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The analytical method of silicon dioxide (SiO2) in health functional food products was developed employing inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) method assisted by acid (hydrofluoric acid and boric acid) digestion in open system without alkali fusion. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of this method were found to be 0.07 and 0.20 mg/L, respectively. Linearity (r 2) and linear range were 0.99 and 0.20~20.0 mg/L, respectively. The accuracy and precision of SiO2 (0.4, 1.0, and 2.0%, w/w) in spiked glucosamine exhibited to be the range of 90.22~94.14% and 0.72~1.67%, respectively. The contents of SiO2 in 11 health functional food products were detected in range of 0.02~1.80% (w/w). Every sample showed below content of the permitted use level (2%, w/w) of SiO2. Therefore ICP-OES method with acid can analyze the content of SiO2 in health functional food products easily and rapidly. Consequently, the application of specification analysis of SiO2 in health functional food products could be a significant work.

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Polycrystalline Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped CaMoO4 (CaMoO4:Er3+/Yb3+) film was successfully fabricated by a spray coating method. Crystal structure, surface morphology and upconversion (UC) luminescent properties were investigated. Under 980-nm excitation, CaMoO4:Er3+/Yb3+ film exhibited strong green UC emissions at 530 and 550 nm (2H,11/2 --> 4S3/2 - 4I15/2) visible to the naked eye with a weak red emission near 660 nm (4F9/2 --> 4I15/2) corresponding to the intra 4f transitions of Er3+. A possible UC mechanism related to the pump-power dependence is discussed in detail.

The nanocrystalline Ho 3+ /Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped CaWO 4 upconversion (UC) phosphors were successfully synthesized by a modified citrate complex method using microwave irradiation. The citrate complex precursors were heat-treated at temperature ranging from 300 to 700 °C for 3 h. Crystallization of the Ho 3+ /Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped CaWO 4 was detected at 400 °C, and entirely completed at 600 °C. The Ho 3+ /Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped CaWO 4 heat-treated at 600 °C showed primarily spherical and homogeneous morphology. Under the laser excitation of 980 nm, Ho 3+ /Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped CaWO 4 shows the bright white upconversion (UC) emission visible to the naked eye, which is composed of a blue emission at 475 nm from Tm 3+ , and green and red emissions at 543 and 651 nm respectively from Ho 3+ . The coordinates of Ho 3+ /Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped CaWO 4 in the Commission International De'eclairage (CIE) chromaticity diagram could be controlled from a cool to a warm white color depending on the Tm 3+ and Ho 3+ concentrations. The UC luminescent properties on Tm 3+ and Ho 3+ concentrations and related mechanism based on laser pump power were discussed in detail.

In response to DNA damage, PCNA is mono-ubiquitinated and triggers translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) by recruiting polymerase-η. However, it remained unknown how error-prone TLS is turned off after DNA lesion bypass to prevent mutagenesis. Here we showed that ISG15 modification (ISGylation) of PCNA plays a key role in TLS termination. Upon UV irradiation, EFP, an ISG15 E3 ligase, bound to mono-ubiquitinated PCNA and promoted its ISGylation. ISGylated PCNA then tethered USP10 for deubiquitination and in turn the release of polymerase-η from PCNA. Eventually, PCNA was deISGylated by UBP43 for reloading of replicative DNA polymerases and resuming normal DNA replication. However, ISGylation-defective Lys-to-Arg mutations in PCNA or knockdown of any of ISG15, EFP, or USP10 led to persistent recruitment of mono-ubiquitinated PCNA and polymerase-η to nuclear foci, causing an increase in mutation frequency. These findings establish a crucial role of PCNA ISGylation in termination of error-prone TLS for preventing excessive mutagenesis.

This study aims to reduce the burden of the family, but also improve their quality of life by supporting the independent living of the Disabled. Comparison consideration of a Korean the Disabled activity support system and the independence support system of Japan was carried out. First, the perspective is a discussion on the contents of Disabled activity support system. Second, Gilbert & Terrell"s four choices of the dimension of policy analysis framework (allocation, provision, delivery, financial) and Howard & David"s policy of social we lfare policy analysis (policy goals, economic feasibility, and administrative feasibility)has been investigated. Third, Furukawa administrative principle of the social welfare aspects (effectiveness, the right, universality, justice, comprehensive) to find the implications of the system. Disabled activity support system performed earlier than in Korea, Japan, and compares the system, and highlighted the need to investigate the issues on the enforcement of the study has significance. First, the implications of this study to provide the right to make a living through self-services provide for the welfare needs of disabled and activity support system. Second, through the expansion of welfare services and facilities for the effect of the enforcement system that is independent of the type of disability, age and grade, and emphasize fairness should clarify. Third, organic services provided through, there is a need to emphasize the universality of the system to reduce the establishment of the operating system and service that can not be disabled.

Heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein-K (hnRNP-K) is normally ubiquitinated by HDM2 for proteasome-mediated degradation. Under DNA-damage conditions, hnRNP-K is transiently stabilized and serves as a transcriptional co-activator of p53 for cell-cycle arrest. However, how the stability and function of hnRNP-K is regulated remained unknown. Here, we demonstrated that UV-induced SUMOylation of hnRNP-K prevents its ubiquitination for stabilization. Using SUMOylation-defective mutant and purified SUMOylated hnRNP-K, SUMOylation was shown to reduce hnRNP-K's affinity to HDM2 with an increase in that to p53 for p21-mediated cell-cycle arrest. PIAS3 served as a small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase for hnRNP-K in an ATR-dependent manner. During later periods after UV exposure, however, SENP2 removed SUMO from hnRNP-K for its destabilization and in turn for release from cell-cycle arrest. Consistent with the rise-and-fall of both SUMOylation and stability of hnRNP-K, its ability to interact with PIAS3 was inversely correlated to that with SENP2 during the time course after UV exposure. These findings indicate that SUMO modification plays a crucial role in the control of hnRNP-K's function as a p53 co-activator in response to DNA damage by UV.

Comparative study on NBTI and hot carrier effects of p-channel MOSFETs fabricated by using strained SOI wafer and unstrained SOI wafer has been performed, respectively. It is observed that NBTI and hot carrier degradation are more significant in strained SOI devices compared with unstrained SOI devices. Since the devices fabricated in strained SOI wafer are SiGe free strained devices, the more generation of interface states during gate oxidation is the main cause for enhanced NBTI and hot carrier degradation in strained SOI devices.

The substrate bias and operating temperature effects on the performance of erbium-silicided Schottky-barrier SOI nMOSFETs have been studied. The temperature dependence of the threshold voltage, the current ratio of ION/IMIN, and the subthreshold swing has been investigated. From temperature dependence of the drain current, it is confirmed that the carrier transport mechanism changes from thermionic emission and tunneling at low gate voltage to drift-diffusion at the high gate voltage. By applying substrate bias voltage, the ION/IMIN ratio and subthreshold swing can be improved. By investigating the substrate bias dependence of ION/IMIN ratio, subthreshold swing, and DIBL, the optimum substrate bias voltage is suggested.

The dependence of hot-carrier effects on silicon film thickness is investigated in nanometer-scale SOI pMOSFETs. The results of device simulation and experimental measurements shine light on controversial issues regarding the dependence of hot-carrier effects on the silicon film thickness. For a structure with raised source and drain, it is observed that the peak electric field near drain junction and the gate current increase as the silicon film thickness decreases, and thus that hot-carrier effect are increased. Therefore, hot-carrier induced device degradation in nanometer-scale MuGFETs with elevated source/drain structure should be seriously considered in device design and fabrication. The dependence of hot-carrier effects on silicon film thickness under different stress conditions involving the action of substrate bias and temperature are also discussed.

Plants that are commonly used in kimchi, a traditional Korean fermented food, include Capsicum annuum L. (green pepper), Allium fistulosum L. (Welsh onion), Allium cepa L. (onion) and Allium scorodoprasm L. (garlic), each of which has its own aroma. Aroma extracts of the plants were isolated by steam distillation under reduced pressure (DRP) and liquid-liquid continuous extraction (LLE). The aroma extracts were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major aroma compounds of the plant extracts were sulphides, alcohols and heterocyclic compounds. Antioxidant activities of the aroma extracts were evaluated using two different assays. The aroma extracts isolated from green pepper, Welsh onion, onion and garlic inhibited the oxidation of hexanal by 51%, 95%, 96% and 98%, respectively, for 1 month at a level of 500 μg/ml; these extracts inhibited malonaldehyde formation from cod liver oil by 49%, 58%, 62% and 58%, respectively, at a level of 500 μg/ml. Their antioxidant activities were comparable to that of the natural antioxidant α-tocopherol.

Negative bias temperature instability of SOI pMOSFET is investigated as a function of Si film orientation and film thickness. It is observed that NBTI induced threshold voltage shift is bigger for (1 1 0) MOSFETs in comparison to (1 0 0) MOSFETs and it decreases with the decrease of Si film thickness. The possible reason for less degradation of thinner Si film devices is explained by the small gate current due to low oxide field. The activation energy is independent on Si film orientation. The dependence of recovery behavior on the Si film orientation is studied by comparing of a conventional stress-measurement-stress technique with un-interrupted stress technique. It is also observed that the NBTI effect is underestimated and the recovery phenomenon is more profound in (1 1 0) MOSFETs.

Polycrystalline Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped CaMoO4 (CaMoO4:Er3+/Yb3+) film was successfully fabricated by a spray coating method. Crystal structure, surface morphology and upconversion (UC) luminescent properties were investigated. Under 980-nm excitation, CaMoO4:Er3+/Yb3+ film exhibited strong green UC emissions at 530 and 550 nm (2H,11/2 --4S3/2 - 4I15/2) visible to the naked eye with a weak red emission near 660 nm (4F9/2 --4I15/2) corresponding to the intra 4f transitions of Er3+. A possible UC mechanism related to the pump-power dependence is discussed in detail.

The effect of various food additives on the formation of carcinogenic 4(5)-methylimidazole (4-MI) in a caramel model system was investigated. The relationship between the levels of 4-MI and various pyrazines was studied. When glucose and ammonium hydroxide were heated, the amount of 4-MI was 556 ± 1.3 μg/mL, which increased to 583 ± 2.6 μg/mL by the addition of 0.1 M of sodium sulfite. When various food additives, such as 0.1 M of iron sulfate, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, tryptophan, and cysteine were added, the amount of 4-MI was reduced to 110 ± 0.7, 483 ± 2.0, 460 ± 2.0, 409 ± 4.4, and 397 ± 1.7 μg/mL, respectively. The greatest reduction, 80%, occurred with the addition of iron sulfate. Among the 12 pyrazines, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine with 4-MI showed the highest correlation (r = -0.8239).

Extracellular amylase properties were examined with the mycelium of Tricholoma matsutake isolated from ectomycorrhizal roots of Pinus densiflora. The molecular weights of α-amylase and glucoamylase...

Heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein-K (hnRNP-K) is normally ubiquitinated by HDM2 for proteasome-mediated degradation. Under DNA-damage conditions, hnRNP-K is transiently stabilized and serves as a transcriptional co-activator of p53 for cell-cycle arrest. However, how the stability and function of hnRNP-K is regulated remained unknown. Here, we demonstrated that UV-induced SUMOylation of hnRNP-K prevents its ubiquitination for stabilization. Using SUMOylation-defective mutant and purified SUMOylated hnRNP-K, SUMOylation was shown to reduce hnRNP-K's affinity to HDM2 with an increase in that to p53 for p21-mediated cell-cycle arrest. PIAS3 served as a small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase for hnRNP-K in an ATR-dependent manner. During later periods after UV exposure, however, SENP2 removed SUMO from hnRNP-K for its destabilization and in turn for release from cell-cycle arrest. Consistent with the rise-and-fall of both SUMOylation and stability of hnRNP-K, its ability to interact with PIAS3 was inversely correlated to that with SENP2 during the time course after UV exposure. These findings indicate that SUMO modification plays a crucial role in the control of hnRNP-K's function as a p53 co-activator in response to DNA damage by UV.

MIRIS is a compact near-infrared camera with a wide field of view of 3.67°×3.67° in the Korea Science and Technology Satellite 3 (STSAT-3). MIRIS will be launched warm and cool the telescope optics below 200K by pointing to the deep space on Sun-synchronous orbit. In order to realize the passive cooling, the mechanical structure was designed to consider thermal analysis results on orbit. Structural analysis was also conducted to ensure safety and stability in launching environments. To achieve structural and thermal requirements, we fabricated the thermal shielding parts such as Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) pipe supports, a Winston cone baffle, aluminum-shield plates, a sunshade, a radiator and 30 layers of Multi Layer Insulation (MLI). These structures prevent the heat load from the spacecraft and the earth effectively, and maintain the temperature of the telescope optics within operating range. A micro cooler was installed in a cold box including a PICNIC detector and a filter-wheel, and cooled the detector down to a operating temperature range. We tested the passive cooling in the simulated space environment and confirmed that the required temperature of telescope can be achieved. Driving mechanism of the filter-wheel and the cold box structure were also developed for the compact space IR camera. Finally, we present the assembly procedures and the test result for the mechanical parts of MIRIS.

Multi-purpose Infra-Red Imaging System (MIRIS) is the main payload of the Korea Science and Technology Satellite-3 (STSAT-3), which is being developed by Korea Astronomy & Space Science Institute (KASI). MIRIS is a small space telescope mainly for astronomical survey observations in the near infrared wavelengths of 0.9~2 μm. A compact wide field (3.67 x 3.67 degree) optical design has been studied using a 256 x 256 Teledyne PICNIC FPA IR sensor with a pixel scale of 51.6 arcsec. The passive cooling technique is applied to maintain telescope temperature below 200 K with a cold shutter in the filter wheel for accurate dark calibration and to reach required sensitivity, and a micro stirling cooler is employed to cool down the IR detector array below 100K in a cold box. The science mission of the MIRIS is to survey the Galactic plane in the emission line of Paschen-α (Paα, 1.88 μ;m) and to detect the cosmic infrared background (CIB) radiation. Comparing the Paα map with the Hα data from ground-based surveys, we can probe the origin of the warm-ionized medium (WIM) of the Galaxy. The CIB is being suspected to be originated from the first generation stars of the Universe and we will test this hypothesis by comparing the fluctuations in I (0.9~1.2 um) and H (1.2~2.0 um) bands to search the red shifted Lyman cutoff signature. Recent progress of the MIRIS imaging system design will be presented.

Multi-purpose Infra-Red Imaging System (MIRIS) is a near-infrared camera onboard on the Korea Science and Technology Satellite 3 (STSAT-3). The MIRIS is a wide-field (3.67° × 3.67°) infrared imaging system which employs a fast (F/2) refractive optics with 80 mm diameter aperture. The MIRIS optics consists of five lenses, among which the rear surface of the fifth lens is aspheric. By passive cooling on a Sun-synchronous orbit, the telescope will be cooled down below 200 K in order to deliver the designed performance. As the fabrication and assembly should be carried out at room temperature, however, we convert all the lens data of cold temperature to that of room temperature. The sophisticated opto-mechanical design accommodates the effects of thermal contraction after the launch, and the optical elements are protected by flexure structures from the shock (10 G) during the launch. The MIRIS incorporates the wide-band filters, I (1.05 μm) and H (1.6 μm), for the Cosmic Infrared Background observations, and also the narrow-band filters, Paα (1.876 μm) and a specially designed dual-band continuum, for the emission line mapping of the Galactic interstellar medium. We present the optical design, fabrication of components, assembly procedure, and the performance test results of the qualification model of MIRIS near-infrared camera.

Volatile extracts were isolated from dried medicinal plants [Angelica tenuissimae roots (AT, Angelica tenuissima Nakai), peppermint leaves (PL, Mentha arvensis L.), pine needles (PN, Pinus sylvestris L.), and sweet flag leaves (SF, Acorus gramineus Rhizoma)] using steam distillation under reduced pressure, followed by continuous liquid-liquid extraction (DRP-LLE). The extracts were then analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major volatile constituents of AT, PL, PN, and SF were 3-butylidene-4,5-dihydrophthalide (32 mg/g), menthol (18 mg/g), thunbergol (2.1 mg/g), and cis-asarone (37 mg/g), respectively. The inhibitory activity (%) of the extracts against hexanal oxidation ranged from 33 to 98% at a level of 50 microg/mL. Among the volatile extracts, PL and PN increased cell viabilities by 10 and 24%, respectively, at a dose of 1 microg/mL, compared to that of H2O2-treated brain neuroblastoma cells, SK-N-SH. However, a 20% reduction in the malonaldehyde level, an index for lipid peroxidation, was observed at only 1 microg/mL concentration of PN.

This paper discusses the optimal design for PS-etCSP to achieve reliable thermal fatigue life of solder joint. For this purpose design analysis was performed using both simulation and experimental approaches. Since reduction of warpage is most critical issue to ensure good solder joint connection for thin packages, parametric study was performed to find the optimal set of package outline dimensions using finite element method. Next to find the optimal design far solder joint reliability, 3D FEA fatigue model was established with non linear material properties of solder joint. Various factors such as ball land size, motherboard thickness and surface mounting type were studied. As a result, it is found that thin die with small size and small CTE molding compound is better for minimizing package warpage and larger opening size, thinner board and single mounting on board are good for solder joint reliability. The stack of package however has little effect on solder joint reliability. The effects of board thickness and surface mounting type (single/double) were investigated in terms of assembly stiffness and solder joint reliability. Simulation results showed good correspondence with experiment. The fatigue life and failure location predicted by simulation agreed well with experimental data. The fatigue life of optimal design was 1225 cycles for single PS-etCSP and 990 cycles for stacked PS-etCSP with single side mounting on board under the thermal cycling loading of temperature of -40/spl deg/C/spl sim/125/spl deg/C. Subsequently it can be concluded that optimal design of PS-etCSP can meet the requirement for most portable product applications.

The purpose of this study is to understand spatio-temporal changes of active fungal biomass and water in Tricholoma matsutake soil colonies during the mushroom fruiting season. The active fungal biomass was estimated by analyzing ergosterol content at four different points within four replicated locations in a single circular T. matsutake colony at Ssanggok valley in the Sogri Mt. National Park in Korea during 2003 to 2005. The four points were the ahead of the colony, the front edge of the colony and 20 cm and 40 cm back from the front edge of the colony. Ergosterol content was 0.0 to 0.7 µg per gram dried soil at the ahead, 2.5 to 4.8 µg at the front edge, 0.5 to 1.8 µg at the 20 cm back and 0.3 to 0.8 µg at the 40 cm back. The ergosterol content was very high at the front edge where the T. matsutake hyphae were most active. However, ergosterol content did not significantly change during the fruiting season, September to October. Soil water contents were lower at the front edge and 20 cm back from the front edge of the colony than at the ahead and 40 cm back during the fruiting season. Soil water content ranged from 12 to 19% at the ahead, 10 to 11% at the edge, 9 to 11% at the 20 cm back and 11 to 15% at the 40 cm back. Our results suggest that the active front edge of the T. matsutake soil colony could be managed in terms of water relation and T. matsutake ectomycorrhizal root development.