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Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae can be defined as one of the clinically relevant pathogens that is a common cause of community-acquired and hospital-acquired urinary tract infections (UTI). Objective: The current study was conducted to investigate most common members of 5 classes of efflux pumps among K. Pneumonia isolates. Methodology: K. Pneumonia isolates was diagnosed on EMB and confirmed by tyrB gene. Antibiotic susceptibility test has been done based on the CLSI-2019. Efflux pumps genes were examined via PCR. Results: All isolates were high resist to ceftazidime, Amoxicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, Cefixime, cefepime, streptomycin and trimethoprime. Moderate resistance were showed to nitrofurantion, Aztreonam, Kanamycin, Cefoxitin, Gentamycine and Tobramycine. Low resistance was exhibited to Ciprofloxacine, Azithromycin, Doxycycline, piperacillin, Nalidixic acid, Imipenem and Amikacine. High sensitivity were exploited to Levofloxacine, ofloxacine, Meropenem and Netilamicin Concern antibiotic resistance patterns PDR, XDR and MDR), the results revealed that (10%) isolates were non-MDR while MDR compile (90%). Results of molecular investigation of efflux pumps in K pneumonia revealed that, AcrAB-TolC, AcrAD-TolC and AcrFE-TolC genes, EmrAB-TolC, EmrD and MdfA, EmrE, YnfA and TehA, MacAB-TolC and MdlAB-TolC, MdtK and DinF) genes were investigated for K. pneumoniae. Results of biofilm formation revealed that 100% were biofilm former (40% weak biofilm, 44% moderate and 16% strong biofilm former). Conclusion: The study concludes that, all efflux pumps may be highly associated with resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins and moderately with streptomycin, trimethoprime, nitrofuraniton, Aztreonam, Kanamycin. Additionally, biofilm formation was highly related to presence of studied pumps.

Objective Silybin and curcumin have potential antimicrobial effects. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic antimicrobial effects of silybin and curcumin on virulence and carbapenemase genes expression among multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella oxytoca. Results A total of 70 MDR K. oxytoca (carrying blaIMP and blaOXA-48-like genes) were included. The antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm production of isolates were determined. The silybin and curcumin at concentrations 10–500 mg/mL alone and in combination were exposed to bacterial isolates in Mueller Hinton broth medium for 24 h. The expression of blaIMP, blaOXA-48-like, mrkA, pilQ, matB and fimA genes was evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The mean minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of curcumin and silybin were 250 mg/mL and 500 mg/mL, respectively. The anti-virulent effect of 100 mg/mL of silybin and curcumin was shown by significant reduction in the expression of fimA (2.1-fold, P mrkA (2.1 fold, P blaIMP1 (3.2-fold, P pilQ, matB and blaOXA-48-like genes. The results showed that silybin and curcumin can be candidate as natural way for control the MDR virulent strains of K. oxytoca.

There is scarce information about the occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) inTo study the antimicrobial resistance and ESBL encoding genes amongA total of 27This study showed the emergence of ESBL-harboring

Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the opportunistic bacteria firstly related with the hospital acquired infection influencing primarily to weakening the patient in the ICU. It is sometimes transferred to the patient by transient colonization of hands of the workers of healthcare, and persistence on eco-surfaces. Acinetobacter baumannii inhalation aerosolized through endo-tracheal suctioning of the ventilated patient is widespread among ventilator-related pneumonia (VAP). It is infections mainly associated with ventilator-related pneumonia (VAP), community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), invasive bacterial infections (IBIs) and UTI (urinary tract infection). It is one of the prominent uropathogens problematic with antibiotic resistance especially carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB). Their colonization of urinary tract and establishment of infection may attributed mainly to set of virulence factors like: Acinetobactin-assisted iron acquisition system, Bap (biofilm-related protein), phospholipase D, Ata (Acinetobacter trimeric autotransporter), chaperone-usher type pilus (Csu), OmpA (outer membrane protein A), and Plasminogen-binding protein (CipA). The common drugs used for treatment Acinetobacter baumannii infections involve polymyxins, glycylcyclines, tetracyclines, mono-bactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, antipseudomonal carbapenems, antipseudomonal cephalosporins, and sulbactam. The rates of MDR isolation or also comprehensively the resistant Acinetobacter baumannii are significantly increased and so the combination of two or more (colistin, tigecycline, or colistin-rifampicin combination therapy) drugs is sometimes used to treat infections of MDR-AB. As a conclusion the Acinetobacter baumannii engagement in urinary tract infections attributed mainly to their adhesins, invasins and intrinsic antibiotic resistance.

Mitochondrial DNA is an important tool for human identification and is used to differentiate between human and animal blood at the crime scene, because in extreme conditions nuclear DNA is severely destroyed while Mitochondrial DNA contains multiple copies (200–2000) per cell and resists harsh and more stable conditions. Seventy-two blood samples were collected from humans (Homo sapiens), sheep (Ovis aries), goats (Capra hircus), and cows (Bos taurus) (18 blood samples for each). All blood samples were withdrawn by a technician and 5 ml were aspirated using an aseptic technique and transferred to EDTA-Na2 tubes. They were mixed well and stored in a refrigerator. The collection took 2 weeks (May 15, 2019–May 30, 2019). All samples were collected from Al-Diwanyia city. The results of PCR testing revealed that the primer pairs were specific and non-specific products did not appear for all samples. The amplification of Homo sapiens mitochondrial DNA with primer pairs of other (Ovis aries, Capra hircus, and Bos taurus) and amplification of each with primer pairs of another genus gave negative results, and this is primary evidence for primer pair specificity. The amplicon of 16S rRNA gene of Homo sapiens was 1200 bp, Ovis aries was 1060 bp, Capra hircus was 820 bp, and Bos taurus was 1300 bp. The sequencing revealed that no cross-reactivity of designed primer pairs and the PCR assay based on the designed primer pairs will be simple, fast, sensitive, specific, and cost-effective. There is sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in the designed species-specific primer pairs and applicability of the designed primer pairs in forensics to investigate blood spots or evidence belonging for human, sheep, goat, and cow.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and aerobic vaginitis (AV) and their associated risk factors among pregnant women from Ethiopia. Also, this study investigated the bacterial pathogens and their antibiotic resistance in AV cases. A total of 422 pregnant women from northern Ethiopia were participated in this study. Socio-demographic and clinical data were recorded. Vaginal swabs were collected and used for wet mount and Gram stain methods to evaluate the AV and BV scores according to the Nugent’s and Donder’s criteria, respectively. In AV cases the bacterial pathogens and their antibiotic resistance were determined using standard methods. The possible risk factors for AV and BV in pregnant women were investigated. The prevalence rates of BV and AV were 20.1% (85/422) and 8.1% (34/422), respectively. BV was more common in symptomatic vs. asymptomatic people (P< 0.001), and in second trimester vs. first trimester samples (P= 0.042). However, AV was more common in secondary school vs. primary and those who were unable to read and write (P= 0.021) and in housewife women vs. employee (P= 0.013). A total of 44 bacterial strains were isolated from AV cases, of which the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (38.6%) andStaphylococcus aureus(29.5%) were the most predominant bacteria, respectively. The highest resistance rate was observed against penicillin (100.0%) in staphylococci, while 86.7% of them were sensitive to ciprofloxacin. The resistance rate ofEnterobacteriaceaeranged from 0.0% for ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol to 100.0% against amoxicillin/clavulanate. The prevalence of BV was higher than AV in pregnant women. This higher prevalence of BV suggests that measures should be taken to reduce the undesired consequences related to BV in the pregnancy. The circulation of drug-resistant bacteria in vaginal infections requires a global surveillance to reduce the risks to pregnant mothers and infants.

The present study was carried out during February to May 2018 in Baghdad hospitals. A sample of urine has been collected from fifty patients with an infection in their urinary tract (UTIs) of both sexes and different ages. Bacteriological investigation of urine samples from UTIs patients is made to isolate and diagnose Proteus mirabilis bacterium. In addition, the study detects the phenotypic and genetic characteristic of Proteus mirabilis α-hemolysin activity. Moreover, for the study to prove its hypothesis, a molecular detection has been carried out utilizing specific primer to hpmB gene which encodes α-Hemolysin as a factor of virulence of Proteus mirabilis through the use of PCR. The results show that 7(%100) of isolates are positive for hpmB at 422 bp. Two isolates of P. mirabilis are sequenced as hpmB genes. The ratio of identity of the hpmB genes with the CP017085.1 and CP020052.1 stains at NCBI global databases copmrised 100%, 99% respectively.

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci(VRE) were common among Enterococcus. faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Teicoplanin resistance or sensitivity can determine the VRE phenotypes whether VanA (VanR/TecR) or VanB (VanR/TecS). Linezolid resistance among VRE regards an newly emerged health problem. Infection with LRVRE or TRLRVRE pushan hazardous alert for hard to heal illness. Twenty eight Enterococcus spp. isolates were recovered from children diarrhea after their inoculation on m-EI chromogenic agar. Antibiotics susceptibility and phenotypic detection of antibiotics resistance were performed according to CLSI 2016. The results revealed 92.86% resistance to rifampin, 85.71% to erythromycin. VRE were 46.42%, TRE were 25% and LRE were 35.71% while co-existed resistance for Vancomycin/Teicoplanin/Linezolid(TRLRVRE) were detected 25% in. concern antibiotics resistant patterns, the MDR compile (85.7%) while XDR compile (10.7%) and there is no PDR among Enterococcus. spp. isolates were PDR. The presentstudy conclude that VanA and VanB phenotypes were common among MDR and XDR and although there is no using of linezolid but the emergence of TRLRVRE isolates were stated.

Background Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae represent the most relevant reservoir of resistance genes such as metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) and AmpC genes that give them the undue advantage to resist antimicrobial onslaught. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of MBL (blaIMP-1, blaIMP-2, blaVIM-1, blaVIM-2) and AmpC (blaFOX, blaDHA, blaCMY, blaACC) resistance genes in aforementioned GNB collected from abattoir and poultry sources in Nigeria. Results In total, 370 isolates were collected from abattoir tables (n = 130), anal region of cows (n = 120), and the cloacae of poultry birds (n = 120). The test isolates showed high rate of resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems. The MBLs were phenotypically detected in 22 E. coli, 22 P. aeruginosa, and 18 K. pneumoniae isolates using combined disc test (CDT). However, only 11 E. coli, 24 P. aeruginosa, and 18 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were phenotypically confirmed to be AmpC producers using cefoxitin-cloxacillin double disk synergy test (CC-DDST). MBL encoding genes (particularly the blaIMP-1 genes and blaIMP-2 genes) were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 12 (54.6%) E. coli, 15 (83.3%) K. pneumoniae, and 16 (72.7%) P. aeruginosa isolates. AmpC genes (particularly the blaCMY genes and blaFOX genes) were found in a total of 5 (29.4%) E. coli isolates, 5 (27.8%) isolates of K. pneumoniae, and 10 (41.7%) isolates of P. aeruginosa. Conclusions Our study showed the circulation of MBL and AmpC genes in GNB from abattoir and poultry origin in Nigeria. Adoption of regular control policies is necessary to reduce the spread of these species as soon as possible, especially in poultry and slaughterhouses.

S. Typhi is an enteric bacillus which belongs,to the genus Salmonella in the family Enterobacteriacaea and it is a multi–organs pathogen which inhibits the lymphatic tissues of the small intestine, liver, spleen, and blood stream of infected humans. S. Typhi has a mixture of features that make it an efficient pathogen. This species contains an endotoxin that is characteristic of Gram-negative organisms, as well as the virulence-enhancing Vi antigen. Many of the S. Typhi virulence factors are clustered in some areas of the chromosome known as Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPI), such as adhesion, invasion, and toxin genes. A protein known as invasin that permits non-phagocytic cells is also produced and excreted by the bacterium., Where it is capable of intracellular living. The oxidative burst of leukocytes may also be inhibited, making innate immune reaction ineffective.

Hepatitis B can be defined as one of the dangerous diseases caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which infects the liver and causes liver failure, cirrhosis, and death.This study aimed to evaluate the D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), and autoantibodies markers among HBV-infected patients in Babylon province, Iraq, compared to a healthy control group.In this cross-sectional study, all patients referred to GIT and liver centers in Merjan Medical City, Babylon, Iraq from January 2016 to January 2018 were screened for HBV infection by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Antinuclear antibody (ANA), dsDNA, D-dimer, and CRP markers were examined using fluorescence technique in randomly selected patients and some healthy individuals as control group. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS program.In this study, 424 HBV patients from different areas of Babylon province, Iraq were enrolled. A total of 40 patients and 15 healthy participants were selected for evaluation of D-dimer, CRP, ANA, and dsDNA levels. The results of the distribution of HBV-infected patient by gender per area revealed that males accounted for a higher percentage than females in all parts of Babylon provinces. Also, a highly significant increase in serum levels was observed in the patients compared to the control subjects for all the studied parameters D-dimer, ANA, dsDNA, and CRP. Overall, 5.5% of HBV patients (3/40) had a positive ANA titer. None of the HBV patients had a positive dsDNA titer.This study showed that, HBV-infected patients had elevated levels of D-dimer and CRP compared to the control group. Also, the seropositivity titers of ANA and anti-dsDNA autoantibodies were low in Iraqi HBV patients.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is Gram negative bacteria that can adapt to extreme environmental conditions and withstand to different antibacterial agents. It si responsible for arrays of infections both community and hospital acquired especially ICU infections. Respiratory tract infection, blood stream infection, wound infection, burn infection, and urinary tract infections ware top five P. aeruginosa infections. Additionally as an opportunistic bacteria, it may be associated with healthcare infections in intensive care units (ICUs), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), central line-associated blood stream infections, surgical site infections, otitis media, and keratitis. P. aeruginosa can form biofilms as self-produced extracellular matrix to protects the cells from antibiotics and the host immune response. Antibiotic resistance was an prominent feature of this pathogen and can donate it one of the three resistance patterns: Multidrug (MDR), extensive drug (XDR) and pan drug resistance. It exploit many resistance mechanisms ranged from overexpression of drug efflux systems protein, modifying enzyme production, reducing the permeability and using shelters like biofilms.

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is the most oldest edible oil, extracted from fresh and mature kernel using wetor dry methods, therefor the resulting oil is a pure, clear, and colorless with a scent of fresh coconut, thesecharacteristics make VCO has the preferableness in medical and health applications, over refining coconutoil (RCO) that is extract from kernel of coconut after drying by methods makes the oil refining, bleaching anddeodorizing. In spite of that, the chemical compositions particularly the fatty acids in both VCO and RCOare the same with no significant difference. MCFAs which are classified as MCTs, are the basic componentsin both VCO and RCO, these MCFAs particularly lauric acid (LA) following by capric and caprylic acidsplaying a great role in antimicrobial activity of coconut oil, therefor the extraction of these fatty acids areshow more antibacterial activity on pathogenic bacteria more than lipolyzed VCO or VCO itself that maynot show inhibition effect. Gram positive bacteria is more sensitive than gram negative one towards LAand other fatty acids, therefor these fatty acids at high concentrations showed inhibition effect on gramnegative bacteria, while at low concentration showed resistance. This study attempts to review the chemicalcomponents in both VCO and RCO based on their extraction methods, also the antibacterial activity andthe mechanism of action, also suggests that RCO has the same effect as antibacterial as VCO based on theirchemical compositions.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the second most common bacterial infection and important public health problem of human among all age groups from neonate to geriatric. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) accounts for approximately 85% of community acquired UTIs and 50% of hospital acquired UTIs. The current study aimed to investigate dominant CTX-M genotypes among local UPEC isolated from patients with cystitis. Phenotypic detection of Cefotaxime-Resistant Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (CRUPEC) were performed by KirbyBauer disk diffusion method (CLSI 2016). The DNA were extracted and investigation of four resistance genes blaCTX-M by a multiplex PCR assay using specific primer pairs. The results of phylogenetic subgrouping of UPEC using multiplex PCR to detect chuA (279bp), yjaA (211bp) and TspE4.C2 (152bp) revealed that among 56 CRUPEC 47(83.93%) were ExPEC (37(66.07%) for B23 , 6(10.72%) for B22 , 3(5.36%) for D1 and 1(1.78%) for D2). InPEC compile 9(16.07%). Genotypic investigation of cefotaxime resistance among 56 CRUPEC were performed using specific four primer pairs to detect the genotypes of blaCTX-M clusters (I, II, III and IV). Among 65 CRUPEC, 36 (64.28%) were positive for for blaCTX-MI, 38(67.85%) for blaCTX-MII 26(46.43%) for blaCTX-MIII and 18(32.14%) for blaCTX-MIV (Figure 9). Concern possessing of isolates for more than one blaCTX-M genotypes were also reported in this study. Our results revealed that blaCTX-M were present in 50 (89.29%) of CRUPEC. Co-existence of more than on genotypes were reported in 38(67.86%). The results displayed that 40(80%) of blaCTX-M positive CRUPEC were belong to group B2, 4(8%) for group D, 3(6%) for group A and 3(6%) for group B1. The current study conclude the presence of blaCTX-M clusters (I, II, III, IV) as a main mechanisim or cefotaxime resistance among CRUPEC and coexistance of multible cluters within same isolates that may leads to emergence of new hybrides of blaCTX-M.

Wound infections regards one of the most common infections encountered in hospital records. Pseudomonas aeruginosa regard the 3rd common pathogen among healthcare-related infections. Their ability to adapt to different conditions and presence of pool of virulence factors may render their infections delay in healing. During a period of six months 114 wound swabs were collected and inoculated on Pseudomonas chromogenic agar and then Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated confirmed by PCR using specific primer for 16S rDNA gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Molecular investigation of some virulence factor like ExoA, OprL, OprI, LasI and LasB were performed using a sets of specific primer pairs. The results revealed that only 26 (22.8%) isolates were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the coexistence of more than one virulence factors within the same isolates was also recorder. OprI and LasB were most common followed by LasI, ExoA and OprL. Occurrence of virulence factor genes were 12(46.15%) for exoA, oprL was 11(42.3%), oprI was 22(84.61%), lasI was 14(53.84%) and lasB was 18(69.23%). Results of this study can lead us to conclude that P. aeruginosa have an arrays of virulence traits via which can adapt to different conditions and so cause a wide-ranging of hard to cured infections and the delay in healing and worseness degree may be attributed to owning multivirulence factors.

The spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli has increased in different environments. This study aimed to evaluate the patterns of antibiotic resistance and ESBL genes among E. coli isolates collected from wastewater and recipient surface water in South Africa. Fifteen samples containing nine wastewater and six river water samples were collected from a local wastewater treatment plant. The E. coli isolates were detected using standard microbiology methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using disc diffusion agar. The occurrence of blaCTX-M, blaSHV and blaTEM ESBL genes was investigated by PCR. Exactly 140 isolates were selected from the primary enumeration plates with a log10 CFU/mL count that ranged from 4.1 to 4.2 (influent), 4.2 to 4.5 (biofilter) and 2.5 to 3.3 (effluent). The wastewater effluent showed an impact on the receiving water environment, as the treatment efficiency was 92% and the downstream log10 CFU/mL count (range, 3.6–3.8 log10 CFU/mL) was higher than the upstream count (range, 3.3–3.6 log10 CFU/mL). Antibiotic testing results showed that 40% to 100% of E. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline and cefotaxime but susceptible to imipenem, meropenem and ciprofloxacin. A total of 40 studied isolates (28.6%) had both the blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes, while no blaSHV was detected. The wastewater treatment plants contributed multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing E. coli isolates that can be potential environmental health risks. Regular monitoring policies are recommended to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance in the region.

Introduction The growing resistance to antibiotics and the complexity of defeating multi-drug resistant bacteria have led to an increase in the search for novel and effective antimicrobials from various plants. This study aimed to determine the bioactive contents of Auricularia auricular-judae mushroom and evaluate the antimicrobial potential of its protein extract against some selected human bacterial and fungal pathogens which could serve as a lead to the discovery of new antimicrobial agents. Methods The constituents of the A. auricular-judae were evaluated by standard phytochemical analysis methods. The agar well diffusion, micro-broth dilution, and time-kill kinetic assays were used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, yeast (Candida albicans), and dermatophytic pathogens. Results The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of carbohydrate (43.15 %; 38.30 %) proteins (23.75 %; 23.75 %), flavonoids (1.20 %; 0.80 %), alkaloids (0.60 %; 1.00 %), saponin (6.00 %; 2.40 %), tannin (1.65 %; 1.57 %), cyanide (0.24 %; 0.40 %), ash (12.40 %; 10.40 %), moisture (6.00 %;6.00 %), lipids(6.00 %;6.00 %), and fiber (8.70 %; 6.45 %) for the Tris buffer and warm aqueous extracts, respectively. The Tris and warm aqueous protein extracts showed antimicrobial effects toward all the human bacterial pathogens and two fungal isolates. Conclusions This study revealed the potential ability of A. auricula-judae for use as a herbal antimicrobial in the treatment of human bacterial and fungal pathogens.

Background: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with growth factor-like properties for monocytes and dendritic cells. Methods: Study subjects were recruited from the hospital in Hilla city. Healthy controls (n=15) and D.M. patients (n=35) were included in the study. Serum levels of GM-CSF and Anti-Insulin Antibody (AIA) measured by using ELISA technique. Results: The serum GM-CSF levels were significantly higher among diabetes subjects as compared with subjects without diabetes and results showed a high significant in serum AIA and glucose levels in patient as compare with control (p=0.009, P=0.001). The serum GM-CSF levels were increased in age group (45-54 years) shows the higher percent (42.85%) of patients with diabetes, with decreased of AIA and GM-CSF level rather than other age groups. Conclusions: There is indirect relationship between AIA and GM-CSF level and that is mean increased AIA and glucose level reflect the reduced GM-CSF level among the diabetic patients may be used as biomarker or use GM-CSF as co-therapy with insulin.

6-chloro-5-((4-chlorophenyl) diazenyl) pyrimidine-2, 4-diamine and 4-chloro-6-methoxy-N,Ndimethylpyrimidin-2-amine has been used as precursors for the synthesis of new pyrimidine derivatives, employing Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. Thus, treatment of pyrimidine derivative with various arylboronic acids in the presence of palladium tetraacetate, PhP3 and Na2CO3 in refluxing n-propanol afforded the target compounds. The synthesis was supported by spectroanalytical techniques. The synthesized compounds have been screened for their inhibitory activity against some microbial, the results were showed that among gram positive isolates only (1/10) isolates of S. aureus and (3/10) isolates of S. saprophyticaus were sensitive for compound 13, while (1/10) isolates of S. aureus and (1/10) isolates of S.saprophyticaus were sensitive for compound 4. All isolates of S. pyogenes were resisting to all compounds, among gram negative bacterial isolates only (2/10) isolates of E. coli and (1/10) isolates of K. pneumoniae were sensitive to compound 4. Concerning the antifungal effects of compounds 3, 4, 5, 13, 14, 15 the results revealed that, all C. albicans and C. glabrata isolate were resist these compounds.

Genital mycoplasmas are opportunistic pathogens that may cause complications during pregnancy. The resistance of mycoplasmas to routine antimicrobials is widespread and increasing. We aimed to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of mycoplasmas and to detect a possible link between the diagnosis of mycoplasmas and the cessation of pregnancy. The detection and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum were evaluated using the Mycoplasma IES Plus Kit. This study was performed with 56 patients who had abnormal vaginal discharge and who attended an antenatal clinic at the Al Hilla General Teaching Hospital in Babylon Province, Iraq. The groups were divided as follows: 35 patients had a spontaneous abortion, and 21 patients had a pregnancy that went to full-term. Mycoplasmas were detected in 89.3% (50/56) of patients. Of these women infected with M. hominis and/or U. urealyticum, 62.5% (35/56) had a spontaneous abortion, and 26.8% (15/56) delivered a live foetus. The susceptibility rates of M. hominis and U. urealyticum to clindamycin were 20% and 13%, respectively. Mixed isolates (M. hominis and U. urealyticum) had a higher resistance to most of the antibacterial agents in comparison to the resistance of either M. hominis or U. urealyticum alone. To prevent complications during pregnancy, the data on local antimicrobial susceptibility patterns needs to be updated; this will assist the decision-making groups in choosing the best treatment strategies for patients with these infections.

Objective: Tuberculosis (TB) is the threatful infectious disease that dwell about one third of worlds. Among Middle East, Iraq occupy the fifth order country endemic with TB. Methodology: Six mixtures of Argan oil: 1.5% H2O2 were prepared at different ratio: 1=0.75:9.25, 2=1:9, 3=1.5:8.5, 4=2:8, 5=2.5:7.5, 6=3:7 and mixed with Lowenstein-Jensen (L-J) medium. Seventeen Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates got from the consultants clinic of respiratory and thoracic diseases in Hilla city-Iraq. All isolates cultured on LJ medium containing the mixture of Argan oil: 1.5% H2O2 in different ratio and control tube (LJ without mixture) also used. The growth monitored per a day and recorded at different interval and the inhibition (no growth) were recorded. Results: The effect of Argan oil: 1.5% H2O2 mixture on the Mycobacterium tuberculosis were investigated over three incubation intervals (14th -20th, 21st -28th and after 29th day). The results revealed the high Argan concentration mixture 2.5:7.5 and 3:7 give excellent inhibitory effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis during full periods of incubation with inhibition percentage (64.71%-82.35%). Conclusion: The current study aims to investigate the effects of argan oil on Mycobacterium tuberculosis and conclude the anti-mycobacterial activity of argan oil as a safe medication for prophylaxis and treatment of TB.

The burn and wound infection is considered one of the major health problems in the world, and one of the most frequent and severe complications in patients who have sustained burn. P. aeruginosa is a common cause of wound infections, especially of thermal burns, this is because burns have large exposed areas of dead tissue free of any defenses and, therefore, are ideal sites for infection by bacteria from the environment or normal microbiota. To assess Antibacterial effect Different concentrations of both Argan Oil (which was fetched from Maraco Kingdom) and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2). Bacterial isolates obtained from the Central Laboratory in Hilla City, Iraq. was preliminary diagnosed in this Lab. as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the causative agents of skin and burns infections and the more resistant bacteria to antibiotics. Those isolates were reidentified in our Lab. for confirmation. The test bacterial isolates were treated with; H2O2 (1.5%) alone, Argan oil alone and with physiological saline as a control (by using the wells in agar method). No effect on bacterial activities and vitality were observed in this experiment. Argan oil and H2O2(1.5%) were combined together to form compounds in a rate of 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2 respectively. The results of this experiment revealed considerable effects on test organisms since the diameter of inhibition zones recorded as high as 23.82mm., 24.57mm. and 23.05mm. These effective of Argan oil Mixing with 1.5% H2O2 on P. aeruginosa burn isolates show remarkable results when compared to highly active antibiotics like Amikacin, Tobramycin, Ceftazidime, Aztreonam, Norfloxacin and Gentamycin.