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The growing population has an impact on the increasing need for housing. A comfortable house can be made if the ground is fine. Pengengat Village in Pujut District has expansive soil which has high swelling-shrinkage properties. This activity aims to provide an understanding of the characteristics of expansive soil and how to improve it. This activity is divided into three stages, including: 1) site survey, 2) counseling, and 3) creating a lime column model. The survey results show that people in Pengengat village do not understand the characteristics of expansive soil and they also do not know how to improve the soil phenomenon. The floors and walls of the house were cracked and some were split. Poor drainage conditions also contributed to the damage to their homes. After carrying out these activities, the residents began to understand the characteristics of the expansive soil and how to improve it. We make three lime columns with a diameter of 25 cm and a depth of 75 cm. The distance between the lime columns is 1 m. For evaluation purposes, we take soil samples from each hole, the soil samples will be tested to determine the level of swelling

North Africa sub-region represents the entire range of aridity index. The major issues of concern in the sub-region are rainfall variability, recurrent droughts, and possible impacts of climate change. Aridity is manifested by scarcity of water resources and arable lands which represent 26.4% of the total land area with extremely varied distribution among the countries of the sub-region. Presently cultivated areas occupy 45 million ha, mostly rainfed, with 8 million ha of irrigated lands. Rangelands occupy about 13% and forest / woodland represent 8% of the total land area of the sub-region. All land use categories are subject to land degradation processes, through more than three decades, due to several pressures including; rapid population growth, climatic stresses, human mismanagement practices, and inappropriate agricultural policies. Land degradation processes are varied and diversified under the conditions of rain-fed, irrigated, range and forestlands. Land degradation processes are conducive to serious productivity losses, reduction in return from capital investment, lower income of rural households, spread of poverty and increased rural to urban migration.

Additional file 3. Further details of the analyses of resistance in Aedes populations including Table S5. Diagnostic doses and data volumes for each pyrethroid. Table S6. Correlations in resistance to different pyrethroids in Ae. aegypti samples. Table S7. Comparisons of mean mortality between pairs of pyrethroids.

Additional file 2. Additional results from the population resistance comparisons including Figure S2. The distributions of paired pyrethroid susceptibility test mortality values for An. gambiae s.l. Figure S3. The distributions of paired pyrethroid susceptibility test mortality values for the An. funestus subgroup. Figure S4. The distributions of paired pyrethroid susceptibility test mortality values for four species. Figure S5. The distributions of paired susceptibility test mortality values for four species exposed to deltamethrin and a non-pyrethroid insecticide. Figure S6. Comparisons between resistance to etofenprox and five other pyrethroids in the An. gambiae complex and the An. funestus subgroup. Figure S7. Comparison of resistance to three pyrethroids within the An. gambiae complex and An. funestus subgroup. Figure S8. Comparisons of resistance to three pyrethroids in four malaria vector species. Figure S9. Comparison of resistance to deltamethrin and six insecticides from other classes. Table S4. Correlations between resistance to deltamethrin and non-pyrethroid insecticides in four African malaria vector species.

Additional file 1. Further details of the functional activity data including Table S1. Primers used for amplification of CYP6Z3 and in vitro functional characterisation. Figure S1. Fe2+-CO vs. Fe2+ difference spectrum of E. coli membranes expressing AgCYP6Z3. Table S2. IC50 values (��M) of pyrethroid insecticides. Table S3. Pyrethroid metabolism by mosquito P450s.

Additional file 2. Additional results from the population resistance comparisons including Figure S2. The distributions of paired pyrethroid susceptibility test mortality values for An. gambiae s.l. Figure S3. The distributions of paired pyrethroid susceptibility test mortality values for the An. funestus subgroup. Figure S4. The distributions of paired pyrethroid susceptibility test mortality values for four species. Figure S5. The distributions of paired susceptibility test mortality values for four species exposed to deltamethrin and a non-pyrethroid insecticide. Figure S6. Comparisons between resistance to etofenprox and five other pyrethroids in the An. gambiae complex and the An. funestus subgroup. Figure S7. Comparison of resistance to three pyrethroids within the An. gambiae complex and An. funestus subgroup. Figure S8. Comparisons of resistance to three pyrethroids in four malaria vector species. Figure S9. Comparison of resistance to deltamethrin and six insecticides from other classes. Table S4. Correlations between resistance to deltamethrin and non-pyrethroid insecticides in four African malaria vector species.

Additional file 1. Further details of the functional activity data including Table S1. Primers used for amplification of CYP6Z3 and in vitro functional characterisation. Figure S1. Fe2+-CO vs. Fe2+ difference spectrum of E. coli membranes expressing AgCYP6Z3. Table S2. IC50 values (��M) of pyrethroid insecticides. Table S3. Pyrethroid metabolism by mosquito P450s.

Additional file 3. Further details of the analyses of resistance in Aedes populations including Table S5. Diagnostic doses and data volumes for each pyrethroid. Table S6. Correlations in resistance to different pyrethroids in Ae. aegypti samples. Table S7. Comparisons of mean mortality between pairs of pyrethroids.

A radiological or nuclear attack could involve such a large number of subjects as to overwhelm the emergency facilities in charge. Resources should therefore be focused on those subjects needing immediate medical attention and care. In such a scenario, for the triage management by first responders, it is necessary to count on efficient biological dosimetry tools capable of early detection of the absorbed dose. At present the validated assays for measuring the absorbed dose are dicentric chromosomes and micronuclei counts, which require more than 2–3 days to obtain results. To overcome this limitation the NATO SPS Programme funded an Italian–Egyptian collaborative project aimed at validating a fast, accurate and feasible tool for assessing the absorbed dose early after radiation exposure. Biomarkers as complete blood cell counts, DNA breaks and radio-inducible proteins were investigated on blood samples collected before and 3 h after the first fraction of radiotherapy in patients treated in specific target areas with doses/fraction of about: 2, 3.5 or > 5 Gy and compared with the reference micronuclei count. Based on univariate and multivariate multiple linear regression correlation, our results identify five early biomarkers potentially useful for detecting the extent of the absorbed dose 3 h after the exposure.