable. Pollinating insects are key for the health of the planet and the balance of ecosystems. To a great extent our diet and health maintenance rely on them. This work seeks to lay the basis for a new consideration of bees in the legal realm. The EU is aware that the relative legislation is insufficient and obsolete. More protection for bees equates to better health protection.

TITLE Feasibility study for the creation of a company dedicated to the extraction and sale of bee honey in the city of Tierralta - Córdoba in 2019. MEMBERS Aris Marcela Hernández Llorente & Tatiana Aurora Torres Pardo Beekeeping in Colombia, has been considered as an important product in the national economy that deserves to meet all quality standards, because it has evolved from generation to generation, moving mainly to the production of honey, wax, royal jelly, among others. The following feasibility study gives information from the realization of various studies; this is integrated by market, technical, administrative and financial study. Each of them gives the necessary guides that allows getting a solid information to make correct decisions, obtain greater productivity and indicate if creating a company, dedicated to the extraction and sale of bee honey, is profitable for an investment in the city of Tierralta. The feasibility study was also made to be presented as a degree requirement to obtain the title of Administrator in Finance and International Business. Introducción .................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Referente Teórico y Conceptual .............................................................................................. 5 1.1. Referente Teórico ............................................................................................................. 5 1.1.1. Aspectos sobre el producto. ...................................................................................... 5 1.1.2. Creación de empresas. .............................................................................................. 8 1.2. Referente Conceptual ..................................................................................................... 10 2. Módulo de Mercado............................................................................................................... 13 2.1. Producto ......................................................................................................................... 13 2.1.1. Características. ........................................................................................................ 14 2.1.2. Usos y beneficios. ................................................................................................... 14 2.1.3. Presentación. ........................................................................................................... 15 2.1.4. Productos sustitutos. ............................................................................................... 16 2.2. Consumidor Final ........................................................................................................... 16 2.3. Delimitación Geográfica ................................................................................................ 17 2.3.1. Área urbana. ............................................................................................................ 17 2.3.2. Área rural. ............................................................................................................... 19 2.4. Análisis de la Demanda .................................................................................................. 19 2.4.1. Cálculo del tamaño de la muestra. .......................................................................... 19 2.4.2. Cuestionario. ........................................................................................................... 20 2.4.3. Análisis de resultados. ............................................................................................ 20 2.4.4. Cálculo de la demanda actual. ................................................................................ 21 2.4.5. Proyección de la demanda actual. ........................................................................... 21 2.5. Análisis de la Oferta ....................................................................................................... 22 2.5.1. Cálculo de la oferta actual....................................................................................... 23 2.5.2. Proyección de la oferta actual. ................................................................................ 23 2.6. Determinación del Tipo de Demanda............................................................................. 24 2.6.1. Tipo de demanda. .................................................................................................... 24 2.6.2. Proyección de la demanda insatisfecha. .................................................................. 25 2.7. Canales de Comercialización ......................................................................................... 26 3. Módulo Técnico y Organizacional ........................................................................................ 29 3.1. Tamaño del Producto ..................................................................................................... 29 3.1.1. Tecnología (Maquinaria y Equipos). ...................................................................... 33 3.2. Localización del Proyecto .............................................................................................. 37 3.2.1. Macrolocalización. .................................................................................................. 37 3.2.2. Microlocalización. .................................................................................................. 41 3.3. Distribución en Planta .................................................................................................... 43 3.4. Proceso de Producción ................................................................................................... 46 3.4.1. Especificación mapa de procesos............................................................................ 47 3.5. Naturaleza Jurídica ......................................................................................................... 48 3.5.1. Sociedades por Acciones Simplificadas (SAS). ..................................................... 48 3.5.2. Disposiciones Generales. ........................................................................................ 48 3.5.3. Beneficios. .............................................................................................................. 49 3.6. Misión............................................................................................................................. 49 3.7. Visión ............................................................................................................................. 50 3.8. Principios ........................................................................................................................ 50 3.8.1. Valores institucionales. ........................................................................................... 51 3.9. Organigrama ................................................................................................................... 51 3.10. Manual De Funciones ................................................................................................. 52 3.11. Reglamento Interno De Trabajo.............................................................................. 58 3.12. Imagen Corporativa ................................................................................................ 59 4. Módulo de Impacto Social, Económico y Ambiental............................................................ 60 4.2. Impacto Económico........................................................................................................ 60 4.3. Impacto Ambiental ......................................................................................................... 61 5. Módulo Financiero ................................................................................................................ 62 5.1. Inversiones ..................................................................................................................... 62 5.2. Costos Operacionales ..................................................................................................... 64 5.3. Cálculo del Punto de Equilibrio ..................................................................................... 69 5.3.1. Punto de equilibrio. ................................................................................................. 69 5.4. Proyecciones Financieras Para el Periodo de Evaluación .............................................. 70 5.4.1. Cálculo del capital de trabajo. ................................................................................. 70 6. Evaluación del Proyecto ........................................................................................................ 76 6.1. Evaluación Financiera .................................................................................................... 76 6.1.1. Valor Presente Neto (VPN). ................................................................................... 76 6.1.2. Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR). ............................................................................... 76 6.1.3. Relación Beneficio Costo R B/C. ........................................................................... 77 Conclusiones ................................................................................................................................. 78 Recomendaciones ......................................................................................................................... 79 Bibliografía ................................................................................................................................... 80 ANEXOS ...................................................................................................................................... 82 TITULO Estudio de factibilidad para la creación de una empresa dedicada a la extracción y comercialización de miel de abejas en el municipio Tierralta- Córdoba en el año 2019. INTEGRANTES Aris Marcela Hernández Llorente & Tatiana Aurora Torres Pardo La apicultura en Colombia, se ha considerado como un producto importante en la economía nacional que merece cumplir con todos los estándares de calidad, ya que ha evolucionado de generación en generación, encaminándose principalmente a la producción de miel, cera, jalea real, entre otros. El presente estudio de factibilidad suministra información a partir de la realización de diversos estudios, conformados por: estudio de mercado, técnico, administrativo y financiero, cada uno de ellos dando las pautas necesarias para obtener una información sólida que permita tomar una correcta toma de decisiones, obtener una mayor productividad e indicar si crear una empresa dedicada a la extracción y comercialización de miel de abejas en el municipio de Tierralta es rentable para una inversión. El estudio de factibilidad también se realizó al presentarse como un requisito de grado para obtener el título de Administradores en Finanzas y Negocios Internacionales. Pregrado Administrador(a) en Finanzas y Negocios Internacionales

Getting your hive set up and your bees installed is an exciting first step for a beekeeper. However, it can also be a confusing and anxious time if it is your first experience. As there are many different methods for installing bees, this fact sheet provides a guide for the first time beekeeper. As you become more comfortable and experienced with your bees, you may modify these recommendations and methods to you own preferences.

A fines del invierno, la región de los valles del Norte de la Patagonia recibe una cantidad significativa de camiones provenientes de la Pampa Húmeda, que trasladan cámaras de cría (cajones con colonias de abejas) para brindar el servicio de polinización en los montes frutales, tanto de carozo (duraznos, ciruelas, pelones, cerezas, etc.) como de pepita (manzanas y peras). Pero la sola llegada de las abejas y su distribución en las chacras no garantiza una buena prestación. Para ello es necesario tener en cuenta aspectos generales del manejo, tanto de las colmenas como de los cultivos: en cada colmena conviven abejas obreras, una reina y zánganos. La cantidad de individuos depende de la época del año (en temporada estival hay aproximadamente 40.000-60.000 abejas, mientras que en invierno la población baja a 15.000-20.000). EEA Alto Valle Fil: Sangregorio, Salvador. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Alto Valle; Argentina

Chronic spontaneous urticaria is challenging to manage and substantially affects quality of life. This US, non-interventional qualitative study examined patients’ clinical journeys and emotional burden from symptom onset through disease management. Chronic spontaneous urticaria patients participated in interviews and completed diaries focusing on disease and treatment history/perspectives, impact on personal/family life, and relationships with physicians/other healthcare providers. Physicians were interviewed about their views on disease management and patient care. Twenty-five patients, previously or currently receiving chronic spontaneous urticaria treatment(s), and 12 physicians participated. Key stages following symptom onset were identified: Crisis (associated with feelings of torment/disorientation/shock); Searching for answers (puzzlement/frustration/anxiety); Diagnosis (relief/satisfaction/fear/isolation); and Disease management (frustration/hope/powerlessness). Findings revealed patients’ perceptions and experiences of chronic spontaneous urticaria, including living with a ‘skinemy’, experiencing their ‘own personal hell’ and feeling ‘like an experiment’. Awareness of unmet needs in patient care/management identified in this study may ultimately improve patient support and enhance physicians’ understanding of disease burden.

En el relevamiento realizado por INTA Centro Regional Santa Fe durante 2015 en toda la provincia, se describe que la prevalencia de adultos con V. destructor en colmenas con más de 3% de infestación, parece estar asociada a factores múltiples como: entrada natural de polen, alimentación energética con carbohidratos (azúcar y jarabes), recambio frecuente de reina, desinfección de cámaras y por supuesto monitoreo post-tratamiento. EEA Reconquista Fil: Pietronave, Hernan Pablo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Reconquista; Argentina Fil: Ramirez, Hernan Daniel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Reconquista; Argentina Fil: Tessini, Gustavo. Apícola Adrilén; Argentina

Conversation with the doctor of medical sciences, professor, allergist-immunologist Lyudmila V. Luss. Allergy in children today is a common pathology which requires a professional approach in diagnosis and treatment, taking into account the age specifics. One of the most common allergic reactions is urticaria which leads to reduced quality of life, and sometimes to the life-threatening condition - angioedema. Lyudmila Luss, MD, professor, allergist-immunologist, helped us to understand the difficulties of diagnosis and treatment of urticaria.

This guideline is the result of a systematic literature review using the 'Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation' (GRADE) methodology and a structured consensus conference held on 28 and 29 November 2012, in Berlin. It is a joint initiative of the Dermatology Section of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the EU-funded network of excellence, the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA(2)LEN), the European Dermatology Forum (EDF), and the World Allergy Organization (WAO) with the participation of delegates of 21 national and international societies. Urticaria is a frequent, mast cell-driven disease, presenting with wheals, angioedema, or both. the life-time prevalence for acute urticaria is approximately 20%. Chronic spontaneous urticaria and other chronic forms of urticaria do not only cause a decrease in quality of life, but also affect performance at work and school and, as such, are members of the group of severe allergic diseases. This guideline covers the definition and classification of urticaria, taking into account the recent progress in identifying its causes, eliciting factors and pathomechanisms. in addition, it outlines evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the different subtypes of urticaria. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS). Charite, Allergy Ctr Charite, Dept Dermatol & Allergy, D-10117 Berlin, Germany Med Univ Graz, Dept Dermatol, Graz, Austria Clin San Carlo, Allergy Clin, Paderno Dugnano, MI, Italy Univ Southern Denmark, Odense Univ Hosp, Dept Dermatol & Allergy Ctr, Odense, Denmark Med Univ Silesia, Allergol & Clin Immunol Katowice, Dept Internal Dis, Zabrze, Poland Univ Genoa, IRCCS AOU SanMartino, Genoa, Italy Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Clin Immunol & Allergy, São Paulo, Brazil Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Hosp Mar Parc Salut Mar, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain Dr DY Patil Med Coll & Hosp, Dept Dermatol, Navi Mumbai, India Fac Med, Dermatol Clin, Coimbra, Portugal Univ Hosp, Coimbra, Portugal Guys & St Thomas Hosp NHS Fdn Trust, St Johns Inst Dermatol, London, England Ctr Appl Res Allergy Quebec, Quebec City, PQ, Canada Hiroshima Univ, Inst Biomed & Hlth Sci, Dept Dermatol, Hiroshima, Japan Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Med, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Charleston, SC USA Hannover Med Sch, Dept Dermatol & Allergy, Hannover, Germany Pantai Hosp Kuala Lumpur, Dept Paediat, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Univ Hosp Tenon, Dept Dermatol & Allergy, Paris, France Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Ctr, Baltimore, MD USA Ctr Medicodocente Trinidad, Allergy & Clin Immunol Dept, Caracas, Venezuela Univ Hosp, Dept Dermatol, Allergy Unit, Zurich, Switzerland Univ Manitoba, Dept Pediat & Child Hlth, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada Univ Manitoba, Dept Immunol, Winnipeg, MB, Canada Univ Med Ctr Mainz, Dept Dermatol, Mainz, Germany Univ Toronto, Div Allergy & Clin Immunol, Toronto, ON, Canada Technion, Fac Med, Bnai Zion Med Ctr, Haifa, Israel Univ Bari, Dept Biomed Sci & Human Oncol, Unit Dermatol & Venereol, Bari, Italy Peking Univ, Hosp 1, Dept Dermatol, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Clin Immunol & Allergy, São Paulo, Brazil Web of Science

Both spontaneous and inducible forms of chronic urticaria pose a significant economic burden and have an adverse effect on patients’ quality of life. The international guidelines and US practice parameters for the diagnosis and management of chronic urticaria both recommend performing a thorough patient history and physical examination, conducting limited routine laboratory testing, and taking a stepwise approach to treatment. These documents differ in several areas, such as the order of diagnostic procedures and the treatment for patients non-responsive to standard dose H1-antihistamines. Patients with chronic urticaria who visit a specialist have typically been treated with second-generation H1-antihistamines – the recommended first-line treatments. The advantages and disadvantages of each treatment option should be taken into consideration when selecting therapies beyond H1-antihistamines. Greater awareness of the international guidelines and US practice parameters will likely improve the quality of care for patients with chronic urticaria.

The article highlights the socio-cultural and ideological principles of the cult of bee and bee products in the world and Ukrainian cultures. For this purpose peculiarities of using bee products in early cultures are examined. It is found that the overall symbolic and ritual importance of bee products in the world and domestic cultures is accompanied by distinct technological differences formed as a result of later transition of the Slavic culture from appropriating to reproducing forms of economy. The factors that contributed to forming in the consciousness of the Ukrainian people the idea that the Saints Zosima and Savvaty (Sabbatius) were the patrons of beekeeping are considered as well. This process, as it is shown in the work, was formed by several factors. An external factor that was canonizing saints and forming lists of saints revered on certain daysby the churches played a leading role. This list was externally imposed on calendar customs and rites of the Ukrainian people. However, it is shown that such purely external imposition of respect for the saints could not penetrate the minds of people so deeply because it needed philosophical foundations. So, the leading role in this process was played by the prominent theologians who made the symbolic comparisons of the hives with the church of Christ and the bees – with Christians who have to work every day in order to secure the kingdom of God and eternal life for themselves. The latter, in the minds of the Ukrainian people, even in the pagan period was closely connected with thescarifying fire of heaven that at the level of family and community rituals was symbolized by the fire of wax candle that cleaned, protected and defended the man and his family. The Solovetsky monks Zosima and Savvaty became such a kind of heavenly fire, fiery pillars that preserve, protect, and convert people. Such interpretation could promote their patronage of beekeeping in the people’s consciousness as a matter of God.

Urticaria is a relatively common condition that if chronic can persist for weeks, months or years and affect quality of life significantly. The etiology is often difficult to determine, especially as it becomes chronic. Many cases of chronic urticaria are thought to be autoimmune, although there is no consensus that testing for autoimmunity alters the diagnostic or management strategies or outcomes. Many times, urticaria is easily managed with antihistamines and/or short courses of oral corticosteroids, but too often control is insufficient and additional therapies must be added. For years, immune modulating medications, such as cyclosporine and Mycophenolate Mofetil, have been used in cases refractory to antihistamines and oral corticosteroids, although the evidence supporting their efficacy and safety has been limited. Omalizumab was recently approved for the treatment of chronic urticaria unresponsive to H1-antagonists. This IgG anti-IgE monoclonal antibody has been well demonstrated to safely and effectively control chronic urticaria at least partially in approximately 2/3 of cases. However, the mechanism of action and duration of treatment for omalizumab is still unclear. It is hoped that as the pathobiology of chronic urticaria becomes better defined, future therapies that target specific mechanistic pathways will be developed that continue to improve the management of these often challenging patients.

Este trabalho objetivou detectar presença de esporos de Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae em produtos de um entreposto do interior do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a identificação de possíveis fontes de contaminação e a avaliação da possibilidade da transferência de esporos para colméias de apiários adjacentes a partir de produtos importados contaminados. Foram analisados mel e pólen importados disponíveis no entreposto, favo do ninho (crias, pólen e mel) colhido de uma colméia sadia, mel estocado em um dos apiários e abelhas adultas. Os resultados foram positivosem relação ao mel e pólen importados, a três grupos de abelhas adultas e ao mel do favo.The objective of this work was to detect the presence of Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae spores in products from a warehouse located in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, the identification of possible contamination sources, and the assessment of spores transference possibility from contaminated imported products from the warehouse to apiaries located in the surrounding area. Samples of imported pollen and bulk honey stocked in the warehouse, and honeycomb (brood, honey and pollen) from a healthy hive, honey from one apiary and adult bees were analyzed. Imported honey and pollen, and three groups of adult bees and the honey collected from the honeycomb resulted positive.

Beekeeping has accompanied humans since Antiquity. Hives and bee products were coveted goods. Their modes of operation allowed them to be the subject of theft. It is delinquency of a mostly neighborly nature. Since ancient times these crimes were severely punished, however, over the centuries, this severity was progressively moderated. La producción apícola ha acompañado al ser humano desde la Antigüedad. Las colmenas y los productos de las abejas fueron bienes codiciados. Sus modos de explotación permitieron que fueran objeto de hurtos. Se trata de una delincuencia preferentemente vecinal. Desde antiguo estos delitos fueron gravemente penados, aunque con el transcurso de los siglos tal severidad se fue moderando. L’apiculture a accompagné l’être humain depuis l’Antiquité. Les ruches et les produits des abeilles furent des biens convoités. Leurs modes d’exploitation en firent l’objet de larcins. Il s’agit d’une délinquance avant tout de voisinage. Depuis les temps anciens ces délits furent lourdement punis ; cependant, au cours des siècles, cette sévérité s’est tempérée.

GA2LEN EAACI This methods report describes the process of guideline development in detail. It is the result of a systematic literature review using the 'Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation' (GRADE) methodology and a structured consensus conference held on 28 and 29 November 2012, in Berlin. It is a joint initiative of the Dermatology Section of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the EU-funded network of excellence, the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA(2)LEN), the European Dermatology Forum (EDF), and the World Allergy Organization (WAO) with the participation of delegates of 21 national and international societies. This guideline covers the definition and classification of urticaria, taking into account the recent progress in identifying its causes, eliciting factors and pathomechanisms. in addition, it outlines evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the different subtypes of urticaria. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS) and is published in Allergy 2014; 69:868-887. Charite, Allergy Ctr Charite, Dept Dermatol & Allergy, Berlin, Germany Med Univ Graz, Dept Dermatol, Graz, Austria Clin San Carlo, Allergy Clin, Paderno Dugnano, Italy Odense Univ Hosp, Dept Dermatol, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark Odense Univ Hosp, Allergy Ctr, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark Univ Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Med Univ Silesia, Allergol & Clin Immunol Katowice, Dept Internal Dis, Katowice, Poland Univ Genoa, IRCCS AOU SanMartino, Genoa, Italy Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Hosp Mar Parc Salut Mar, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain Dr DY Patil Med Coll & Hosp, Dept Dermatol, Navi Mumbai, India Fac Med, Dermatol Clin, Coimbra, Portugal Univ Hosp, Coimbra, Portugal Guys & St Thomas Hosp NHS Fdn Trust, St Johns Inst Dermatol, London, England Ctr Appl Res Allergy Quebec, Quebec City, PQ, Canada Hiroshima Univ, Dept Dermatol, Inst Biomed & Hlth Sci, Hiroshima, Japan Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Med, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Charleston, SC 29425 USA Hannover Med Sch, Dept Dermatol & Allergy, Hannover, Germany Pantai Hosp Kuala Lumpur, Dept Paediat, Bangsar, Malaysia Univ Hosp Tenon, Dept Dermatol & Allergy, Paris, France Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Ctr, Baltimore, MD USA Ctr Medicodocente Trinidad, Allergy & Clin Immunol Dept, Caracas, Venezuela Univ Hosp, Dept Dermatol, Allergy Unit, Zurich, Switzerland Univ Manitoba, Dept Pediat & Child Hlth, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada Univ Manitoba, Dept Immunol, Winnipeg, MB, Canada Univ Med Ctr Mainz, Dept Dermatol, Mainz, Germany Univ Toronto, Div Allergy & Clin Immunol, Toronto, ON, Canada Technion, Bnai Zion Med Ctr, Fac Med, Haifa, Israel Univ Bari, Dept Biomed Sci & Human Oncol, Unit Dermatol & Venereol, Bari, Italy Universidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM, São Paulo, Brazil Web of Science

Vitamin D plays an important role in the immune system; decreased serum vitamin D concentrations have been linked to dysregulated immune function. Low vitamin D status is probably associated with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). We evaluated the prevalence of low vitamin D status, and the clinical response and quality of life following vitamin D supplementation, in a prospective case-control study with 60 CSU patients and 40 healthy individuals. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations were measured at baseline and after 6 weeks. For patients with 25(OH)D concentrations < 30 ng/ml, treatment included 20,000 IU/day of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and non-sedative antihistamine drugs for 6 weeks. Urticaria symptom severity and quality of life were assessed based on the Urticaria Activity Score over 7 days (UAS7) and the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Of the 100 participants, 73% were female; the mean age was 39 ± 16 years. Vitamin D deficiency (measured as 25(OH)D < 20 ng/ml) was significantly higher in the CSU group than the control group. The median 25(OH)D concentration for the CSU group, 15 (7 - 52) ng/ml was significantly lower than for control group, 30 (25 - 46) ng/ml. Overall, 83% (50/60) of CSU patients (25(OH)D < 30 ng/ml) were treated with ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) supplementation; after 6 weeks, these patients showed significant improvements in UAS7 and DLQI scores compared with the non-vitamin D supplement group. This study revealed a significant association of lower serum 25(OH)D concentrations with CSU. Vitamin D supplements might improve symptoms and quality of life in CSU patients.

Objective. 7 cases of AHA syndrome (arthralgia, arthritis, hives, angioneuroticedema) in children described. Literature and own data are presented. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms, clinical symptoms and treatment are discussed.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo el análisis comparativo del desarrollo de la apicultura "racional" en España y Francia, entre 1750 y 1850, a través de uno de los aspectos más característicos de la misma: la trashumancia de las colmenas. La cuestión que se plantea es la necesidad de una hipótesis explicativa que dé cuenta de las diferencias existentes entre los dos países en lo relativo a la cronología e intensidad de los desplazamientos de abejas, más precoces e intensos en España que en Francia. Tanto las opciones exclusivamente geofísicas como las económicas no resultan satisfactorias; por lo que el autor se inclina por una tercera que, aún aceptando la parte correspondiente al medio y al mercado, considera los aspectos sociales como fundamentales. Concretamente, el reparto de la propiedad de las colmenas, dispersa en Francia y concentrada en España. Esta conclusión es el resultado de una prolongada investigación en los archivos; a destacar, en el caso hispano, la explotación de los diezmos y de la documentación de origen municipal de Albacete y Murcia. Además, el autor ha consultado los tratados de apicultura publicados en la época estudiada y la copiosa bibliografía de eruditos locales aparecida a lo largo de los siglo XVIII-XIX en ambos países. Este estudio se complementa con un análisis de largo plazo de la apicultura murciana, en el que se analizan los rasgos socioeconómicos de esta actividad desde la alta Edad Moderna hasta el siglo XIX. This article analyzes the development of the «rational» beekeeping in Spain and France by means of one of the most characteristic aspects of it: transhumance of hives. The question raised by the author is the need of an explanatory hypothesis that accounts for the differences between both countries, with regards to the chronology and the intensity of the movement of bees, which appeared earlier and was more frequent in Spain than in France. Both the exclusively geophysical and the economic options are on their own not a satisfactory answer to he observed differences. Consequently the author considers social aspects as essential, although he attaches importance to the environment and the market. As the key factor he underlines the distribution of properties of beehives, spread in France and gathered in Spain. This conclusion is the result of a long archival research; it is important to emphasize, in the Spanish case, the use of tithe‐records and municipal documentation in Albacete and Murcia. Moreover, the author has searched the handbooks on beekeeping published in the studied era and a wide range of bibliography written by local scholars throughout the 18th‐19th centuries in both countries. This study is supplemented with a long‐term analysis of beekeeping in Murcia, through which the socio‐economic features of this activity, between the initial Early Modern Age and the 19th century are dealt with.

Bees and beekeeping are suffering a global crisis. Constant information on swarm apos;s conditions would be a key to study new diseases like colony collapse disorder and to develop new beekeeping tools to improve the hive management and make it more efficient. A platform for beehives monitoring is presented. It is based on the analysis of the colonies buzz which is registered by a bunch of sensors sending the data to a common database. Data obtained through sound processing shows plenty of patterns and tendency lines related to colonies activities and their conditions. It shows the potential of the sound as a swarm activity gauge. The goal of the platform is the possibility to store information about the swarm apos;s activity. The objective is to build a global net of monitored hives covering apiaries with different climates, razes and managements., Las abejas y la apicultura están sufriendo una crisis global. Disponer de información continua del estado de las colmenas puede ayudar al estudio de nuevas enfermedades, como el síndrome de desabejado, y al desarrollo de nuevas herramientas que mejoren la práctica apícola y la hagan más eficiente. Se presenta una plataforma de monitorización de colmenas basada en el análisis del sonido que producen los enjambres. Dicho sonido es recogido por una red de sensores y posteriormente analizado y almacenado en una base de datos. Los datos obtenidos a partir del sonido contienen gran cantidad de patrones y líneas de tendencia que pueden asociarse con comportamientos concretos de las colonias. Se muestra así el potencial del sonido como un indicador de la actividad y el estado de los enjambres. La fortaleza de la plataforma es la posibilidad de almacenar indefinidamente la actividad diaria de los enjambres. El objetivo es crear una red global de colmenas monitorizadas que cubra diferentes razas, climas y manejos.

Bees and beekeeping are suffering a global crisis. Constant information on swarm apos;s conditions would be a key to study new diseases like colony collapse disorder and to develop new beekeeping tools to improve the hive management and make it more efficient. A platform for beehives monitoring is presented. It is based on the analysis of the colonies buzz which is registered by a bunch of sensors sending the data to a common database. Data obtained through sound processing shows plenty of patterns and tendency lines related to colonies activities and their conditions. It shows the potential of the sound as a swarm activity gauge. The goal of the platform is the possibility to store information about the swarm apos;s activity. The objective is to build a global net of monitored hives covering apiaries with different climates, razes and managements. Las abejas y la apicultura están sufriendo una crisis global. Disponer de información continua del estado de las colmenas puede ayudar al estudio de nuevas enfermedades, como el síndrome de desabejado, y al desarrollo de nuevas herramientas que mejoren la práctica apícola y la hagan más eficiente. Se presenta una plataforma de monitorización de colmenas basada en el análisis del sonido que producen los enjambres. Dicho sonido es recogido por una red de sensores y posteriormente analizado y almacenado en una base de datos. Los datos obtenidos a partir del sonido contienen gran cantidad de patrones y líneas de tendencia que pueden asociarse con comportamientos concretos de las colonias. Se muestra así el potencial del sonido como un indicador de la actividad y el estado de los enjambres. La fortaleza de la plataforma es la posibilidad de almacenar indefinidamente la actividad diaria de los enjambres. El objetivo es crear una red global de colmenas monitorizadas que cubra diferentes razas, climas y manejos.

The study here is set out to explore the facilitating and restraining factors for knowledge circulation in the scaling up of local innovation taking beehive and queen replacement innovation as case of the study in Enebsie district, Amhara region, Ethiopia. Appreciating farmers’ innovations and participating farmers in research process in Ethiopia is not yet well thought-out for the development of appropriate technology and dissemination. However, there is growing trend of considering farmers as major stakeholder in technology generation and dissemination by some NGOs. Agri Service Ethiopia is one of the NGOs that have been working closely with the community towards encouraging innovativeness and scaling up of local innovations at wider scale. ASE has been appreciating the knowledge and experience of farmers in its communication and innovation strategy but the scaling up of farmers innovation is limited to few individuals and the approach has not yet been institutionalized by other actors.

Universidade Federal de Uberlândia The bees of Meliponina, also known as Indian s bees without sting, are in various tropical regions. They execute functions, like: polinization of fanerogams, production of honey, wax and propolis and the collection of pollen. Moreover, they contribute for the Biology s applications, especially in Genetic and Evolution and they also can be utilized as didactic material, because they don t have sting and they are a good example of social organization. Among all these functions, the production of honey and the utilization of honey, pollen and propolis as medicinal products are the most interesting for the population. It s necessary that the products have good quality. As, for example, present a count of microorganisms that it don t represent a risk for human healthy. In this work, we evaluated the quantity and the identification of microorganisms present in honey, propolis, pollen, larval food and wax in hives of Melipona scutellaris and Tetragona clavipes. As abelhas de Meliponina, também conhecidas como abelhas indígenas sem ferrão, estão presentes em várias regiões tropicais. As abelhas desempenham funções, como: polinização de fanerógamas, produção de mel, cera e própolis e coleta de pólen. Além disso, contribuem para os estudos de Biologia, especialmente na Genética e na Evolução e podem, ainda, ser utilizados como material didático, visto que não possuem ferrão e são um bom exemplo de organização social (KERR, 1997) Dentre todas essas funções, a produção de mel e a utilização de mel, pólen e própolis como produtos medicinais são as que exercem maior interesse na população em geral. É necessário que os produtos tenham uma boa qualidade, como, por exemplo, apresentar uma contagem de microrganismos que não represente um risco à saúde humana. Nesse trabalho, foi avaliada a quantidade e identificados os microrganismos presentes em mel, própolis pólen, alimento larval e cera em colméias de Melipona scutellaris e Tetragona clavipes. Mestre em Genética e Bioquímica

Este trabalho objetivou detectar presença de esporos de Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae em produtos de um entreposto do interior do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a identificação de possíveis fontes de contaminação e a avaliação da possibilidade da transferência de esporos para colméias de apiários adjacentes a partir de produtos importados contaminados. Foram analisados mel e pólen importados disponíveis no entreposto, favo do ninho (crias, pólen e mel) colhido de uma colméia sadia, mel estocado em um dos apiários e abelhas adultas. Os resultados foram positivos em relação ao mel e pólen importados, a três grupos de abelhas adultas e ao mel do favo. The objective of this work was to detect the presence of Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae spores in products from a warehouse located in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, the identification of possible contamination sources, and the assessment of spores transference possibility from contaminated imported products from the warehouse to apiaries located in the surrounding area. Samples of imported pollen and bulk honey stocked in the warehouse, and honeycomb (brood, honey and pollen) from a healthy hive, honey from one apiary and adult bees were analyzed. Imported honey and pollen, and three groups of adult bees and the honey collected from the honeycomb resulted positive.

Urticaria occurs commonly in children and young adults. In general, a younger and atopic population is usually involved and the lesions are acute, usually less than 6 weeks in duration and it is relatively easy to show a cause and effect, usually by history. The cause of chronic urticaria, which is defined as urticaria lasting longer than 6 weeks, is much more difficult to identify and 80–95% of patients are classified as idiopathic. Many of the patients react with a wheal and flare to their own serum or plasma indicating that they have a histamine-releasing agent in their own serum. Most of these subjects will have urticaria which clears with time but a small minority continue to have urticaria for the rest of their lives. Treatment for patients having known causes is to avoid the triggers and all patients with chronic urticaria need to be treated with H1 antihistamines. Sometimes an H2 antihistamine is added or a tricyclic 'tranquilizer' which has anti H1 and H2 blocking action needs to be used. Those patients who do not respond may need treatment with prednisone which should be reduced to the smallest dosage and discontinued as soon as possible. Patients with hereditary angioedema respond to danazol, stanozol or epislan-aminocaproic acid or tranexamic acid.

In the United States about 200,000 people keep almost 5 million colonies of honey bees and produce 200 million to 250 million pounds of honey annually. Beekeepers derive income from the sale of honey, renting of colonies for crop pollination, production and sale of queen bees and packaged bees, and to a minor extent, from the sale of beeswax, pollen, bee venom, propolis, and royal jelly. This handbook provides readers with a better understanding of beekeeping in the United States. Some topics discussed are the life history of the honey bee; bee behavior; breeding and genetics of honey bees; queens, packaged bees, and nuclei; managing colonies for high honey yield and crop pollination; diseases and pests of honey bees; and effects of pesticides on honey bee mortality. The handbook also lists beekeeping organizations and some statistics on bees and honey.