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The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a flagship project of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), aimed at connecting western China to the port of Gwadar in southwest Pakistan through an extensive network of infrastructure, trade, and investment linkages. The construction of CPEC in Pakistan has significant implications for the country's construction industry, which plays a vital role in economic growth, employment, and development. This research paper employs a mixed-methods approach, including a literature review, surveys of 100 construction firms in Pakistan, and in-depth interviews with government officials, industry experts, and environmental NGOs, to examine the impact of CPEC construction on Pakistan's construction industry. The main objective of the research is to identify potential opportunities and obstacles for transnational operation management of firms within the BRI environment. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for businesses and decision-makers aiming to maximize the benefits of CPEC development while mitigating potential negative repercussions.

Sofosbuvir is effective for both treatment naive and treatment experienced chronic hepatitis C patients. This regimen is equally effective for both gender and all genotypes for hepatitis C.

Synthetic jets are being investigated last several years. Researchers have been interested in its unique applications for a wide range of flow control to thermal management of electronics applications. Synthetic jets are made up of actuators such as piezoelectric, magnetic, or linear piston technology etc. Piezoelectric synthetic jets are investigated and found relationship between its structural and flow parameter like deflection, frequency and resonance with velocity and heat transfer enhancement. In order to find a relationship some numerical and experimental techniques are being used. For experimental result and fully-automated experimental setup made using high end equipment like Laser Vibrometer, Hotwire anemometer and 3D robot. Four different type of measurement were made on synthetic jet actuators deflection, heat transfer, velocity measurements and power consumption. The heat transfer enhancement factor of each of these jets with respect to natural convection is measured over a 25.4x25.4 (mm) vertical heater. Finally, power consumption of the low and high frequency synthetic jets were measured and compared. It is found that disk deflection and operating frequency are directly related to heat transfer enhancement factor, if the Helmholtz frequency of a cavity has no effect on the performance of a jet. For numerical analysis commercially available software are used like Ansys and Comsol. Eigen frequency and transient deflection is modeled using Comsol 4.0 and different mode shapes and deflection measurements using PZD module of Comsol. A 3-D computational fluid dynamics model was constructed using Ansys CFX to determine the flow and temperature fields of a meso-scale central orifice synthetic jet at a nozzle-to-target surface spacing of y/d = 2, ReDj = 1400 and f = 500 Hz. Unlike the majority of previous computational studies, rather than specifying the boundary conditions at the nozzle, the flow inside the synthetic jet device was solved by specifying the time dependent boundary conditions on the vibrating diaphragm and utilizing the moving mesh technique. Local surface pressure and heat transfer coefficient distributions were determined and discussed. It was found that the pulsating flow at the nozzle exit for a round jet generates vortex rings and these rings seem to have some considerable effects on the target surface profiles. Finally figure out the design parameters for Synthetic jet actuator for the optimum performance. Son zamanlarda sentetik jetlerin uygulanması üzerine araştırmalar yapılmaktadır. Sentetik jetlerin kendilerine özel sağladıkları geniş akış kontrolü ile elektroniklerde termal performansın artırılması konusunda araştırmacıların ilgisini çekmektedir. Sentetik jetler basit olarak piezo elektrik yada magnet gibi tetikleyiciler ile yapılmaktadır.Geliştirilen piezo elektrik sentetik jetler için yapısal ve akış parametreleri (bükülme, frekans, akış hızına göre rezonans, ve ısı atımında performans artışı gibi) arasında bir ilişki elde edilmiştir. Özellikle ısı atımında performans artışı hedeflenen sentetik jetlerde ki bu etkin parametreler arasındaki ilişkinin en doğru şekilde kurgulanabilmesi için sayısal ve deneysel methodlar kullanılmıştır.Deneysel methodların uygunlanması için lazer titreşim cihazı, sıcak kablo ile hız ölçer ve 3 boyutlu robot gibi üst düzey cihazlar eşliğinde deneysel sistem kurulmuştur. Sentetik jetlerde bükülme, ısı atımı, akış hız ölçümü ve enerji tüketimi olmak üzere dört tür hesaplama yapılmıştır. Yapılan jetlerin ısı atım performans faktörü, daha önceden kayıpları hesaplanmış olan 25.4x25.4 (mm)'lik dikey bir ısıtıcı yüzeyinden hesaplanmıştır. Son olarakta , düşük ve yüksek frekansta çalıştırılan jetlerin enerji tüketimleri hesaplanmış ve kıyaslanmıştır.Sayısal method Ansys ve Comsol programları ile yapılmıştır. Zamana bağımlı bükülme testleri Comsol da yapılırken, 3 boyutlu akış ve termal dağılım simülasyonları ( Jet nozulu ile ısıtıcı yüzeye arası başluk oranı y/d = 2, ReDj = 1400 ve f = 500 Hz için) Ansys CFX'te yapılmıştır. Bölgesel basınç ve ısı atım katsayısı elde edilmiş ve titreşimli akışların (pulsating flow) jet nozul çıkışında vorteks halkası oluşturduğu ve bu vorteksin önemsenecek boyutta sonuca etkisi gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak bir sentetik jet tetikleyicisinin performans sağlayabileceği dizayn parametreleri ortaya çıkartılmıştır. 122

Due to copyright restrictions, the access to the full text of this article is only available via subscription. Synthetic jets are being investigated over the last four decades. Researchers have been interested in its unique applications for a wide range of flow control to thermal management of electronics applications. Synthetic jets are made up of actuators such as piezoelectric, magnetic, or linear piston technology etc. In this study, we performed an experimental and numerical investigation of a piezoelectric disk deflection over a range of frequencies in order to understand the performance for low and high frequency synthetic jets. First, we performed a numerical analysis of a piezoelectric based synthetic jet and, validated computational result with experimental findings. Numerical models are performed by using commercial finite element software. To understand the size effect on the operating frequency, three jets with different sizes are manufactured and examined. Two different low frequency synthetic jets manufactured in our laboratory and a commercially available high frequency jet are included in the present study. Heat transfer performance is given as an enhancement over natural convection heat transfer. The heat transfer enhancement factor of each of these jets with respect to natural convection is measured over a 25.4×25.4 (mm) vertical heater. Finally, power consumption of the low and high frequency synthetic jets were measured and compared. It is found that disk deflection and operating frequency are directly related to heat transfer enhancement factor, if the Helmholtz frequency of a cavity has no effect on the performance of a jet. The Helmholtz frequency of each jet was calculated to ensure that it has no effect on the synthetic jet, but we found that the commercial synthetic jet took partial advantage of Helmholtz phenomena to enhance the performances at high frequencies. TÜBİTAK