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Background: Irregular menstruation is an important indicator of current and potential health problems. The aim of this research was to understand the issues that are related to delay or irregularity of menstruation because of intake of various medicines and how it can be addressed. Methods: A design that would be appropriate for executing the research work is descriptive design. This design was ideal because it was beneficial in understanding the issues that are prevalent with the delay or irregularity in the menstruation cycle. Therefore, the selected design in the undertaken research work would aid in assessing the information and data considered in detail and in addition to this, a cross-sectional study needed to assess the considered data in detail. Results: Study included 811 women in which all of them responded to study survey questions. Most of study participants feel that medicines might hold the potential of affecting menstruation adversely (n= 583, 71.9%) while 66% of study participants considered taking medicines result in delayed or irregular menstruation (n= 535%). In addition, study participants thought that medicines are not the only reason for menstrual irregularity (n= 581, 71.6%). Two thirds of study participants would recommend others not to take medicines to have normal menstrual cycle (n= 558, 68.8%). Women in this study were asked about which medicine is the cause of delayed menstruation, most women reported hormonal tablets to be the cause (n= 516, 63.6%). Upon asking women included in the current study how painful it is to lead a life with a delayed or irregular menstruation cycle, they responded it is moderate painful (n= 355, 43.8%). They reported that reduction of hormonal tablets might be the best method (392, 48.3%). Conclusion: According to the study results, participants believe that drugs may have the ability to negatively disrupt menstruation. In addition, the great majority of participants in the survey claimed that monthly irregularity is prevalent. Moreover, survey participants believed that medications are not the only cause of menstruation irregularity. Two-thirds of survey participants would advise others not to use menstrual cycle-regulating medications. The majority of women cited hormone pills as the culprit. It is somewhat uncomfortable to live with irregular or delayed menstruation. Participants felt that decreasing the dosage of hormonal pills might be the most effective strategy.

Background: College students' poor dietary habits are a big public health issue. As the economy and government of Saudi Arabia have improved quickly over the last several decades, so too have the eating habits of the Saudi people. The current study aimed to assess the dietary habits of Saudi Arabian medical students. Methods: A descriptive, correlational cross-sectional design was employed for this study. The study was conducted at medical schools in Jeddah: [King Abdul Aziz University, King Saud University, Ibn Sina Private Medical College, Batarji Private Medical College, and Fakeeh Private Medical College]. The participants were selected during December 2022. Study participants were selected on two steps, stratified random sampling at the level of universities, to determine the required sample size from each college, then non-probability convenient sampling technique to collect the sample size from each college. Sample size was determined according to the total number of medical students in Jeddah with a confidence level of 95% and marginal error of 5%. Study instruments consisted of two domains. First is sociodemographic characteristics of medical students. Second is dietary pattern assessment. Results: The study included 338 medical students from all academic levels. There were 195 male participants (57.7%) and 143 female participants (42.3%). The median age among study participants was 22 years. The most frequent age group was 18-22 years (n= 199, 58.9%). Dietary pattern of study participants was assessed through a series of questions about their weekly intake of certain groups of food. It was noticed that study participants had different dietary patterns. Female participants eat fast food more than males (P Conclusion: Study results showed that study participants had different dietary patterns. Female participants eat fast food more than males while male participants eat fruits and vegetables more. No difference was found in physical activity.

Background: Tobacco misuse has not been universally acknowledged as a modifiable risk factor in diabetes preventive or screening methods, despite mounting data revealing substantial epidemiological and mechanistic connections between smoking, hyperglycemia, and the development of type 2 diabetes. Purpose:A growing number of research on the effect of smoking cessation on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The goal of this systematic review was to search the available evidence on the impact of smoking cessation and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Scopus (January 1995--October 2022) for prospective observational studies that evaluated the effects smoking and smoking cessation as risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results: Type 2 diabetes risk was increased by a factor of 1.37 (95% CI: 1.33 to 1.42) for current smokers, 1.14 (1.10 to 1.18) for ex-smokers, and 1.22 (1.10 to 1.35) for passive smokers, compared to those who had never smoked (7 studies). The associations persisted across all subgroups, and a dose-response relation was discovered between current smoking and diabetes risk, with the RRs (95% CIs) for light, moderate, and heavy smokers, compared with never smokers, being 1.21 (1.10-1.33), 1.34 (1.27-1.41), and 1.57 (1.47-1.66), respectively. If there is a causal relationship between smoking and diabetes, we calculated that 10% in men and 2% in women of all instances of type 2 diabetes globally (about 25 million) may be attributed to smoking. The pooled RR (95% CI) from 10 studies showed that recent ex-smokers (within 5 years) had a lower risk of relapse than never smokers, while long-term ex-smokers (within 10 years) had a lower risk of relapse than current smokers. Conclusion: Both active and passive smoking are strongly connected with higher risks of type 2 diabetes. The risk of diabetes is higher among recent ex-smokers, although it lowers significantly with time.

The goal of this study is to see if there's a link between age, gender, and risk factors including having a smoking parent, allergic rhinitis, skin allergies, food allergies, and a family history of atopy with the diagnosis of childhood asthma. The goal is also to evaluate the prevalence of asthma in the study's pediatric sample, as well as the prevalence of other symptoms and complications in this group. A link was discovered between childhood asthma and age, allergic rhinitis, skin allergies, food allergies, and atopy in the family. In most areas of this investigation, the findings are consistent with earlier studies conducted at various periods and in other places for almost identical aims.

Background: The fetus's development can be influenced by the mother's nutrition in a variety of ways, including the gender of the fetus. However, several research have been published that suggest a link between maternal nutrition and the baby's gender. In other words, the baby's gender can be determined by the mother's nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between maternal diet and baby gender. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study to spot light on the relationship between maternal diet and baby gender. Since the aim of the study was to determine the relationship between maternal diet and baby gender among Saudi, this is the suitable design for this research. The study was carried out among Saudi population. Data were collected from general population using questionnaire during the period from April to October 2021. Results: The study included the participation of 755 women from different age groups in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The most prevalent age group was 36-40 years (n= 193, 25.6%) followed by the age group more than 40 years (n= 189, 25%) while the least frequent age group was below 22 years (n= 83, 11%). The number of participants who reported having one children were 116 participants. On asking the participants who had male babies whether they craved for special food or not, their answers varied. Salty food, pickles and potato chips were preferred among 298 participants while sweets and chocolate were the favorite food among 155 participants. The special diet is statistically significant with the baby gender at p value of 0.001. Conclusion: The current study showed that diet preference among mothers affects the gender of the baby as the results showed. Some mothers intentionally reported following special diet in order to have specific gender.

Background: The shortage of prevalence data based on a representative sample of the general population, as well as the small number of disorders covered in co-morbidity studies, are major issues in autoimmune disease research. In this study, the incidence of autoimmune illnesses in a representative sample of Saudi Arabia's general population is documented, and the hypothesis of an overall relationship between these diseases is explored. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study to spot light on the prevalence of autoimmune disease among Saudi population. Since the aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of autoimmune disease and their relationship with chronic illnesses among Saudi, this is the suitable design for this research. The study was carried out among Saudi population. Data were collected from general population using questionnaire. Participants were chosen via probability simple random sampling technique. Participants were selected from the general population. The expected number of sample size was 700 participants. However, the study included 802 participants. Results: The study included the participation of 802 participants from both genders and different age groups in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. There were 436 female participants (54.4%) and 366 males (45.6%) took place in this study. The most prevalent age group was 45-54 years (n= 232, 28.9%). There were 199 participants reported having a family history of autoimmune diseases (24.8%). Furthermore, there were 186 participants who are using medications for high cholesterol level (23.2%) with no significant for gender (P= 0.08). Diabetes was prevalent among 203 participants (25.3%), blood pressure disorder (n= 211, 26.3%), ulcerative colitis (n= 137, 17.1%) and other comorbid conditions. Conclusion: In conclusion, this survey confirm relatively high prevalence of autoimmune disease among Saudi population. In addition, participants suffered from additionally comorbid conditions.

Background: Overuse of electronic gadgets has been highlighted as a possible preventable risk factor for eyesight loss. Excessive use of electronic gadgets, on the other hand, has been linked to vision impairment in a variety of ways. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study to spotlight on the relationship between visual impairment and addiction to electronic devices use. The study's goal was to see if there was a link between Saudis' vision impairment and their addiction to using electronic devices, this is the suitable design for this research. The study was carried out among Saudi population. Data were collected from general population using questionnaire during the period from 22 August to 22 November 2020. Results: The study included the participation of 344 participants from both genders and different age groups in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. There were 211 female participants (61.3%) and 133 males (38.7%) took place in this study. The most prevalent age group was under the age of 25 years (n= 111, 32.3%) followed by the age group 25-35 (n= 104, 30.2%) while the least frequent age group was above 45 years (n= 54, 15.7%). On asking the participants whether they think that they have vision impairment or not, their answers were as follows: yes (n= 156, 45.3%), no (n= 131, 38.1) and maybe (n= 57, 16.6%). Due to the use electronic devices, there were 107 participants complained of headache (31.1%). And this was significantly related to the number of hours spent by study participants using electronic devices (P= 0.002) as well as significant for female gender more than male gender (P= 0.03). Conclusion: The study showed statistically significant relationship between the number of hours spent on using electronic devices and visual impairment among study participants especially among female population more than male population. There is a need for awareness campaigns to increase health awareness among population to cut down the use of electronic devices.

Background: If gallstones are not causing discomfort, there is usually no need to treat them. Many people with gallstones do not experience any symptoms for a long time. In addition, any treatment can have side effects, and operations are always associated with a certain level of risk. Gallbladder stones are treated differently than stones in the bile duct. If symptoms such as cramp-like pain (colic) occur, they can be relieved with medication. Such pain can only be prevented permanently by removing the gallbladder. An operation is also an option for people without symptoms but with very large gallstones - or with a porcelain gallbladder. The wall of the gallbladder is calcified and there is an increased risk of gallbladder cancer. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study to spotlight the satisfaction levels of the Saudi Population towards the different treatment options for gallstones. The study was carried out at universities, hospitals, and malls in KSA. Data were collected from patients and the general population during a period from June to October 2021. Results: Most of the patients were highly satisfied with the treatment clarification done by the treating doctor (n= 42, 8.8%), the treatment choice for gallstones, the complications that occurred during their treatment period (n= 34, 7.1%), their condition after the end of the treatment period (n= 41, 8.6%), and the treatment method for condition (n=35, 7.3%). On the other hand, there was a proportion of participants who were not satisfied with the treatment duration (n= 39, 8.1%) and the follow-up after the end of the treatment period (n= 46, 9.6%). Conclusion: Participants are highly satisfied with treatment choice and treatment effectiveness. However, they were not satisfied with treatment duration and treatment complications.

Background: Anemia during pregnancy is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among postpartum women. The main reason for the condition is dietary Iron deficiency and the most common type of anemia found in women during pregnancy is iron deficiency anemia. Among many complications, postpartum hemorrhage is a problem linked with anemia during pregnancy. In Saudi Arabia, pregnancy and postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is not common but still, cases are reported. The present study aimed to determine its prevalence in population and to see its relationship with anemia during pregnancy. Methods: It was an analytical cross-sectional study in which the data was collected from women using properly designed questionnaires. The study population was women who got pregnant and delivered in main hospitals of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The data of respondents for demographical and clinical variables were collected and analyzed using SPSS using appropriate statistical tests. Results: 600 participants responded to the questionnaire. The mean age was 26.32 years. The prevalence of PPH among studied population was 11.9%. Anemia during pregnancy was found to be positively associated with PPH with the p value of 0.0039. Smoking history was also correlated with PPH. There was no strong association between age and increase risk of PPH. Conclusion: This study concluded that PPH is not common in Saudi Arabia. There is a moderate association of anemia during pregnancy and PPH. Smoking is also a positive predictor for PPH. There are some limitations in the study so there is a need of large-scale study to confirm the findings in the population.

Background:Mental health is an important but often disregarded part of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patient care, with difficulties defining effective medications and psychological health services. Anxiety and sadness are the most frequent psychosocial problems among IBD patients. The rising frequency of these mental problems calls for mental screening of all IBD patients at the initial appointment. Objective:A growing number of research on anxiety and depression in IBD have been undertaken nevertheless, there is no clear consensus on the prevalence of anxiety and depression in this group. The goal of this systematic review was to consolidate current data on the prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders in individuals with IBD. Methods:Authors began with recognizing the important examination proof that spots light on the prevalence of anxiety and depression among IBD patients. We led electronic writing look in the accompanying data sets: Ovid Medline (2010 to present), Ovid Medline Daily Update, Ovid Medline in process and other non-filed references, Ovid Embase (2010 to present), The Cochrane Library (latest issue) and Web of Science. Just examinations in English language will be incorporated. The precise selection was acted in close collaboration with a clinical examination curator. Results:There were 10 articles found, with a total of 26097 participants. The pooled prevalence estimate for anxiety disorders was 20.3%, and 13.3% for depression. When compared to those in remission, IBD patients in active illness showed a 75.6% greater prevalence of anxiety. Depressive symptoms were more common in Crohns disease than in UC (P0.001), and more common in active illness than in IBD patients in remission (P= 0.004). Conclusion:Results from this systematic review indicate that patients with IBD have about a 20.3% prevalence rate of anxiety and a 13.3% prevalence rate of depression. &nbsp

Vaccine uptake may be predicted in large part by whether or not vaccinations are accepted. This has ramifications for public health since unvaccinated people are more likely to get illnesses that vaccines can prevent. Our purpose in conducting this systematic literature review was to analyse parents commitment to the childs vaccination schedule.We conducted a comprehensive literature search for studies published between January 2012 and present that used instruments to gauge vaccine-related attitudes and convictions. Included studies surveyed parents quantitatively to determine their opinions on paediatric immunizations. We compiled the data with an emphasis on how well the various methods of measuring hesitation performed. A total of 16 studies were included because they satisfied the inclusion criteria 13 of these used a cross-sectional research design, 2 used a case-control study design, 1 used a pre-post study design. There was a wide variance in study sample sizes from 49 to 12,259. The PACV Survey of Parents Opinions on Childrens Vaccines was the instrument most often used. The Health Belief Model was the most popular theoretical framework. There was a broad range of questions designed to elicit opinions on vaccinations.The studies that polled parents about their thoughts on immunization utilized a wide variety of questionnaires. Validated and standardized but adaptable tools might enhance methods for measuring parents perspectives on immunization. It is recommended that researchers in this field use a standardized set of questions. &nbsp

Background: Multiple factors contribute to Saudi Arabia's severe anemia epidemic. The incidence of anemia has been widely studied in Saudi Arabia, with consistent results showing a high rate of occurrence among young people, young adults, and women of childbearing age. This study aimed to establish the prevalence and risk variables among Saudi patients. Methods: The current study aims to determine the prevalence of anemia among adult Saudi patients at a single point of measurement as reported by parents. The most suitable design is cross-sectional study. It was descriptive and correlational study. This enables the researcher to measure the effect and the outcome at a single point of time. This study design gives reliable results with short time and less effort. The study was conducted at (place). The participants were selected during the period from October to November 2022. This study included adults aged 19 years or more via non-probability convenient sampling technique at a confidence level of 95% using Epi Info software equation. Results: Study included 832 participants. Among them, 61.3% were males (n= 510) and 322 participants were females (38.7%). Most of study participants were more than 35 years (n= 357, 42.9%). More than half of study participants had a normal body mass index (BMI) (n= 468, 56.3%) while 61 participants were categorized as underweight (7.3%). Hypertension was the most prevalent comorbid condition (n= 92, 11.1%). Participants were asked about medical issues that might cause anemia. Hemorrhoid was present among 93 participants (11.2%) while menorrhagia was found among 48 female. Furthermore, 189 participants reported having iron deficiency anemia (22.7%). Anemia was prevalent among female participants more than male participants (P Conclusion: Our research revealed a significant incidence of anemia among study participants. When compared to the male population, anemia is more common among females. Microcytic anemia was the most frequent kind of anemia in women, especially in the reproductive age range of 15 to 49, whereas normocytic anemia was more common in men. Both men and women were more likely to have mild or moderate anemia, although more women than men were affected with severe anemia. The government of Saudi Arabia has to take action to reduce the rate of anemia among its citizens.

Objective: This research aims to determine the factors that are responsible for the symptoms of depression among individuals with lower vitamin D levels. Methods: The current study adopted an approach that is exploratory study design which is deductive in nature such that the generalized observations on the relationship between depression and vitamin D deficiency can be specified into certain sections for better correlation and understanding. The sample size undertaken for the study was 811 in order to better understand the factors responsible and their contribution towards the formation of link between depression and vitamin D deficiency. Results: The study included 811 participants. The most frequent weight among them was 66-75 kg (n= 296, 36.5%) followed by 51-65 kg (n= 207, 25.5%). The most frequent height among study participants was 151-160 cm (n= 319, 39.3%) followed by 161-170 cm (n= 268, 33%). The most frequent body mass index value among study participants was 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 (n= 323, 39.8%) followed by 25-29.9 kg/m2 (n= 273, 33.7%). Skin color varied among study participants with most of them had medium skin color (n= 372, 45.9%) followed by fair skin color (n= 345, 42.5%) and the least common skin color is morena (n= 94, 11.6%). The perceived daily calorie intake varied among study participants with most of them had 2000-2999 Kcal. Participants physical activity was low. The most frequent food was rice (n= 245, 30.2%) followed by dairy products (n= 186, 22.9%). Social connection was average among most of participants (n= 372, 45.9%) and good among 352 participants (43.4%). On the contrary, it was bad among 87 participants (10.7%). Conclusion: Study results showed that most of study participants are overweight according to their BMI. Most common skin color was medium followed by fair skin. Participants eat high calorie intake. They experience sun burning sensations often. Their daily intake relies on rice and dairy products. Their physical activity is low. In addition, most of study participants had good social connection.

Background:Childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disease. It is often identified in younger years and continues throughout maturity for many people. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have difficulties focusing, may behave without considering the potential consequences of their actions, or may be extremely energetic. Methods:The cross sectional study was conducted in 4 psychiatric clinics for a period of one month. The three junior doctors from each of the clinicians were chosen for the survey. The rationale for choosing this group is that they were able to give a clear idea about the etiology of the ADHD than the other health workers. The cross sectional study has been done to understand the number of ADHD cases arriving the clinic within a month. Thus, a total of 12 participants has been recruited in this study. The respondents were approached via mail and also over the phone. Before, conducting the cross- sectional study it is necessary to seek permission from the supervisor of the hospitals informing him about the purpose of the study. Results:The study included 1058 participants. Of them, 62.5% use single method for diagnosing ADHD (n= 661). CAB-ADHD was used among 556 participants (52.6%). There were 41% believed that a combination between medication and psychotherapies is more effective (434%). ADHD was diagnosed using monitoring and observation among 583 (55.1%). ADHD test in adults was performed using interviewing the patient (n= 649, 61.3%). Child ADHD quiz was the most used (n= 600, 56.7%). Adults with ADHD spontaneously visits the clinic without compulsion by themselves (n= 524, 49.5%) or by a family member (n= 534, 50.5%). The most frequent barrier to hinder ADHD patients from seeking treatment was stigma (n= 435, 41.1%). Conclusion:ADHD prevalence, cause, and diagnosis are inconsistent. Therefore, doctors must discuss ADHD. This will assist identify pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies. The most common test used to diagnose ADHD in adults was an interview. The most common kid questionnaire was ADHD. Stigma was the biggest obstacle to ADHD treatment. &nbsp

Objective:To determine the risk factors and prevalence of catamenial asthma among women globally. Methods:This research employed a cross-sectional study design to gather and analyze the relevant data that leads to its findings. Wang and Chengdescribe a cross-sectional study as an observational study that analyzes data from a population at a single point in time. Cross-sectional studies are helpful when establishing preliminary evidence while planning for a more advanced study in the future. Cross-sectional research requires researchers to record information, but not manipulate variables, as the case in this research study. Results:Study included 437 female participants. They had their menarche at different ages. They had their first menstrual period between the age of 12-14 years (n= 187, 42.8%) and between the age of 10-12 years (n= 176, 40.3%). It is noticed from the table that half of study participants experience worsening of asthma symptoms during menstruation (n= 219, 51.1%). More than half of study participants take painkillers medications for menstrual pain (n= 266, 60.9%). The last premenstrual asthma experience was before more than 1 year among 247 participants (56.5%) while it was before less than 1 year among 190 participants (43.5%). Most of study participants encountered it 2 times (n= 142, 32.5%) or 3-4 times (n= 140, 32%). The most frequent approach was via doctors advice (n= 205, 46.9%) followed by using over the counter drugs (n= 176, 40.3%). On the other hand, 20 participants just let it pass without any management (4.6%) and 36 participants attended at the emergency department (8.2%). Conclusion:Study results showed that most participants had their menarche at the age of 12-14 years. and more than one third of them encounter symptoms of catamenial asthma. Most of participants depend on doctors advice regarding the management with some of them attend at the emergency department to relieve their symptoms. More than half of study participants dont know how to manage their symptoms and avoid risks related to exposure to catamenial asthma.

Background:Evidence-based treatment and service design should reflect the perspectives of parents with eating disorders among their children on useful parts of care, but there is a lack of data to do so.This research aimed in assessing the effects of eating disorders that are prevailing among children in a detailed perspective. Methods:This research work involved following a cross-sectional approach of study and therefore included collecting first-hand data. This was accomplished through the conduction of the survey and data that are considered through the conduction of the survey are quantitative in nature. This would help in enhanced perception of the eating disorders that are prevailing in children. The method that would be employed for considering the size of the sample is stratified random sampling. The survey involved conducting a survey of children who falls within the age range of 10-17years of age. Results:The study included 572 children. Most of parents are concerned about the change in the eating disorder among their children (n= 420, 73.4%). Most of parents believe that eating habits can affect the rising in eating disorders (n= 486, 85%). Furthermore, parents think that reducing oily and junk food may help in minimizing eating disorders among their children (n= 456, 79.7%). Their most frequent answer was loss of appetite (n= 241, 42.1%). Figure 1 shows the distribution of parents answers. In addition, parents responded that it is minimal painful to lead a life with an excessively heavyweight (n= 228, 39.9%). They answered low-carbohydrate content food with no sugar (n= 253, 44.2%) while green vegetables came in the second place (n= 209, 36.5%) followed by fruits (n= 110, 19.2%). Conclusion:The studys findings revealed that the most common symptom reported by youngsters with eating disorders was a decrease in appetite. Parents said it hurt just somewhat to have to care for an overweight child all the time. The ideal option, according to parents, is meals with minimal carbohydrate content and no added sugar. According to parent reports, a healthy diet is the most effective weapon against childhood eating problems. &nbsp

Background:In the fields of psychiatry, psychology, medicine, and dentistry, nail biting (NB) is a prevalent yet unsolved issue. Although many people assume that NB is a basic habit that can be readily corrected, many children who exhibit NB have previously attempted to correct the behavior and have failed.The aim of the present research focused on the reason for onychophagia or nail-biting if it is a psychological disease or a general habit and recommend some suitable suggestions. Methods:An inductive research approach was suitable for the present research methodology as it involved a survey process. The research approach helped in collecting information in an effective way. A stratified random sampling method was considered for the present research method through the inclusion of participants that are suffering from the issue of nail-biting belonging to the UK. The sample size for the research methodology included a total of 350 participants belonging to the age groups of 18 to 50 years. The primary data collection method was considered for the present research methodology as it followed the cross-sectional method. The quantitative data analysis method would be considered under the primary research method and so a survey would be done. Results:Of 380 study participants,more than half of them believe that nail biting is a psychological disorder (n= 219, 58.1%). Furthermore, about two thirds of study participants believe that nail biting is a common disorder among humans (n= 247, 65%). Most of study participants think that nail biting is curable (n= 296, 77.9%). Daily exercise is helping in reducing the habit of nail biting as reported by 178 (73.2%). Half of study participants were neutral with regard to the benefit of psychological treatment to nail biting (n= 184, 48.4%). Vast majority of study participants believed that exercise is effective for enhancing mental stability (n= 318, 83.7%).Leading a life with a the disorder or nail biting issue was moderately painful among 165 participants (43.3%). Participants were asked about the cost of medication for onychophagia, most of participants responded with affordable cost (n= 270, 71.1%). The most frequent symptom of nail biting issue as reported by study participants was moderate span of time (n= 234, 61.6%). Conclusion:Onychophagia is a psychological disorder from the perspective of study participants. Furthermore, they recommended medical treatment and stated that psychological treatment alone is not enough. Moreover, exercise helps with mental stability as reported by study participants. &nbsp

Background:Several hand conditions have an overlap in term of management by surgeons from different departments. They usually rely on referrals from general health providers. Suitable referral depends on the knowledge and understanding of the referring physicians to the problem and the best available treatment. Recently the number of referrals and operations of elective hand surgeries increased by more than 30%. Physician from different specialties can sometimes disagree on their perception on what is the best treatment option for the patient. Aim: to study physicians perception on common hand condition, and their referral pattern. Material and Method: The research was conducted using a survey with a sample size of 102 focusing on health care providers from King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital and they were collected by convenience sampling. The raw data was collected in an excel sheet. We used SPSS statistics 21st for quantitative data analysis. Results: The results gave us a general idea that there is a lot of difference of understanding to the hand conditions and which should be referred to where, with orthopedic being the most referred to Speciality. Conclusion: Referral for different hand and wrist conditions remains unclear to many practicing physicians at our institute. Establishment of a separate hand and wrist unit/clinic that includes all individual specializations may help improve patient care and wait timing.

Among most Medical staff the orthopaedic complaint is very common and, in this research, we focused on the overall Prevalence of orthopaedic disorders among Medical workers, orthopaedic conditions differences between genders and educational levels. Then we overviewed the rates of orthopaedic diseases in different age groups in the general population. This study participants were Medical workers from Saudi Arabia and the results may not be applied to different sittings due to differences in facilities and work conditions.

Introduction: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a relatively common and severe complication of SCI and an independent risk factor for mortality. Sickle cell disease is considered one of the most common diseases in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. When a healthy disease related to cardiovascular health is highlighted, sickle cell anemia may be the most common and related disease in high pulmonary pressure. In this study, we aimed to determine prevalence of PHTN in SCA patient, and associated risk factors with it. Methodology: This is an analytical cross-sectional study conducted in kingdom of Saudi Arabia (General population, SCA patient and CVD patient), from 29/7/2020 till 15/11/2020. The study was depending on online self-reported questionnaire that included assessing the demographic factors as gender, nationality besides, disease-related information: SCA patient , CVD patient and DM patient. Results: we received 794 responses to our questionnaire where 93.5% of them were Saudi Arabian. The prevalence of sickle cell anemia is 8.8%. Male represented 29.8% of patients while female represented 52.2% of patients. In SCA patients, the prevalence of PHTN was 31.8%. Moreover, it was found that having cardiac disease is considered a risk factor for developing PHTN where 37.7% of patients having cardiac disease had PHTN compared with 6.2% of health patients (OD: 9.16, 95% CI: 5.5479 to 15.13, P=0.000) while diabetes mellitus increase risk for developing PHTN by more than seven fold (OD: 7.6, 95% CI; 4.7175 to 12.4, P=0.000) and disorder of nervous system by 12 folds (OD: 12.7; 95% CI: 7.6658 to 21.09, P=0.000). Conclusion: we had found that the prevalence if SCA among Saudi Arabia is 8.8% with a higher prevalence in female than male. Moreover, the prevalence of PHTN in SCA patients was high about 31.8% which is much higher than its prevalence in normal individuals. Moreover, it was found that having cardiac disease is considered a risk factor for developing PHTN besides, having diabetic condition and disorder of nervous system which increased risk for developing PHTN in SCA by nine, seven and 12-fold respectively.

Background: HELLP is a potentially life-threatening conditions which has some similarity with preeclampsia therefore, it poses a challenging diagnostic and management issues for clinician. It is composed of H=hemolysis, EL=elevated liver enzymes and LP=low platelets. The aims of this study are to assess the prevalence of HELLP syndrome among Saudi Arabian, besides, assessing the risk factors related to it. Methodology: This is an analytical cross-sectional study conducted in kingdom of Saudi Arabia (female who previously get pregnant) from 07/08/2020 till 29/11/2020. The study was depending on using of online questionnaire assessing demographic factors including age and nationality besides disease-related information: Heart disease, Smoker patient, related risk factors of disease and DM patient. Results: We included 457 women who agreed to participate in the study and completed the questionnaire. 36.1% of participants were aged between 25-35 years. 13.3% of the sample had reported that they are smokers and 6.1% as X-smokers while 16.8% of the sample had diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of HELLP was 38.3%. It was found that age is not a significant factor in occurrence of HELLP symptoms except in having distribution of liver function (P=0.005). Cardiac diseases are another significant risk factor in developing symptoms of HELLP especially high blood pressure where 46% of patients with cardiac disease reported having high blood pressure during pregnancy with a risk of eight times over those with no cardiac disease (OR=8.03, 95% CI=4.2100 to 15.3, P=0.000) however, it has no significant effect on developing disturbance in liver function. Conclusion: we had found the 38.3% of females in Saudi Arabia had HELLP in their pregnancy, with increase the prevalence of some other conditions including smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and autoimmune diseases which all found to increase the risk for developing HELLP in females. More investigation is needed to explore the same prevalence using hospital based study design.

Background: In March 2020, WHO declared COVID-19 as pandemic with very high incidence of case-fatality, after that COVID-19 Pandemic was found in China, Europe and USA where these regions were the most affected areas. The new virus attack patients with low-immunity than healthier population causing many psychological conditions. In this study, we aimed to assess prevalence of patient have low immunity symptoms, determine general psychological state in corona season, and demographic factors affecting both variable. Methodology: This is an analytical cross-sectional study conducted in kingdom of Saudi Arabia (General population) from 19/7/2020 till 25/10/2020. The study depended on online self-report questionnaire which assessing demographic factors including age and nationality besides disease-related information. Results: We had received 228 responses to our questionnaire where three quarter of them were female (75.9%). 21.1% of the participants were between 19-25 years old while 19.7% were between 36-40 while most of the sample had bachelor (73.7%). It was found that the most common symptoms were having trouble sleeping, low energy, felling tired, having to change the diet and having asthma where 8.8% had at least one symptom, 8.3% had two symptoms and 14.2% had 3 or more symptoms. Considering psychological status, we had found that the most common symptoms reported by participants were concerning about future, the always need for naps and caffeine, afraid of getting sick, afraid of worsen health, and extreme mood change. It was found that gender had a significant effect on developing both low immunity and poor psychological status (P=0.029, 0.02) where female seems to have more low immunity and poorer psychological status than male. Age is another significant factor in determining low immunity and poor psychological status (P=0.026, 0.001) where younger participants reported more symptoms of low immunity and poor psychological than older participants where the most affected age interval was 19-25 years old. Conclusion: we had found high prevalence of low immune status and poor psychological status which were more associated with females and younger populations. Moreover, there is a significant correlation between poor psychological status and low immune status.

Statement of problem: Prosthodontics has received significant attention both in research and practice. However, limited research examines its prevalence and how effective it is. Purpose: The purpose of this clinical study is to examine the prevalence of prosthodontics and its associated complications Material and methods: A sample of 1005 individuals derived from the general Saudi Arabia was used in this study. Data was collected using a questionnaire. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS. Results: There is a generally low prevalence of prosthodontics in Saudi Arabia. The common type of prosthodontics used is the fixed prosthodontics. Majority of those who have done prosthodontics didnt suffer any associated complications. However, for those who depicted complications, the common one was caries. Other complications include root fracture and porcelain veneer fracture. Conclusion: Prosthodontics is not widely used. On the other hand, it is not 100% effective in treating oral health problems. Clinical implications: There is need to develop better ways of dealing with poor oral health and patients need to be examined well to determine the underlying risk factors before prosthodontics is carried out.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread globally to more than 62 million persons with overwhelming impact to the healthcare systems and chronic ill patients worldwide. In this study, our aim was to assess the satisfaction of surgical patients regarding their routine clinic visits during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study using a structured interview with questionnaire in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with a sample size of 518. Descriptive analysis was performed by using IBM SPSS version 17 (Chicago: SPSS Inc.). The results showed thatmost of the participants did not visit their scheduled surgical clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic and most of the ones who visited were very dissatisfied with the services they received. Accordingly, approaches to implement precautionary measures against COVID-19 and long-distance communication such as telemedicine, when properly instituted, can have a wider impact during this pandemic and in the future ones.

Objectives:Chronic rhinosinusitis is an extremely common health complaint which decreases productivity and quality of life. The objective of this study was to identify associations between specific food categories and aggravation of symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis Methods:This was a prospective, cross-sectional questionnaire study. Patients provided details about the categories of food that they consumed, as well as symptoms related to sinusitis. The data was extracted onto a spreadsheet and analysed using chi-square testing. Results:A small percentage of patients (4%) associated food categories with exacerbations of sinus symptoms. Chocolate was the most common trigger, followed by white flour foods. Several patients (33%) were not aware of the association between food and sinus symptoms. Conclusion:Some food categories can exacerbate sinusitis in a specific population subset. Patients should be encouraged to maintain a food diary so that they can identify relevant triggers and these can be avoided in the futureThis was a prospective, cross-sectional questionnaire study. Patients provided details about the categories of food that they consumed, as well as symptoms related to sinusitis. The data was extracted onto a spreadsheet and analysed using chi-square testing. &nbsp

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common disorder in childhood. Early identification and appropriate antibiotic use are essential to avoid long-term sequels. The trial objective is to identify the prevalence of URI in children, and the risk factors. Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study conducted in the Saudi Arabia, from April 4th. 2020 till July 30th. 2020. The sample was randomly selected from children who presented to the ministry of health tertiary hospitals. People answered a survey of 10 questionnaires. Results:1083 people participated in the current trial. The prevalence of UTI was 25.8%. The mean age was 4.5 - 5 years. UTI was commoner in females than males. Urethritis was the main presenting complaint. Western region was the commonest identified area. Those with multivitamin deficiency had the highest prevalence. Conclusion: UTI is not a very common problem for children in Saudi Arabia. Western region had the highest prevalence and the peak age ranged from 4.5 to 5 years. Additionally, nearly a sixth of children could develop severe/complicated UTI.

Background: Anemia during pregnancy is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among postpartum women. The main reason for the condition is dietary Iron deficiency and the most common type of anemia found in women during pregnancy is iron deficiency anemia. Among many complications, postpartum hemorrhage is a problem linked with anemia during pregnancy. In Saudi Arabia, pregnancy and postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is not common but still cases are reported. The present study aimed to determine its prevalence in population and to see its relationship with anemia during pregnancy. Methods: It was an analytical cross sectional study in which the data was collected from women using properly designed questionnaires. The study population was women who got pregnant and delivered in main hospitals of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The data of respondents for demographical and clinical variables was collected andanalyzed using SPSS using appropriate statistical tests. Results: 600 participants responded to the questionnaire. The mean age was 26.32 years. The prevalence of PPH among studied population was 11.9%. Anemia during pregnancy was found to be positively associated with PPH with the p value of0.0039. Smoking history was also correlated with PPH. There was no strong association between age and increase risk of PPH. Conclusion: The study concluded thatPPH is not common in Saudi Arabia. There is a moderate association of anemia during pregnancy and PPH. Smoking is also a positive predictor for PPH.Thereare some limitations in the study so there is a need of large scale study to confirm the findings in the population.

Background:Vitiligo is acquired condition of skin and hair depigmentation that characterized by the appearance of pale macules or hypochromic pigment. Vitiligo is not a life-threatening situation however it affects patients health-related quality of life and psychological well-being. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to prevalence of vitiligo in Saudi population besides, Most common place of first spot of vitiligo, and the relationship between some medical conditions and vitiligo. Methodology: This is an analytical cross-sectional study conducted in kingdom of Saudi Arabia (General population and vitiligo patient) from 04/08/2020 till 22/11/2020. The study was depending on using of online questionnaire assessing demographic factors including age and nationality besides disease-related information: Heart disease, Smoker patient, related risk factors of disease and DM patient. Results: We had received 875 responses of our questionnaire, where the prevalence of vitiligo was 3.5 % where 51.6 % of them were male. Moreover, 51.6 % of them were below 25 years old, 19.4 % were between 25 – 30 years old and 12.9 % were between 31 – 35 years old. Furthermore, most of them were Saudi Arabian (93.5 %).Moreover, most of patients indicated that they were patients with vitiligo for more than 5 years (61.3 %) while the first spot of vitiligo was above eyes (22.6 %), hands (19.4 %), Armpits (12.9 %) and knee (12.9 %) Conclusion:We had found that the prevalence of vitiligo in Saudi Arabia was high than reported by other studies where male are slightly more affected by the diseases and those of younger age. Face and hand are the most common spots of vitiligo. Moreover, smoking, diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders may have effect in increased incidence of vitiligo.

Objective:We attempted toassess the prevalence of malocclusion, in terms of age and gender in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. We also attempted to identify the predominant risk factors for malocclusion and consequences of the same. Methods:A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted. Patients were questioned on heredity, childhood adverse oral habits and feeding habits. Questions pertaining to dental history and current oral health were also asked. Recorded data was analysed using SPSS version 17. Results:Malocclusion was more prevalent in males and below 20 years of age. Tongue thrusting increased the risk of malocclusion by 59%, bottle feeding by 18%, while heredity increased malocclusion risk by 98%. Malocclusion increased the chances of developing dental caries or periodontal disease by 26%, while the risk of dental or facial trauma was increased by 86%. Conclusion: Heredity and tongue thrust habit are the most significant risk factors for malocclusion. Patients with malocclusion are at high risk of developing dental or facial trauma, and are at slight risk of developing caries or periodontal problems.

Background: Hypoesthesia occurs as a result of injuries resulting in injury to the nerve fibres. The causes of injury include direct harm from the needle injections, around the nerve fibres, mechanical injuries resulting in an indirect pressure into the mandibular canal, during the dental surgical procures, as well as the toxicity of the local anaesthetic agents. Methods: This cross-sectional research was conducted by recruiting N=79 adult individuals (>18 years), who had visited the district hospital for acquiring clinical assistance and treatment of facial muscles or nerve-related complications in August 2020. Data collection for this research was carried out by using a specially designed questionnaire, which facilitated in acquiring data related to aetiology of trauma, identification of the hypoesthesia area, as well as the clinical complications experienced by the respondents. The clinical reports of the patients were also collected for analysing the hypoesthesia area. SPSS was utilised for data analysis, and statistical tests were conducted for assessing the risk factors for hypoesthesia after repair of facial fractures. Results: The statistical tests revealed that only a small percentage of the sample population, i.e., (N=9) or 11.8% experienced the facial bone fracture, male respondents had more exposure to the facial bone fractures, as compared to the females (Mean=1.81, SD= 0.397), and the individuals below 25 years of age had high exposure of facial bone fracture (Mean=1.78, SD= 0.428). A significant majority of hypoesthesia cases were at mandible, and orbit region. Conclusion: The dental treatment resulting in nerve manipulation results in nerve elongation, nerve compression, contributing to transient hypoesthesia. Hypoesthesia might also lead to other clinical complications.

Purpose: The study examines the prevalence of Bulimia nervosa in students at King Abdulaziz University in Saudi Arabia.Bulimia nervosaisan eating disorder characterized by consumption of large amounts of food by an individual followed by an attempt such as self-induced vomiting, long periods of exercising, and diuretics to avoid gaining weight. Patients and Method: The study adopted a cross-sectional survey among King Abdulaziz University students in Saudi Arabia. A sample of 499 comprising 357 females and 142 males was randomly selectedparticipants—the age of the sample population aged between 20 to over 55 years. The participants filled questionnaires about eating behavior, smoking, body image, and psychiatrist disorders. The height and weight of the sample population were taken, and their BMI was established. Results: Based on our statistics, the prevalence of bulimia nervosa among the male was 0.3%, and that of the female was 1.4%. Extra observation revealed that those with mild or severe disorders were equally susceptible to depression and mood swing problems. The prevalence of Bulimia nervosa based on ages showed 80/50000 at 10 -30 years and 145/50000 at 31 – 80 years. The clinically prescribed healing period was idealized to be one year. Conclusion:The results show a comparatively high rate of BN among young people aged between 20 and 25, as reflected among King Abdulaziz University students in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, there is a need to increase public awareness about BN and other eating disorders in Saudi Arabia.

Introduction: The apical periodontitis possesses an association with the increased inflammatory markers levels, which contribute to the systematic immune response, leading towards systematic inflammation. The endodontic infections were reported to contribute to the CVD via the metastatic pathways however, there is a requirement to analyse the impact of endodontic infections on the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular disease. Aim:This research aims to assess the impact of endodontic infections on the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular disease. Material andMethod:This research was conducted using a cross-sectional research design by recruiting N=120 inpatients and outpatients visiting the healthcare organisation located in Saudi Arabia. Results:The endodontic infections are likely to increase the overall inflammatory burden, which might increase the risk of CVD among the individuals. Due to the multifactorial aetiology of CVD, the oral diseases are perceived to possess associated with the CVD. Thestatistical analysis revealed that there is no association between the presence of the lesion of endodontic origin and cardiovascular diseases. Conclusion:There is no association between the presence of the lesion of endodontic origin and cardiovascular diseases.

Introduction: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a relatively common and severe complication of SCI and an independent risk factor for mortality. Sickle cell disease is considered one of the most common diseases in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. When a healthy disease related to cardiovascular health is highlighted, sickle cell anemia may be the most common and related disease in high pulmonary pressure. In this study, we aimed in this study to determine prevalence of PHTN in SCA patient, and associated risk factors with it. Methodology: This is an analytical cross-sectional study conducted in kingdom of Saudi Arabia (General population, SCA patient and CVD patient), from 29/7/2020 till 15/11/2020. The study was depending on online self-reported questionnaire that included assessing the demographic factors as gender, nationality besides, disease-related information: SCA patient , CVD patient and DM patient. Results: we received 794 responses to our questionnaire where 93.5 % of them were Saudi Arabian. The prevalence of sickle cell anemia is 8.8 %. Male represented 29.8 % of patients while female represented 52.2 % of patients. In SCA patients, the prevalence of PHTN was 31.8 %. Moreover, it was found that having cardiac disease is considered a risk factor for developing PHTN where 37.7 % of patients having cardiac disease had PHTN compared with 6.2 % of health patients (OD: 9.16, 95 % CI: 5.5479 to 15.13, P=0.000) while diabetes mellitus increase risk for developing PHTN by more than seven fold (OD: 7.6, 95 % CI 4.7175 to 12.4, P=0.000) and disorder of nervous system by 12 folds (OD: 12.7 95 % CI: 7.6658 to 21.09, P=0.000). Conclusion: we had found that the prevalence if SCA among Saudi Arabia is 8.8 % with a higher prevalence in female than male. Moreover, the prevalence of PHTN in SCA patients was high about 31.8 % which is much higher than its prevalence in normal individuals. Moreover, it was found that having cardiac disease is considered a risk factor for developing PHTN besides, having diabetic condition and disorder of nervous system which increased risk for developing PHTN in SCA by nine, seven and 12-fold respectively.

Background:Over last few decades, obesity has become a serious point of concern. The prevalence rate is continuously rising both in the developed and developing countries. Obesity not only has phycological effect on the individuals but is also associated with an increased risk of developing range of metabolic, cardiovascular, and liver disorders. Objective:The objective of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of obesity in children and the type of diseases associated with it. Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between July to September, 2020. The target audience was the parents of children who were overweight.The questionnaire was designed to primarily gather information related to socio-demographic characteristics and correlation of obesity with the diseases. The questionnaire comprised of total number of 14 questions. The responses were recorded and evaluated through the application of scientific algorithms. Results and Discussions:It was established, that out of the total sample size of 346, around 38% of children were obese and were suffering rom associated comorbid diseases, ranging from anxiety, depression, eating disorder, social isolation, lower education attainment, asthma, constipation, flat feet, backpain, Type 1 and 2 diabetes and precocious puberty. Conclusion:The study presented a worrisome situation of escalating trends of obesity prevalence in children, along with the associated non- communicable diseases. There is need to introduce awareness campaigns along with the measures to promote people to adopt the healthy lifestyles.

Objectives: To assess the prevalence and awareness of dental problems during pregnancy, and to ascertain the risk factors that lead to dental problems in pregnancy. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted. Patients who were currently pregnant or had been pregnant were selected, and questioned on the frequency and type of dental problems during pregnancy, treatment availed and systemic problems. Recorded data was analysed using SPSS version 17. Results: A total of 64.5% of patients experienced dental problems during pregnancy. Dental caries was the most frequent problem (50.7%), followed by gingivitis (48.4%). Only 14% of patients availed dental treatment. Presence of systemic diseases and low oral hygiene scores were associated with significantly higher incidence of dental problems. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that several pregnant women experience dental problems during pregnancy, however, many perceive that they have normal to good oral hygiene. Low oral hygiene status and systemic problems were more significantly associated with dental problems during pregnancy.

Osteoporosis is a common public health challenge globally but the relative contribution of variousrisk factors for osteoporosis in Saudi Arabia is not well established. We conducted this study to determine the prevalence of risk factors for osteoporosis among females aged 35 years and above in Saudi Arabia. We performed a descriptive cross-sectional study with a sample size of 2070 and determined the prevalence of risk factors as percentages of the total sample size. We foundthat vitamin D deficiency is the major modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis in Saudi Arabia followed by cigarette smoking. Autoimmune and endocrine diseases were also not uncommon. Our results therefore suggest for the strengthening of measures to prevent vitamin D deficiency, reduce corticosteroid-related osteoporosis and curb cigarette smoking.

Epigastric pulsation is feeling of pulsation between the xiphoid process and the umbilicus. It can be found normally in population (especially in thin lean people) or abnormally as a sign or a symptom of other diseases, such as heart, liver, and aortic disease. This descriptive study, using a questionnaire, assesses the prevalence of epigastric pulsation among 878-case sample, the association with other diseases especially DM, smoking history and obesity. Prevalence was 51.7%. Most common disease to be associated with epigastric pulsation is gastrointestinal disease. No association was found with DM. Positive association was found between smoking history and BMI, and the feeling of epigastric pulsation.

Among most medical staff, Smoking is very common and, in this research, we aim To Determine awareness of smoking in medical staff, smoking differences between gender and nationality in KSA. Then we overviewed the rates of smoking in different age groups in the general population. We want also to know the connection of this awareness to smoking or quitting, which may cause future plans that provide for the shedding of light on psychological treatment and mental persuasion to help quit smoking. These study participants were Medical workers from Saudi Arabia and the results may not be applied to different sittings due to differences in facilities and work conditions. Conclusion: It is evident through the results that smoking is very common among doctors, especially men, and smoking is more common among people over 55 years of age than others. In addition to these negatives, most of the sample is aware of the negative aspects of smoking and its risks in the future, but the majority of them still smoke.

Among most Medical staff the orthopaedic complaint is very common and, in this research, we focused on the overall Prevalence of orthopaedic disorders among Medical workers, orthopaedic conditions differences between genders and educational levels. Then we overviewed the rates of orthopaedic diseases in different age groups in the general population. These study participants were Medical workers from Saudi Arabia and the results may not be applied to different sittings due to differences in facilities and work conditions.