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Ionizing radiation exposure affects the redox state in vivo. Recently, whole-blood antioxidant capacity (WBAC) has been reported to decrease in a dose-dependent manner after acute total body irradiation (TBI). However, changes in WBAC after localized and chronic irradiations have not been reported. This study analyzed changes to WBAC in mice after either localized irradiation (irradiation of the left hind leg only) or chronic TBI using the i-STrap method. Leg-localized irradiation exerted limited effects on WBAC, while WBAC decreased in a dose rate-dependent manner after TBI. Further, the WBAC reached the minimum value in a shorter period at a smaller dose rate. Our results suggest that changes in WBAC do not directly reflect absorbed dose, but may reflect radiation-induced biological damage at the systemic level. This study will contribute to the understanding of radiation-induced injuries and diseases, and will facilitate the establishment of biomarkers for radiation exposure.

Additional file 1: Supplementary data. Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the table S1, S2. Table S1. Calibration curves, detection limits, and quantification limits for the chemical compounds. Table S2. MS/MS parameters for the target compounds. Table S3. Concentrations of chemical compounds detected in the mainstream smoke of IQOS using Tenax GR cartridge and CFP (μg/stick) (n=3). n.d. means not determined. Table S4. Concentrations of chemical compounds detected in the mainstream smoke of glo using Tenax GR cartridge and CFP (μg/stick) (n=3). n.d. means not determined. Table S5. Concentrations of chemical compounds detected in the mainstream smoke of ploom S using Tenax GR cartridge and CFP (μg/stick) (n=3). n.d. means not determined.

Biodosimetry is a useful method for estimating personal exposure doses to ionizing radiation. Studies have identified metabolites in non-cellular biofluids that can be used as markers in biodosimetry. Levels of metabolites in blood cells may reflect health status or environmental stresses differentially. Here, we report changes in the levels of murine blood cell metabolites following exposure to X-rays in vivo. Levels of blood cell metabolites were measured by capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The levels of 100 metabolites were altered substantially following exposure. We identified 2-aminobutyric acid, 2'-deoxycytidine, and choline as potentially useful markers of radiation exposure and established a potential prediction panel of the exposure dose using stepwise regression. Levels of blood cell metabolites may be useful biomarkers in estimating exposure doses during unexpected radiation incidents.