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1. Molecular diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum in three active foci of human African trypanosomiasis (Boffa, Dubreka and Forecariah) in Guinea

Author

Kabore, Jacques, Camara, Oumou, Somda, Martin Bienvenu, Ilboudo, Hamidou, Kabore, Windingoudi Justin, Ouedraogo, Kouka Zoéwentallé Thibaut, Salou, Ernest, Sakande, Hassane, Bamba, Mohamed, Belem, Adrien Marie Gaston, Bengaly, Zakaria, and Camara, Mamadou

Subjects
PCR diagnosis, prevalence malaria, human African trypanosomiasis, coastal Guinea, PCR diagnostic, prévalence du paludisme, trypanosomiase humaine africaine, Guinée côtière
Abstract

Objectives: the overall objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Plasmodium (P.) falciparum infection in the three foci of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) (Boffa, Dubreka and Forecariah) in coastal Guinea using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Methodology and results: DNA from blood samples was extracted and amplified using pf1/2 primers. A total of 1001 individuals were included. The population was predominantly male (57.34 %) and female (42.66%) with a sex ratio of 1.34. The mean age of the study population was 34 ± 16.5 years. The overall molecular prevalence of P. falciparum infection was 17.78 % (178/1001). In the three HAT foci, the prevalences were 10.37 % (31/299) in Boffa, 20.12 % (99/492) in Dubreka and 22.86 % (48/210) in Forecariah. Women (71/178 or 39.89 %) were significantly less infected than men (107/178 or 60.11 %) (p-value = 0.0013).Conclusion and application of results: These results showed the positive PCR results in the three HAT foci. The diagnosis of malaria could be improved by using PCR to determine the true extent of the disease, but this test is higher cost comparing to classical methods. The malaria/HAT co-infection in this coastal area could be a factor of aggravation of the sleeping sickness, and should be taken into account by the HAT control programme in Guinea. Objectifs : l’objectif général de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence de l’infection à Plasmodium (P.) falciparum dans les trois foyers de trypanosomiase humaine africaine (THA) (Boffa, Dubréka et Forécariah) en Guinée côtière en utilisant la réaction d’amplification en chaîne (PCR).Méthodologie et résultats : l’ADN des échantillons de sang a été extrait et amplifié en utilisant les amorces pf1/2. Au total, 1001 individus ont été inclus. La population était constituée essentiellement de 57,34 % d’hommes et de 42,66 % de femmes, soit un sexe ratio H/F de 1,34. L’âge moyen de la population d’étude était de 34 ans ± 16,5. La prévalence moléculaire globale de l’infection à P. falciparum était de 17,78 % (178/1001). Dans les trois foyers de THA, les prévalences ont été de 10,37 % (31/299) à Boffa, de 20,12 % (99/492) à Dubréka et de 22,86 % (48/210) à Forécariah. Les femmes (71/178 soit 39,89 %) étaient moins infectées que les hommes (107/178 soit 60,11 %) (p-value = 0,0013).Conclusion et application des résultats : Nos résultats ont montré des résultats positifs de la PCR dans les trois foyers de THA. Le diagnostic du paludisme pourrait être amélioré en utilisant la PCR pour déterminer l’étendue réelle de la maladie, mais ce test est plus coûteux que les méthodes classiques. La co-infection paludisme/THA dans cette zone côtière pourrait être un facteur d'aggravation de la maladie du sommeil, et devrait être prise en compte par le programme de lutte contre la THA en Guinée.

Published
2022

2. Extravascular dermal trypanosomes in suspected and confirmed cases of gambiense Human African Trypanosomiasis

Author

Camara, Mariame, Soumah, Alseny M’mah, Ilboudo, Hamidou, Travaillé, Christelle, Clucas, Caroline, Cooper, Anneli, Kuispond Swar, Nono-Raymond, Camara, Oumou, Sadissou, Ibrahim, Calvo Alvarez, Estefania, Crouzols, Aline, Bart, Jean-Mathieu, Jamonneau, Vincent, Camara, Mamadou, MacLeod, Annette, Bucheton, Bruno, Rotureau, Brice, Ministère de la Santé [Conakry, Guinea], Hôpital Donka, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé [Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso] (IRSS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Biologie cellulaire des Trypanosomes - Trypanosome Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences [Glasgow], Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale [Kinshasa] (INRB), Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides (UMR INTERTRYP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université de Bordeaux (UB), This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust (209511/Z/17/Z), the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, the Institut Pasteur, the French Government Investissement d'Avenir programme - Laboratoire d'Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID) and the French National Agency for Scientific Research (projects ANR-14-CE14-0019-01 EnTrypa and ANR-18-CE15-0012 TrypaDerm)., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-14-CE14-0019,ENTRYPA,Dynamique des étapes précoces de l'infection de l'hôte mammifère par les trypanosomes africains(2014), ANR-18-CE15-0012,TrypaDerm,Comprendre la biologie des trypanosomes africains dans la peau(2018), Rotureau, Brice, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases - - IBEID2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0062 - LABX - VALID, Appel à projets générique - Dynamique des étapes précoces de l'infection de l'hôte mammifère par les trypanosomes africains - - ENTRYPA2014 - ANR-14-CE14-0019 - Appel à projets générique - VALID, and APPEL À PROJETS GÉNÉRIQUE 2018 - Comprendre la biologie des trypanosomes africains dans la peau - - TrypaDerm2018 - ANR-18-CE15-0012 - AAPG2018 - VALID

Subjects
reservoir, skin, MESH: Guinea, MESH: Humans, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, human African trypanosomiasis, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], MESH: Prospective Studies, MESH: Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Major Articles and Commentaries, Trypanosomiasis, African, AcademicSubjects/MED00290, MESH: Trypanosomiasis, African, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Animals, Humans, Guinea, MESH: Animals, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Prospective Studies, [SDV.MP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, [SDV.MP.PAR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology
Abstract

Background The diagnosis of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) typically involves 2 steps: a serological screen, followed by the detection of living trypanosome parasites in the blood or lymph node aspirate. Live parasites can, however, remain undetected in some seropositive individuals, who, we hypothesize, are infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense parasites in their extravascular dermis. Methods To test this hypothesis, we conducted a prospective observational cohort study in the gHAT focus of Forecariah, Republic of Guinea. Of the 5417 subjects serologically screened for gHAT, 66 were enrolled into our study and underwent a dermatological examination. At enrollment, 11 seronegative, 8 unconfirmed seropositive, and 18 confirmed seropositive individuals had blood samples and skin biopsies taken and examined for trypanosomes by molecular and immunohistological methods. Results In seropositive individuals, dermatological symptoms were significantly more frequent, relative to seronegative controls. T.b. gambiense parasites were present in the blood of all confirmed cases (n = 18) but not in unconfirmed seropositive individuals (n = 8). However, T. brucei parasites were detected in the extravascular dermis of all unconfirmed seropositive individuals and all confirmed cases. Skin biopsies of all treated cases and most seropositive untreated individuals progressively became negative for trypanosomes 6 and 20 months later. Conclusions Our results highlight the skin as a potential reservoir for African trypanosomes, with implications for our understanding of this disease’s epidemiology in the context of its planned elimination and underlining the skin as a novel target for gHAT diagnostics., Live trypanosomes can remain undetected in the blood of individuals seropositive for sleeping sickness. Here, we show that they could be infected with parasites in their extravascular dermis, highlighting the skin as a potential reservoir for trypanosomes.

Published
2021

3. HLA-G 3’UTR 14 bp Insertion Is Associated with a Decreased Risk of Developing Human African Trypanosomiasis in the Côte d’Ivoire Population

Author

Tidou Abiba Sanogo, Bruno Bucheton, Lingué Kouakou, Laure Gineau, Ilboudo Hamidou, Enock Matovu, Simon-Pierre A. N’guetta, Thomas Konan Konan, Mathurin Koffi, Didier Sokouri, David Courtin, Vincent Jamonneau, Bernardin Ahouty, and Innocent Allepo Abe

Subjects
0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, 030306 microbiology, Three prime untranslated region, Population, 030232 urology & nephrology, Human leukocyte antigen, Biology, Lower risk, medicine.disease, Virology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Immunity, HLA-G, parasitic diseases, medicine, African trypanosomiasis, Indel, education
Abstract

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, is associated with diverse clinical outcomes. Host’s genetic factors involved in immunity are potential factors that can regulate infection. Genetic polymorphisms within HLA-G could influence the level of HLA-G expression and therefore play a critical role in infection outcomes. The goal of our study was to investigate the association of 14 bp Indel HLA-G polymorphism with the susceptibility/resistance to HAT. DNA samples were collected from 119 cases, 221 controls and 43 seropositive individuals living in Ivorian HAT foci. The 14 bp Indel polymorphism was determined by PCR. Homozygous individuals for 14 bp insertion had a lower risk of progressing to active HAT (p = 0.012, OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.09 - 0.8). Moreover, the frequency of 14 bp insertion homozygous genotype was higher in the seropositive group (11%) than in the HAT cases group (3%) (p = 0.043, OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.07 - 0.99), which suggested a protective effect of 14 bp insertion homozygous genotype. Genetic polymorphisms in HLA-G may be associated with a variable risk to develop HAT. The 14 bp insertion appears to favour the occurrence of long-lasting T. b. gambiense latent infections.

Published
2019

4. Des trypanosomes dans la peau

Author

Travaillé, Christelle, Soumah, Alseny M’mah, Ngoune, Jean Marc Tsagmo, Camara, Mariame, Ilboudo, Hamidou, Camara, Oumou, Sadissou, Ibrahim, Bart, Jean-Mathieu, Jamonneau, Vincent, Camara, Mamadou, Bucheton, Bruno, Rotureau, Brice, HORIZON, IRD, Biologie cellulaire des Trypanosomes - Trypanosome Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Ministère de la Santé [Conakry, Guinea], Hôpital National Donka, Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides (UMR INTERTRYP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institut Pasteur de Guinée, and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)

Subjects
réservoir, niche anatomique, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV.MHEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, peau, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, transmission, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, trypanosomiase humaine africaine
Abstract

Le trypanosome africain Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, parasite responsable de la trypanosomiase humaine africaine, est transmis à l'homme par la piqûre d'une mouche tsé-tsé infectée, puis il prolifère dans le sang et la lymphe et enfin dans le système nerveux central. Le diagnostic de trypanosomiase implique deux étapes : un dépistage sérologique suivi de la détection de parasites vivants dans un fluide biologique. Cependant, les parasites peuvent rester indétectables chez certains individus qualifiés de séropositifs non confirmés qui restent alors sans traitement. Dans différents modèles de laboratoire, des chercheurs ont récemment démontré l'existence de réservoirs anatomiques de parasites extravasculaires, en particulier la peau, qui pourraient expliquer les infections latentes. Récemment, la présence de trypanosomes extravasculaires dermiques a également été démontrée chez l'homme, soulignant l'importance des individus séropositifs non confirmés comme réservoir de parasites qui pourrait compromettre l'élimination de la maladie. Les impacts cliniques et épidémiologiques de ces trypanosomes dermiques sont ici discutés.

Published
2021

5. PS-003: EVIDENCE-INFORMED POLICY MAKING: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Author

Makanga, Michael, Beattie, Pauline, Breugelmans, Gabrielle, Nyirenda, Thomas, Bockarie, Moses, Tanner, Marcel, Volmink, Jimmy, Hankins, Catherine, Walzl, Gerhard, Chegou, Novel, Malherbe, Stephanus, Hatherill, Mark, Scriba, Thomas J., Zak, Daniel E., Barry, Clifton E., Kaufmann, Stefan H.E., Noor, Abdisalan, Strub-Wourgaft, Nathalie, Phillips, Patrick, Munguambe, Khátia, Ravinetto, Raffaella, Tinto, Halidou, Diro, Ermias, Mahendrahata, Yodi, Okebe, Joseph, Rijal, Suman, Garcia, Coralith, Sundar, Shyam, Ndayisaba, Gilles, Sopheak, Thai, Ngoduc, Thang, Loen, Harry Van, Jacobs, Jan, D'Alessandro, Umberto, Boelaert, Marleen, Buvé, Anne, Kamalo, Patrick, Manda-Taylor, Lucinda, Rennie, Stuart, Mokgatla, Boitumelo, Bahati, Prince, Ijsselmuiden, Carel, Afolabi, Muhammed, Mcgrath, Nuala, Kampmann, Beate, Imoukhuede, Egeruan, Alexander, Neal, Larson, Heidi, Chandramohan, Daniel, Bojang, Kalifa, Kasaro, Margaret Phiri, Muluka, Brenda, Kaunda, Kaunda, Morse, Jill, Westfall, Andrew, Kapata, Nathan, Kruuner, Annika, Henostroza, German, Reid, Stewart, Alabi, Abraham, Foguim, Francis, Sankarganesh, Jeyaraj, Bruske, Ellen, Mfoumbi, Arnault, Mevyann, Chester, Adegnika, Ayola, Lell, Bertrand, Kranzer, Katharina, Kremsner, Peter, Grobusch, Martin, Sabiiti, Wilber, Ntinginya, Nyanda, Kuchaka, Davis, Azam, Khalide, Kampira, Elizabeth, Mtafya, Bariki, Bowness, Ruth, Bhatt, Nilesh, Davies, Gerry, Kibiki, Gibson, Gillespie, Stephen, Lejon, Veerle, Ilboudo, Hamidou, Mumba, Dieudonné, Camara, Mamady, Kaba, Dramane, Lumbala, Crispin, Fèvre, Eric, Jamonneau, Vincent, Bucheton, Bruno, Büscher, Philippe, Chisenga, Caroline, Sinkala, Edford, Chilengi, Roma, Chitundu, Hellen, Zyambo, Zude, Wandeler, Gilles, Vinikoor, Michael, Emilie, Dama, Camara, Oumou, Mathurin, Koffi, Guiguigbaza-Kossigan, Dayo, Philippe, Büscher, Regassa, Fikru, Hassane, Sakande, Bienvenu, Somda Martin, Fabrice, Courtin, Ouédraogo, Elie, Kouakou, Lingue, Owusu, Michael, Mensah, Eric, Enimil, Anthony, Mutocheluh, Mohamed, Ndongo, Francis Ateba, Tejiokem, Mathurin Cyrille, Texier, Gaetan, Penda, Calixte, Ndiang, Suzie, Ndongo, Jean-Audrey, Guemkam, Georgette, Sofeu, Casimir Ledoux, Afumbom, Kfutwa, Faye, Albert, Msellati, Philippe, Warszawski, Josiane, Vos, Alinda, Devillé, Walter, Barth, Roos, Klipstein-Grobusch, Kerstin, Tempelman, Hugo, Venter, François, Coutinho, Roel, Grobbee, Diederick, Ssemwanga, Deogratius, Lyagoba, Frederick, Magambo, Brian, Kapaata, Anne, Kirangwa, Joseph, Nannyonjo, Maria, Nassolo, Faridah, Nsubuga, Rebecca, Yebra, Gonzalo, Brown, Andrew, Kaleebu, Pontiano, Nylén, Hanna, Habtewold, Abiy, Makonnen, Eyasu, Yimer, Getnet, Burhenne, Jürgen, Diczfalusy, Ulf, Aklillu, Eleni, Steele, Duncan, Walker, Richard, Simuyandi, Michelo, Beres, Laura, Bosomprah, Samuel, Ansumana, Rashid, Taitt, C., Lamin, J.M., Jacobsen, K.H., Mulvaney, S.P., Leski, T., Bangura, U., Stenger, D., Vries, Sophie De, Zinsou, Frejus Jeannot, Honkpehedji, J, Dejon, Jean Claude, Loembe, Marguerite Massinga, Bache, Bache, Pakker, Nadine, Leeuwen, Remko Van, Hounkpatin, Aurore Bouyoukou, Yazdanbakhsh, Maria, Bethony, Jeffrey, Hotez, Peter, Diemert, David, Bache, Bache Emmanuel, Fernandes, José F., Mba, Régis M Obiang, Kabwende, Anita L., Grobusch, Martin P., Krishna, Sanjeev, Kremsner, Peter G., Todagbe, Agnandji Selidji, Nambozi, Michael, Kabuya, Jean-Bertin, Hachizovu, Sebastian, Mwakazanga, David, Kasongo, Webster, Buyze, Jozefien, Mulenga, Modest, Geertruyden, Jean-Pierre, Gitaka, Jesse, Chan, Chim, Kongere, James, Kagaya, Wataru, Kaneko, Akira, Kabore, Naomie, Barry, Nouhoun, Kabre, Zachari, Werme, Karidia, Fofana, Aminata, Compaore, Daniel, Nikiema, Frederic, Some, Fabrice, Djimde, Abdoulaye, Zongo, Issaka, Ouedraogo, Bosco, Kone, Aminatou, Sagara, Issaka, Björkman, Anders, Gil, Jose Pedro, Nchinda, Godwin, Bopda, Alain, Nji, Nadesh, Ambada, Georgia, Ngu, Loveline, Tchadji, Jules, Sake, Carol, Magagoum, Suzanne, Njambe, Ghislain D., Lisom, Abel, Park, Chae Gyu, Tait, Dereck, Sibusiso, Hlatjwako, Manda, Olga, Croucher, Kristin, Westhuizen, Anja Van Der, Mshanga, Isaac, Levin, Jonathan, Nanvubya, Annet, Kibengo, Freddie, Jaoko, Walter, Pala, Pietro, Perreau, Matthieu, Namuniina, Annemarie, Kitandwe, Paul, Tapia, Gonzalo, Serwanga, Jennifer, Yates, Nicole, Fast, Pat, Mayer, Bryan, Montefiori, David, Tomaras, Georgia, Robb, Merlin, Lee, Carter, Wagner, Ralf, Sanders, Edward, Kilembe, William, Kiwanuka, Noah, Gilmour, Jill, Kuipers, Hester, Vooij, Dani, Chinyenze, Kundai, Priddy, Frances, Ding, Song, Hanke, Tom, Pantaleo, Giuseppe, Ngasala, Billy, Jovel, Irina, Malmberg, Maja, Mmbando, Bruno, Premji, Zul, Mårtensson, Andreas, Mwaiswelo, Richard, Agbor, Lenshina, Apinjoh, Tobias, Mwanza, Sydney, Chileshe, Justin, Joshi, Sudhaunshu, Malunga, Phidelis, Manyando, Christine, Laufer, Miriam, Dara, Antoine, Niangaly, Amadou, Sinha, Indranil, Brodin, David, Fofana, Bakary, Dama, Souleymane, Dembele, Demba, Sidibe, Bakary, Diallo, Nouhoum, Thera, Mahamadou, Wright, Karin, Gil, Jose, Doumbo, Ogobara, Baraka, Vito, Nabasumba, Carolyn, Francis, Filbert, Lutumba, Pascal, Mavoko, Hypolite, Alifrangis, Michael, Geertruyden, Jean-Pierre Van, Sissoko, Sekou, Sangaré, Cheick, Toure, Sekou, Sanogo, Kassim, Diakite, Hamadoun, Toure, Siaka, Doumbia, Diagassan, Haidara, Kadiatou, Julé, Amélie, Ashurst, Hazel, Merson, Laura, Olliaro, Piero, Marsh, Vicki, Lang, Trudie, Guérin, Philippe, Awuondo, Kennedy, Njenga, Daniel, Nyakarungu, Elizabeth, Titus, Pauline, Sutamihardja, Awalludin, Lowe, Brett, Ogutu, Bernhards, Billingsley, Peter, Soulama, Issiaka, Kaboré, Moïse, Coulibaly, Aboubacar, Ouattara, Maurice, Sanon, Souleymane, Diarra, Amidou, Bougouma, Edith, Ouedraogo, Alphonse, Sombie, Benjamin, Ouedraogo, Amidou, Kargougou, Désiré, Ouattara, Daouda, Issa, Nebie, Tiono, Alfred, Sirima, Sodiomon, Chaponda, Mike, Dabira, Edgard, Dao, François, Dara, Nianwalou, Sidibe, Bouran, Coulibaly, Moctar, Tolo, Allaye, Maiga, Hamma, Ouologuem, Nouhoum, Niangaly, Hamidou, Botchway, Felix, Wilson, Nana, Dickinson-Copeland, Carmen M, Adjei, Andrew A., Wilson, Michael, Stiles, Jonathan K., Hamid, Muzamil Abdel, Awad-Elgeid, Mona, Nasr, Awad, Netongo, Palmer, Kamdem, Séverin, Velavan, Thirumalaisamy, Lasry, Estrella, Diarra, Modibo, Bamadio, Amadou, Traore, Aliou, Coumare, Samba, Soma, Bahonan, Dicko, Yeyia, Sangare, Boubou, Tembely, Aly, Traore, Djibril, Haidara, Aboubecrin, Dicko, Alassane, Diawara, Elisabeth, Beavogui, Abdoul, Camara, Daouda, Sylla, Malick, Yattara, Mohamed, Sow, Amadou, Camara, Gnèpou Camara, Diallo, Saliou, Mombo-Ngoma, Ghyslain, Remppis, Jonathan, Sievers, Moritz, Manego, Rella Zoleko, Endamne, Lilian, Hutchinson, David, Held, Jana, Supan, Christian, Salazar, Carmen L. Ospina, Bonkian, Léa Nadège, Nahum, Alain, Sié, Ali, Abdulla, Salim, Cantalloube, Cathy, Djeriou, Elhadj, Bouyou-Akotet, Marielle, Mordmüller, Benjamin, Siribie, Mohamadou, Sirima, Sodiomon B., Ouattara, San Maurice, Coulibaly, Sam, Kabore, Jean Moïse, Amidou, Diarra, Tekete, Mamadou, Burhenne, Juergen, Traore, Oumar, Haefeli, Walter, Borrmann, Steffen, Kaboré, Naomie, Kabré, Zachari, Nikèma, Fréderic, Compaoré, Daniel, Somé, Fabrice, Djimdé, Abdoulaye, Ouédraogo, Jean, Chalwe, Victor, Miller, John, Diakité, Hamadoun, Greco, Beatrice, Spangenberg, Thomas, Kourany-Lefoll, Elly, Oeuvray, Claude, Mulry, Jim, Tyagarajan, Kamala, Magsaam, Bettina, Barnes, Karen, Hodel, Eva Maria, Humphreys, Georgina, Pace, Cheryl, Banda, C.G, Denti, Paulo, Allen, Elizabeth, Lalloo, David, Mwapasa, Victor, Terlouw, Anja, Mwesigwa, Julia, Achan, Jane, Jawara, Musa, Ditanna, Gian, Worwui, Archibald, Affara, Muna, Koukouikila-Koussounda, Félix, Kombo, Michael, Vouvoungui, Christevy, Ntoumi, Francine, Etoka-Beka, Mandingha Kosso, Deibert, Julia, Poulain, Pierre, Kobawila, Simon, Gueye, Nerly Gampio, Koukouikila-Koussounda, Felix, Seda, Brian, Kwambai, Titus, Jangu, Phelix, Samuels, Aaron, ter Kuile, Feike, Kariuki, Simon, Barry, Aissata, Bousema, Teun, Okech, Brenda, Egwang, Thomas, Corran, Patrick, Riley, Eleanor, Ezennia, Ifeoma, Ekwunife, Obinna, Muleba, Mbanga, Stevenson, Jennifer, Mbata, Keith, Coetzee, Maureen, Norris, Douglas, Moneke-Anyanwoke, Ngozi, Momodou, Jasseh, Clarke, Ed, Scott, Susana, Tijani, Adelani, Djimde, Moussa, Vaillant, Michel, Samouda, Hanen, Mensah, Victorine, Roetynck, Sophie, Kanteh, Ebrima, Bowyer, Georgina, Ndaw, Amy, Oko, Francis, Bliss, Carly, Jagne, Ya Jankey, Cortese, Riccardo, Nicosia, Alfredo, Roberts, Rachel, D'Alessio, Flavia, Leroy, Odile, Faye, Babacar, Cisse, Badara, Gerry, Stephen, Viebig, Nicola, Lawrie, Alison, Ewer, Katie, Hill, Adrian, Nebie, Issa, Tiono, Alfred B, Sanou, Guillaume, Konate, Amadou T, Yaro, Baptiste J, Sodiomon, Sirima, Honkpehedji, Yabo, Agobe, Jean Claude Dejon, Zinsou, Frejus, Mengue, Juliana, Richie, Thomas, Hoffman, Stephen, Nouatin, Odilon, Ngoa, Ulysse Ateba, Edoa, Jean R, Homoet, Andreas, Engelhon, Julie Englhon, Massinga-Louembe, Marguerite, Esen, Meral, Theisen, Michael, Sim, Kim Lee, Luty, Adrian Jf, Moutairou, Kabirou, Dinko, Bismarck, King, Elizabeth, Targett, Geoffrey, Sutherland, Colin, Likhovole, Clement, Ouma, Collins, Vulule, John, Musau, Susan, Khayumbi, Jeremiah, Okumu, Albert, Murithi, Wilfred, Otu, Jacob, Gehre, Florian, Zingue, Dezemon, Kudzawu, Samuel, Forson, Audrey, Mane, Morto, Rabna, Paulo, Diarra, Bassirou, Kayede, Salako, Adebiyi, Emmanuel, Kehinde, Aderemi, Onyejepu, Nneka, Onubogu, Catherine, Idigbe, Emmanuel, Ba, Awa, Diallo, Aissatou, Mboup, Souleymane, Disse, Kodjo, Kadanga, Gerard, Dagnra, Yaotse, Baldeh, Ignatius, Corrah, Tumani, Jong, Bouke De, Antonio, Martin, Musanabaganwa, Clarisse, Musabyimana, Jean Pierre, Karita, Etienne, Diop, Blondin, Nambajimana, Abidan, Dushimiyimana, Valentine, Karame, Prosper, Russell, Jim, Ndoli, Jules, Hategekimana, Theobald, Sendegeya, Augustin, Condo, Jeannine, Binagwaho, Agnes, Okonko, Iheanyi, Okerentugba, Phillip, Opaleye, Oluyinka, Awujo, Ezinwanne, Frank-Peterside, Nnenna, Moyo, Sikhulile, Kotokwe, Kenanao, Mohammed, Terence, Boleo, Coretah, Mupfumi, Lucy, Chishala, Samuel, Gaseitsiwe, Simani, Tsalaile, Lesedi, Bussmann, Herman, Makhema, Joseph, Baum, Marianna, Marlink, Richard, Engelbretch, Susan, Essex, Max, Novitsky, Vladimir, Saka, Emmanuel, Kalipalire, Zex, Bhairavabhotla, Ravikiran, Midiani, Dalitso, Sherman, Judith, Mgode, Georgies, Cox, Christophe, Bwana, Dickens, Mtui, Leah, Magesa, Daniel, Kahwa, Amos, Mfinanga, Godfrey, Mulder, Christiaan, Borain, Nick, Petersen, Lizette, Plessis, Julianne Du, Theron, Grant, Holm-Hansen, Carol, Tekwu, Emmanuel Mouafo, Sidze, Larissa Kamgue, Assam, Jean Paul Assam, Eyangoh, Sarah, Niemann, Stefan, Beng, Veronique Penlap, Frank, Matthias, Atiadeve, Samuel, Hilmann, Doris, Awoniyi, Dolapo, Baumann, Ralf, Kriel, Belinda, Jacobs, Ruschca, Kidd, Martin, Loxton, Andre, Kaempfer, Susanne, Singh, Mahavir, Mwanza, Winnie, Milimo, Deborah, Moyo, Maureen, Kasese, Nkatya, Cheeba-Lengwe, Maina, Munkondya, Stembiso, Ayles, Helen, Haas, Petra De, Muyoyeta, Monde, Namuganga, Anna Ritah, Kizza, Harriet Mayanja, Mendy, Alieu, Tientcheu, Leopold, Ayorinde, Abigail, Coker, Edward, Egere, Uzochukwu, Coussens, Anna, Naude, Celeste, Chaplin, George, Noursadeghi, Mahdad, Martineau, Adrian, Jablonski, Nina, Wilkinson, Robert, Ouedraogo, Henri Gautier, Matteelli, Alberto, Regazzi, Mario, Tarnagda, Grissoum, Villani, Paola, Sulis, Giorgia, Diagbouga, Serge, Roggi, Alberto, Giorgetti, Francesco, Kouanda, Seni, Bidias, Amel, Ndjonka, Dieudonné, Olemba, Clémence, Souleymanou, Arabo, Mukonzo, Jackson, Kuteesa, Ronald, Ogwal-Okeng, Jasper, Gustafsson, Lars L., Owen, Joel, Bassi, Peter, Gashau, Wadzani, Olaf, Klungel, Dodoo, Alexander, Okonkwo, Prosper, Kanki, Phyllis, Maruapula, Dorcas, Seraise, Boitumelo, Einkauf, Kevin, Reilly, Amanda, Rowley, Christopher, Musonda, Rosemary, Framhein, Anna, Mpagama, Stella, Semvua, Hadija, Maboko, Leonard, Hoelscher, Michael, Heinrich, Norbert, Mulenga, Lloyd, Kaayunga, Callistus, Davies, Mary-Ann, Egger, Matthias, Musukuma, Kalo, Dambe, Rosalia, Usadi, Benjamin, Ngari, Moses, Thitiri, Johnstone, Mwalekwa, Laura, Fegan, Greg, Berkley, James, Nsagha, Dickson, Munamunungu, Virginia, Bolton, Carolyn, Siyunda, Alice, Shilimi, Jacinta, Bucciardini, Raffaella, Fragola, Vincenzo, Abegaz, Teshome, Lucattini, Stefano, Halifom, Atakilt, Tadesse, Eskedar, Berhe, Micheal, Pugliese, Katherina, Castro, Paola De, Terlizzi, Roberta, Fucili, Luca, Gregorio, Massimiliano Di, Mirra, Marco, Zegeye, Teame, Binelli, Andrea, Vella, Stefano, Abraham, Loko, Godefay, Hagos, Rakotoarivelo, Rivo, Raberahona, Mihaja, Randriamampionona, Njary, Andriamihaja, Rabezanahary, Rasamoelina, Tahinamandranto, Cornet, Muriel, Randria, Mamy Jean De Dieu, Benet, Thomas, Vanhems, Philippe, Andrianarivelo, Mala Rakoto, Chirwa, Uchizi, Michelo, Charles, Hamoonga, Raymond, Wandiga, Steve, Oduor, Patience, Agaya, Janet, Sharma, Aditya, Cavanaugh, Sean, Cain, Kevin, Mukisa, John, Mupere, Ezekiel, Worodria, William, Ngom, Justice Trésor, Koro, Francioli, Godwe, Celestin, Adande, Clemence, Ateugieu, Romaric, Onana, Tatiana, Ngono, Annie, Kamdem, Yannick, Ngo-Niobe, Sara, Etoa, François-Xavier, Kanengoni, Muchineripi, Ruzario, Sithembile, Ndebele, Paul, Shana, Melody, Tarumbiswa, Fadzai, Musesengwa, Rosemary, Gutsire, Rutendo, Fisher, Kevin, Thyagarajan, Bargavi, Akanbi, Olusola, Binuyo, Michael, Ssengooba, Willy, Respeito, Durval, Mambuque, Edson, Blanco, Silvia, Mandomando, Inacio, Cobelens, Frank, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto, Tamene, Ayele, Topp, Stephanie, Mwamba, Chanda, Padian, Nancy, Sikazwe, Izukanji, Geng, Elvin, Holmes, Charles, Sikombe, Kombatende, Hantuba, Cardinal, Czaicki, Nancy, Simbeza, Sandra, Somwe, Paul, Umulisa, Michele, Ilo, Jennifer, Kestelyn, Evelyne, Uwineza, Mireille, Agaba, Stephen, Delvaux, Therese, Wijgert, Janneke, Gethi, Dickson, Odeny, Lazarus, Tamandjou, Cynthia, Kaindjee-Tjituka, Francina, Brandt, Laura, Cotton, Mark, Nel, Etienne, Preiser, Wolfgang, Andersson, Monique, Adepoju, Abiola, Magana, Musa, Etsetowaghan, Andrew, Chilikwazi, Mutinta, Sutcliffe, Catherine, Thuma, Philip, Sinywimaanzi, Kathy, Matakala, Hellen, Munachoonga, Passwell, Moss, William, Masenza, Issa Sabi, Geisenberger, Otto, Agrea, Peter, Rwegoshora, France, Mahiga, Hellen, Olomi, Willyhelmina, Kroidl, Arne, Kayode, Gbenga, Amoakoh-Coleman, Mary, Ansah, Evelyn, Uthman, Olalekan, Fokam, Joseph, Santoro, Maria-Mercedes, Musolo, Chrissie, Chimbiri, Isabel, Chikwenga, Gloria, Deula, Ruth, Massari, Riccardo, Lungu, Agness, Perno, Carlo-Federico, Ndzengue, Georgia, Loveline, Ngu, Lissom, Abel, Flaurent, Tchouangueu, Sosso, Samuel, Essomba, Claudine, Kpeli, Grace, Otchere, Isaac, Lamelas, Araceli, Buultjens, Andrew, Bulach, Dieter, Baines, Sarah, Seemann, Torsten, Giulieri, Stefano, Nakobu, Zuliehatu, Aboagye, Samuel, Owusu-Mireku, Evelyn, Danso, Emelia, Hauser, Julia, Hinic, Vladimira, Pluschke, Gerd, Stinear, Timothy, Yeboah-Manu, Dorothy, Elshayeb, Ayman, Siddig, Marmar El, Ahmed, Abdel Azim, Hussien, Adil El, Kabwe, Mwila, Tembo, John, Chilukutu, Lophina, Chilufya, Moses, Ngulube, Francis, Lukwesa, Chileshe, Enne, Virve, Wexner, Hannah, Mwananyanda, Lawrence, Hamer, Davidson, Sinyangwe, Sylvester, Ahmed, Yusuf, Klein, Nigel, Maeurer, Markus, Zumla, Ali, Bates, Matthew, Beyala, Landry, Etienne, Guenou, Anthony, Njimbia, Benjamin, Azike, Ateudjieu, Jerome, Chibwe, Bertha, Ojok, David, Tarr, Christine Attia, Perez, Guillermo Martinez, Omeonga, Senga, Kibungu, Fanta, Meyer, Ana, Lansana, Peter, Mayor, Alfredo, Onyango, Peter, Loggerenberg, François Van, Furtado, Tamzin, Boggs, Liam, Segrt, Alexis, Dochez, Carine, Burnett, Rosemary, Mphahlele, M. Jeffrey, Miiro, George, Mbidde, Edward, Peshu, Norbert, Kivaya, Esther, Ngowi, Bernard, Kavishe, Reginald, Maowia, Mukhtar, Sandstrom, Eric, Ayuo, Elizabeth, Mmbaga, Blandina, Leisegang, Cordelia, Thorpe, Marie, Batchilly, Elizabeth, N'Guessan, Jean-Pierre, Kanteh, Dembo, Søfteland, Solrun, Sebitloane, Motshedisi, Vwalika, Bellington, Taylor, Myra, Galappaththi-Arachchige, Hashini, Holmen, Sigve, Gundersen, Svein Gunnar, Ndhlovu, Patricia, Kjetland, Eyrun Floerecke, Kombe, Francis, Toohey, Jacintha, Pienaar, Elizabeth, Kredo, Tamara, Cham, Pa Modou, Abubakar, Ismaela, Dondeh, Bai Lamin, Vischer, Nerina, Pfeiffer, Constanze, Burri, Christian, Musukwa, Kalo, Zürcher, Samuel, Mwandu, Temwani, Bauer, Sophie, Adriko, Moses, Mwaura, Peter, Omolloh, Kevin, Jones, Clarer, Malecela, Mwelecele, Hamidu, Buhari Adamu, Jenner, Tettevi Edward, Asiedu, Larbi John, Osei-Atweneboana, Mike, Afeke, Innocent, Addo, Phyllis, Newman, Mercy, Durnez, Lies, Eddyani, Miriam, Ammisah, Nana, Abas, Mona, Quartey, Maxwell, Ablordey, Anthony, Akinwale, Olaoluwa, Adeneye, Adeniyi, Ezeugwu, Sylvanus, Olukosi, Yetunde, Adewale, Babatunde, Sulyman, Medinat, Mafe, Margaret, Okwuzu, Jane, Gyang, Pam, Nwafor, Timothy, Henry, Uzoma, Musa, Bilkisu, Ujah, Innocent, Agobé, Jean Claude Dejon, Grau-Pujol, Berta, Sacoor, Charfudin, Nhabomba, Augusto, Casellas, Aina, Quintó, Llorenç, Subirà, Carme, Giné, Ricard, Valentín, Antònia, Muñoz, Jose, Nikiema, Marguerite, Ky-Ba, Absatou, Comapore, Kiswendsida Abdou Muller, Traore, Alfred, Sangare, Lassana, Oluremi, Adeolu, Michel, Mandro, Camara, Yaya, Sanneh, Bakary, Cuamba, Inocencia, Gutiérrez, Jose, Lázaro, Carlota, Mejia, Rojelio, Adedeji, Abimbola, Folorunsho, Sola, Demehin, Pelumi, Akinsanya, Bamidele, Cowley, Giovanna, Silva, Eunice Teixeira Da, Nabicassa, Meno, Barros, Pedrozinho Duarte Pereira De, Blif, Milena Mbote, Bailey, Robin, Last, Anna, Mahendradhata, Yodi, Gotuzzo, Eduardo, Nys, Kateljine De, Casteels, Minnes, Nona, Sylvie Kwedi, Lumeka, Kabwende, Todagbe, Agnandji, Djima, Mariam Mama, Ukpong, Morenike, Sagay, Atiene, Khamofu, Hadiza, Torpey, Kwasi, Afiadigwe, Evaristus, Anenih, James, Ezechi, Oliver, Nweneka, Chidi, Idoko, John, Muhumuza, Simon, Katahoire, Anne, Nuwaha, Fred, Olsen, Annette, Okeyo, Seth, Omollo, Raymond, Kimutai, Robert, Ochieng, Michael, Egondi, Thaddaeus, Moonga, Clement, Chileshe, Chisele, Magwende, George, Anumudu, Chiaka, Onile, Olugbenga, Oladele, Victoria, Adebayo, Adewale, Awobode, Henrietta, Oyeyemi, Oyetunde, Odaibo, Alexander, Kabuye, Emily, Lutalo, Tom, Njua-Yafi, Clarisse, Nkuo-Akenji, Theresa, Anchang-Kimbi, Judith, Mugri, Regina, Chi, Hanesh, Tata, Rolland, Njumkeng, Charles, Dodoo, Daniel, Achidi, Eric, Fernandes, José, Bache, Emmanuel B., Matakala, Kalumbu, Searle, Kelly, Greenman, Michelle, and Rainwater-Lovett, Kaitlin

Subjects
Abstracts of Poster Presentations, Abstracts of Oral Presentations, Author Index, Abstracts of Presentations in Plenary Sessions, Article, Abstracts of the Eighth Edctp Forum, 6–9 November 2016
Published
2017

6. Macrophage migrating inhibitory factor expression is associated with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection and is controlled by trans-acting expression quantitative trait loci in the Guinean population

Author

Kabore, Justin Windingoudi, Camara, Oumou, Ilboudo, Hamidou, Capewell, Paul, Clucas, Caroline, Cooper, Anneli, Kabore, Jacques, Camara, Mamadou, Jamonneau, Vincent, Hertz-Fowler, Christiana, Belem, Adrien Marie Gaston, Matovu, Enock, Macleod, Annette, Sidibe, Issa, Noyes, Harry, Bucheton, Bruno, Grp, TrypanoGEN Res, Consortium, H3Africa, Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides (UMR INTERTRYP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université de Bordeaux (UB)

Subjects
Adult, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), Chemokine, Adolescent, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, medicine.medical_treatment, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Quantitative Trait Loci, 030106 microbiology, Population, Microbiology, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Genotype, Genetics, medicine, Humans, CXCL13, Child, education, Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors, Molecular Biology, Gene, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, biology, Gene Expression Profiling, Middle Aged, Acquired immune system, Chemokine CXCL13, 3. Good health, Trypanosomiasis, African, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Cytokine, Gene Expression Regulation, Child, Preschool, Immunology, Expression quantitative trait loci, biology.protein, Female, Guinea
Abstract

Infection by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is characterized by a wide array of clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic to acute disease and even spontaneous cure. In this study, we investigated the association between macrophage migrating inhibitory factor (MIF), an important pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a central role in both innate and acquired immunity, and disease outcome during T. b. gambiense infection. A comparative expression analysis of patients, individuals with latent infection and controls found that MIF had significantly higher expression in patients (n = 141; 1.25 ± 0.07; p

Published
2019

7. Do Cryptic Reservoirs Threaten Gambiense-Sleeping Sickness Elimination?

Author

Büscher, Philippe, Bart, Jean-Mathieu, Boelaert, Marleen, Bucheton, Bruno, Cecchi, Giuliano, Chitnis, Nakul, Courtin, David, Figueiredo, Luisa M., Franco, José-Ramon, Grébaut, Pascal, Hasker, Epco, Ilboudo, Hamidou, Jamonneau, Vincent, Koffi, Mathurin, Lejon, Veerle, MacLeod, Annette, Masumu, Justin, Matovu, Enock, Mattioli, Raffaele, Noyes, Harry, Picado, Albert, Rock, Kat S., Rotureau, Brice, Simo, Gustave, Thévenon, Sophie, Trindade, Sandra, Truc, Philippe, Van Reet, Nick, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal), The Task Force for Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Government of Italy, Wellcome Trust, Institute of Tropical Medicine [Antwerp] (ITM), Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides (UMR INTERTRYP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid [Madrid] (UC3M), Sub-Regional Office for Eastern Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute [Basel], University of Basel (Unibas), Mère et enfant en milieu tropical : pathogènes, système de santé et transition épidémiologique (MERIT - UMR_D 216), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Centre international de recherche-développement sur l'élevage en zone subhumide, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé (UJloG ), University of Glasgow, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale [Kinshasa] (INRB), Makerere University [Kampala, Ouganda] (MAK), Animal Production and Health Division [Rome], University of Liverpool, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), University of Warwick [Coventry], Biologie cellulaire des Trypanosomes - Trypanosome Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Dschang, This work was supported by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1150674). KSR gratefully acknowledges funding of the NTD Modelling Consortium by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in partnership with the Task Force for Global Health under grant number OPP1053230. AML, BB, EM, GS, HI, MK, VJ, and VL are supported by TrypanoGen funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant number 099310/Z/12/Z). NC acknowledges funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation under grant OPP1156227. LMF is funded by Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (IF/01050/2014). FAO contribution to this study was provided in the framework of the Programme against African Trypanosomosis (PAAT), and supported by the Government of Italy (FAO Project ‘Improving food security in sub-Saharan Africa by supporting the progressive reduction of tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis in the framework of the NEPAD’, codes GTFS/RAF/474/ITA and GCP/RAF/502/ITA). The funders had no role in design, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The views, opinions, assumptions or any other information set out in this article are solely those of the authors., Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Centre international de recherche-développement sur l'élevage en zone subhumide (CIRDES), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid [Madrid], Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales (MERIT - UMR_D 216), Makerere University (MAK), Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Biologie cellulaire des Trypanosomes, University of Dschang, and Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal)

Subjects
reservoir, Elimination, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], human African trypanosomiasis, sleeping sickness, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Article, elimination, Risk Factors, parasitic diseases, Animals, Humans, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Trypanosoma brucei, Disease Eradication, Transmission des maladies, Reservoir, Disease Reservoirs, Human African trypanosomiasis, transmission, Trypanosomose africaine, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Trypanosomiasis, African, S50 - Santé humaine, Sleeping sickness, RC
Abstract

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense causes human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). Between 1990 and 2015, almost 440 000 cases were reported. Large-scale screening of populations at risk, drug donations, and efforts by national and international stakeholders have brought the epidemic under control with, Highlights gambiense-HAT is targeted for elimination with zero transmission in humans. Innovative tools may contribute to the achievement of elimination; these tools include rapid diagnostic tests, improved tsetse-control tools, and an oral drug to treat both stages of disease. Research is revealing associations between infection outcome, including self-cure, and mutations within genes involved in immune responses. Patient-derived T. b. gambiense strains can cycle in animals and tsetse flies without losing infectivity to humans. Molecular and serological techniques facilitate new studies on naturally infected animals as putative reservoir hosts. Mathematical modelling supports the hypothesis that human or animal reservoirs drive transmission, and they, or the tsetse vectors, could be targeted to swiftly impact transmission. Ongoing modelling will assess possible recrudescence via reservoirs.

Published
2018

8. Do cryptic reservoirs threaten gambiense-sleeping sickness elimination?

Author

Informal Expert Group on Gambiense HAT Reservoirs, Büscher, Philippe, Bart, Jean-Mathieu, Boelaert, Marleen, Bucheton, Bruno, Cecchi, Giuliano, Chitnis, Nakul, Courtin, David, Figueiredo, Luisa M., Franco, José-Ramon, Grébaut, Pascal, Hasker, Epco, Ilboudo, Hamidou, Jamonneau, Vincent, Koffi, Mathurin, Lejon, Veerle, MacLeod, Annette, Masumu, Justin, Matovu, Enock, Mattioli, Raffaele, Noyes, Harry, Picado, Albert, Rock, Kat S., Rotureau, Brice, Simo, Gustave, Thévenon, Sophie, Trindade, Sandra, Truc, Philippe, and Van Reet, Nick

Published
2018
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9. A polymorphism in the haptoglobin, haptoglobin related protein locus is associated with risk of human sleeping sickness within Cameroonian populations

Author

Ofon, Elvis, Noyes, Harry, Mulindwa, Julius, Ilboudo, Hamidou, Simuunza, Martin, Eboo, Vincent, Njiokou, Flobert, Koffi, Mathurin, Bucheton, Bruno, Fogue, Pythagore, Hertz-Fowler, Christiane, MacLeod, Annette, Simo, Gustave, Grp, TrypanoGEN Res, and Consortium, H3Africa

Subjects
Male, 0301 basic medicine, Heredity, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Biochemistry, Geographical Locations, Gene Frequency, Risk Factors, Zoonoses, Medicine and Health Sciences, Cameroon, Child, Aged, 80 and over, Protozoans, Genetics, biology, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Haptoglobin, Neglected Diseases, Eukaryota, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, Genetic Mapping, Infectious Diseases, Female, Research Article, Neglected Tropical Diseases, Adult, Trypanosoma, Genotyping, medicine.medical_specialty, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Adolescent, Genotype, lcsh:RC955-962, Variant Genotypes, Locus (genetics), Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Research and Analysis Methods, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, African Trypanosomiasis, Molecular Genetics, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Antigens, Neoplasm, Trypanosomiasis, Molecular genetics, Parasitic Diseases, medicine, Humans, SNP, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Molecular Biology Techniques, Molecular Biology, Alleles, Genetic Association Studies, Aged, Protozoan Infections, Plasma Proteins, Haptoglobins, Organisms, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Biology and Life Sciences, Proteins, lcsh:RA1-1270, Tropical Diseases, Parasitic Protozoans, Minor allele frequency, Trypanosomiasis, African, 030104 developmental biology, Genetic Loci, Case-Control Studies, Asymptomatic Diseases, People and Places, Africa, Immunology, biology.protein, Asymptomatic carrier
Abstract

Background Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a neglected disease targeted for elimination as a public health problem by 2020. Elimination requires a better understanding of the epidemiology and clinical evolution of HAT. In addition to the classical clinical evolution of HAT, asymptomatic carriers and spontaneous cure have been reported in West Africa. A genetic component to human susceptibility to HAT has been suggested to explain these newly observed responses to infection. In order to test for genetic associations with infection response, genetic polymorphism in 17 genes were tested (APOL1, IL1B, IL4, IL4R, IL6, IL8, IL12B, IL12RB1, IL10, TNFA, INFG, MIF, HLA-G, HLA-A, HP, HPR and CFH). Methodology A case-control study was performed on 180 blood samples collected from 56 cases and 124 controls from Cameroon. DNA was extracted from blood samples. After quality control, 25 samples (24 controls and 1 case) were eliminated. The genotyping undertaken on 155 individuals including 55 cases and 100 controls were investigated at 96 loci (88 SNPs and 8 indels) located on 17 genes. Associations between these loci and HAT were estimated via a case-control association test. Results Analyses of 64 SNPs and 4 indels out of 96 identified in the selected genes reveal that the minor allele (T) of rs8062041 in haptoglobin (HP) appeared to be protective against HAT (p = 0.0002395, OR 0.359 (CI95 [0.204–0.6319])); indicating higher frequency in cases compared to controls. This minor allele with adjusted p value of 0.0163 is associated with a lower risk (protective effect) of developing sleeping sickness. Conclusion The haptoglobin related protein HPR and HP are tightly linked and both are duplicated in some people and may lead to higher activity. This increased production could be responsible of the protection associated with rs8062041 even though this SNP is within HP., Author summary Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness is a neglected tropical disease targeted for elimination by 2020. This elimination requires a better understanding of the epidemiology and clinical evolution of this disease. Beside the classical clinical evolution, asymptomatic carriers, seropositive and spontaneous cure of infected persons have been reported in West Africa. Arguments in favor of human genetic susceptibility to HAT have been raised to explain this variability in clinical presentation. This study investigated the genetic polymorphism of 17 genes between controls and sleeping sickness patients in Southern Cameroon in order to improve our knowledge of human susceptibility to trypanosome infections. We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms and indels in 17 selected genes involved in immune responses and carried out a case-control candidate gene association study and demonstrated differences between variants associated with the disease. From these genes, only haptoglobin (HP) at the SNP rs8062041 was found to have polymorphisms which were strongly associated with trypanosomiasis. The minor allele (T) at this SNP position appeared to be protective against HAT (p = 0.0002395, OR 0.359 (CI95 [0.204–0.6319])) reducing the risk of developing disease approximately threefold. The haptoglobin related protein (HPR) is adjacent to HP and is a component of the Trypanolytic factor that kills trypanosomes. The HP and HPR locus is duplicated in some people. The rs8062041 variant may be associated with this duplication and it is possible that increased production of HPR is the cause of the protection associated with rs8062041. The results reported here will contribute to the knowledge of the role of human genetics in disease progression, and thus lead to the identification of novel biomarkers which could involve development of new diagnostics, treatments and intervention strategies.

Published
2017

10. Introducing the TrypanoGEN biobank: A valuable resource for the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis

Author

Ilboudo, Hamidou, Noyes, Harry, Mulindwa, Julius, Kimuda, Magambo Phillip, Koffi, Mathurin, Kabore, Justin Windingoudi, Ahouty, Bernadin, Ngoyi, Dieudonne Mumba, Fataki, Olivier, Simo, Gustave, Ofon, Elvis, Enyaru, John, Chisi, John, Kamoto, Kelita, Simuunza, Martin, Alibu, Vincent P, Lejon, Veerle, Jamonneau, Vincent, Macleod, Annette, Camara, Mamadou, Bucheton, Bruno, Hertz-Fowler, Christiane, Sidibe, Issa, Matovu, Enock, Grp, TrypanoGEN Res, and Consortium, H3Africa

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Aging, Geographical Locations, Plasma, Environmental protection, Zoonoses, Medicine and Health Sciences, African trypanosomiasis, Uganda, Cameroon, Biological Specimen Banks, Aged, 80 and over, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Genomics, Middle Aged, Biobank, Infectious Diseases, Neglected Tropical Diseases, Adult, Resource (biology), lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Adolescent, lcsh:RC955-962, Zambia, Biology, African Trypanosomiasis, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Trypanosomiasis, medicine, Parasitic Diseases, Genome-Wide Association Studies, Genetics, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Disease Eradication, Environmental planning, Africa South of the Sahara, Aged, Symposium, Protozoan Infections, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Biology and Life Sciences, Computational Biology, Human Genetics, lcsh:RA1-1270, DNA, medicine.disease, Tropical Diseases, Genome Analysis, 030104 developmental biology, Trypanosomiasis, African, People and Places, Africa, Parasitology
Abstract

No abstract available.

Published
2017

11. The study of trypanosome species circulating in domestic animals in two human African trypanosomiasis foci of Cote d'Ivoire identifies pigs and cattle as potential reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

Author

N’Djetchi, Martial Kassi, Ilboudo, Hamidou, Koffi, Mathurin, Kaboré, Jacques, Kaboré, Justin Windingoudi, Kaba, Dramane, Courtin, Fabrice, Coulibaly, Bamoro, Fauret, Pierre, Kouakou, Lingué, Ravel, Sophie, Deborggraeve, Stijn, Solano, Philippe, De Meeûs, Thierry, Bucheton, Bruno, and Jamonneau, Vincent

Subjects
Swine Diseases, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, lcsh:RC955-962, Swine, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Cattle Diseases, lcsh:RA1-1270, Cote d'Ivoire, Trypanosomiasis, African, parasitic diseases, Animals, Humans, Cattle, Research Article, Disease Reservoirs
Abstract

Background Important control efforts have led to a significant reduction of the prevalence of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in Côte d’Ivoire, but the disease is still present in several foci. The existence of an animal reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense may explain disease persistence in these foci where animal breeding is an important source of income but where the prevalence of animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) is unknown. The aim of this study was to identify the trypanosome species circulating in domestic animals in both Bonon and Sinfra HAT endemic foci. Methodology/Principal findings 552 domestic animals (goats, pigs, cattle and sheep) were included. Blood samples were tested for trypanosomes by microscopic observation, species-specific PCR for T. brucei sl, T. congolense, T. vivax and subspecies-specific PCR for T. b. gambiense and T. b. gambiense immune trypanolysis (TL). Infection rates varied significantly between animal species and were by far the highest in pigs (30%). T. brucei s.l was the most prevalent trypanosome species (13.7%) followed by T. congolense. No T. b. gambiense was identified by PCR while high TL positivity rates were observed using T. b. gambiense specific variants (up to 27.6% for pigs in the Bonon focus). Conclusion This study shows that domestic animals are highly infected by trypanosomes in the studied foci. This was particularly true for pigs, possibly due to a higher exposure of these animals to tsetse flies. Whereas T. brucei s.l. was the most prevalent species, discordant results were obtained between PCR and TL regarding T. b. gambiense identification. It is therefore crucial to develop better tools to study the epidemiological role of potential animal reservoir for T. b. gambiense. Our study illustrates the importance of “one health” approaches to reach HAT elimination and contribute to AAT control in the studied foci., Author summary In Africa, significant efforts to control human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) over the past three decades have drastically reduced the prevalence of the disease and elimination seems today an achievable goal. However, potential animal reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense may compromise this ambitious objective. In the Bonon and Sinfra HAT endemic foci in Côte d’Ivoire, no recent data are available about the prevalence of animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT). The aim of this study was to identify trypanosomes circulating in domestic animals in these two HAT foci using serological, parasitological and molecular tools. We showed that T. brucei s.l. and T. congolense were the most prevalent trypanosome species and that pigs and cattle were the most infected animals. Discordant results were observed between the T. b. gambiense specific molecular and serological tools and the presence of an animal reservoir for T. b. gambiense remains unclear. Nevertheless, improved control strategies can be proposed based on this study to reach HAT elimination and contribute to AAT control in the study areas.

Published
2017

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