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China’s healthcare reform aims to provide affordable and equitable basic healthcare for all by 2020. Access to medicines is an essential part of the healthcare. The efforts of promoting access to medicines have been moving from meeting the needs of the basic healthcare, towards increasingly dedicated resources to offer breakthrough therapies. Looking at access to novel medicines from a health system perspective, and placing the changes China has made into that system context, this paper makes a comprehensive review of the progress of access to novel medicines in China. The review drew on two sources of information, which included desk review of published and grey literature, and key informant interview. Five hurdles were identified which create barriers of access to novel medicines, ranging from regulation and financing of medicines, intellectually property rights protection, and development of innovation capacity, to other health system components. Multiple policies have been implementing in China to remove the multiple access barriers gradually. Universal access to medicines has been moving from towards the basic common conditions to the world breakthrough technologies. We see cause for optimism, but recognize that there is a long way to go. Achieving broader and better access to modern medicines for Chinese patients will require multiple and coordinated government efforts, which would need to target the whole lifecycle regulation of novel medicines with a health system perspective, from balancing IP protection, strengthening R&D and public health, to appropriate regulatory approach and financing mechanism, and to supply chain management, as well as smart use.

Yifan Diao,1 Mingshuang Li,1 Zhiran Huang,1 Jing Sun,1 Yoke Ling Chee,2 Yunali Liu1 1School of Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, People’s Republic of China; 2Third World Network, George Town 10400, Penang, MalaysiaCorrespondence: Jing Sun; Yunali LiuSchool of Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dongdansantiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, People’s Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +86-10-65105537Email sunjing@sph.pumc.edu.cn; yliu@pumc.edu.cnAbstract: China’s healthcare reform aims to provide affordable and equitable basic healthcare for all by 2020. Access to medicines is an essential part of the healthcare. The efforts of promoting access to medicines have been moving from meeting the needs of the basic healthcare, towards increasingly dedicated resources to offer breakthrough therapies. Looking at access to novel medicines from a health system perspective, and placing the changes China has made into that system context, this paper makes a comprehensive review of the progress of access to novel medicines in China. The review drew on two sources of information, which included desk review of published and grey literature, and key informant interview. Five hurdles were identified which create barriers of access to novel medicines, ranging from regulation and financing of medicines, intellectually property rights protection, and development of innovation capacity, to other health system components. Multiple policies have been implementing in China to remove the multiple access barriers gradually. Universal access to medicines has been moving from towards the basic common conditions to the world breakthrough technologies. We see cause for optimism, but recognize that there is a long way to go. Achieving broader and better access to modern medicines for Chinese patients will require multiple and coordinated government efforts, which would need to target the whole lifecycle regulation of novel medicines with a health system perspective, from balancing IP protection, strengthening R&D and public health, to appropriate regulatory approach and financing mechanism, and to supply chain management, as well as smart use.Keywords: access to novel medicines, regulatory, affordability, IP, R&D, health system

In order to solve the problem of selecting lunar soft landing spot, this study doped out a solution to the problem. Collect images of the lunar surface and analyze them. According to the fact that the speed and accuracy of selecting lunar soft landing spot are highly required in the field of aviation, this study proposed circle pit recognition method based on Multi-level de-noising Hough transform. In this method, do halved sampling process repeatedly on the original images in order to get a set of variable resolution image of pyramid like. Search the circle pit position in the lowest resolution image roughly. And then refine soft landing point in the high resolution images in order to get the lunar circle pit position accurately. Do experiments using the images of the lunar surface which were collected by Chang 'e-3. What's more, selecting the appropriate landing point selection mechanism to select a soft landing point and verify results. After doing all of these, compare this method with five kinds of traditional methods. The experimental results shows the method which is proposed in this study effectively improves the speed and accuracy of Hough transform circle detection, with strong robustness and high efficiency, so as to improve the speed and accuracy of selected lunar soft landing point.