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Based on what we know about thermodynamics of synergy, we explored the relationship between countries socio-cultural order (negentropy), estimated through their constitutions, indicators of Rule of Law and their academic development; with countries indicators of Free Energy (amount of useful work, productivity, socioeconomic health). The analysis of 219 indicators unveiled strong correlations between estimates of the Rule of Law and the number of Academic Publications, with the socioeconomic health indicators: GDP, Human Development Index and Infant Mortality. In contrast, correlations with the length of constitutions (number of words and of articles), suggest that the proliferation of legal rules hinders the rule of law and socioeconomic development, or that under-development and/or the lack of the rule of law foments the proliferation of legal rules. These findings suggest that not any order favors productivity (Free Energy) and that excess regulations and state tutelage increase social entropy decreasing socioeconomic health., Comment: Working paper

Understanding the factors underpinning COVID-19 infection and mortality rates is essential in order to implement actions that help mitigate the current pandemic. Here we evaluate how a suit of 15 climatic and socio-economic variables influence COVID-19 exponential growth-phase infection and mortality rates across 36 countries. We found that imports of goods and services, international tourism and the number of published scientific papers are good predictors of COVID-19 infection rates, indicating that more globalized countries may have experienced multiple and recurrent introductions of the virus. However, high-income countries showed lower mortality rates, suggesting that the consequences of the current pandemic will be worse for globalized low-income countries. International aid agencies could use this information to help mitigate the consequences of the current pandemic in the most vulnerable countries.

The accumulation of knowledge required to produce economic value is a process that often relates to nations economic growth. Such a relationship, however, is misleading when the proxy of such accumulation is the average years of education. In this paper, we show that the predictive power of this proxy started to dwindle in 1990 when nations schooling began to homogenized. We propose a metric of human capital that is less sensitive than average years of education and remains as a significant predictor of economic growth when tested with both cross-section data and panel data. We argue that future research on economic growth will discard educational variables based on quantity as predictor given the thresholds that these variables are reaching., 18 pages, 12 tables

Synergy arises from positive reciprocal complementary and synchronized feedback loops in a network of diverse actors that exchange information, energy and matter. Its effect is to increase in a non-linear way (greater than the sum of the parts) useful work (free energy) and order (decrease entropy) of the system After an extensive exploration of synergy and from the analysis of examples in many areas of science, including physics, biology and economy, I postulate that the common elements in all those examples are essential for the existence of synergy. These fundamental elements or roots of synergy are: 1. Open stable systems 2. Cohesion 3. Diversity and Assortation 4. Complementarity 5. Communication and Synchrony 6. Freedom and Self-Organization 7. Dynamics with decreasing entropy and growing free energy. This point may be considered essential in defining synergy, as it can be measured and thus, the proposal is falsifiable and might be refuted empirically. Here we explore ways to nurture synergy in different settings., Amazon Books 2021. Kindle B083HNQBKJ. ASIN: 1656164094 2021

We argue that depending on p-values to reject null hypotheses, including a recent call for changing the canonical alpha level for statistical significance from .05 to .005, is deleterious for the finding of new discoveries and the progress of science. Given that blanket and variable criterion levels both are problematic, it is sensible to dispense with significance testing altogether. There are alternatives that address study design and determining sample sizes much more directly than significance testing does; but none of the statistical tools should replace significance testing as the new magic method giving clear-cut mechanical answers. Inference should not be based on single studies at all, but on cumulative evidence from multiple independent studies. When evaluating the strength of the evidence, we should consider, for example, auxiliary assumptions, the strength of the experimental design, or implications for applications. To boil all this down to a binary decision based on a p-value threshold of .05, .01, .005, or anything else, is not acceptable.

Automotive traffic is a classical example of a complex system, being the simplest case the homogeneous traffic where all vehicles are of the same kind, and using different means of transportation increases complexity due to different driving rules and interactions between each vehicle type. In particular, when motorcyclists drive in between the lanes of stopped or slow-moving vehicles. This later driving mode is a Venezuelan pervasive practice of mobilization that clearly jeopardizes road safety. We developed a minimalist agent-based model to analyze the interaction of road users with and without motorcyclists on the way. The presence of motorcyclists dwindles significantly the frequency of lane changes of motorists while increasing their frequency of acceleration-deceleration maneuvers, without significantly affecting their average speed. That is, motorcyclist "corralled" motorists in their lanes limiting their ability to maneuver and increasing their acceleration noise. Comparison of the simulations with real traffic videos shows good agreement between model and observation. The implications of these results regarding road safety concerns about the interaction between motorists and motorcyclists are discussed., 10 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables

Data mining revealed a cluster of economic, psychological, social and cultural indicators that in combination predicted corruption and wealth of European nations. This prosperity syndrome of self-reliant citizens, efficient division of labor, a sophisticated scientific community, and respect for the law, was clearly distinct from that of poor countries that had a diffuse relationship between high corruption perception, low GDP/capita, high social inequality, low scientific development, reliance on family and friends, and languages with many words for guilt. This suggests that there are many ways for a nation to be poor, but few ones to become rich, supporting the existence of synergistic interactions between the components in the prosperity syndrome favoring economic growth. No single feature was responsible for national prosperity. Focusing on synergies rather than on single features should improve our understanding of the transition from poverty and corruption to prosperity in European nations and elsewhere., Comment: 22 pages, 4 figures

Termites, like many social insects, build nests of complex architecture. These constructions have been proposed to optimize different structural features. Here we describe the nest network of the termite Nasutitermes ephratae, which is among the largest nest-network reported for termites and show that it optimizes diverse parameters defining the network architecture. The network structure avoids multiple crossing of galleries and minimizes the overlap of foraging territories. Thus, these termites are able to minimize the number of galleries they build, while maximizing the foraging area available at the nest mounds. We present a simple computer algorithm that reproduces the basics characteristics of this termite nest network, showing that simple rules can produce complex architectural designs efficiently., This is an English version of the Spanish original as referenced below, Modelos y simulaciones biologicas: ecologia y evolucion. Harold P. de Vladar y Roberto Cipriani. (eds.) 2015

In complex systems, many different parts interact in non-obvious ways. Traditional research focuses on a few or a single aspect of the problem so as to analyze it with the tools available. To get a better insight of phenomena that emerge from complex interactions, we need instruments that can analyze simultaneously complex interactions between many parts. Here, a simulator modeling different types of economies, is used to visualize complex quantitative aspects that affect economic dynamics. The main conclusions are: 1- Relatively simple economic settings produce complex non-linear dynamics and therefore linear regressions are often unsuitable to capture complex economic dynamics; 2- Flexible pricing of goods by individual agents according to their micro-environment increases the health and wealth of the society, but asymmetries in price sensitivity between buyers and sellers increase price inflation; 3- Prices for goods conferring risky long term benefits are not tracked efficiently by simple market forces. 4- Division of labor creates synergies that improve enormously the health and wealth of the society by increasing the efficiency of economic activity. 5- Stochastic modeling improves our understanding of real economies, and didactic games based on them might help policy makers and non specialists in grasping the complex dynamics underlying even simple economic settings.

We measured entropy and symbolic diversity for English and Spanish texts including literature Nobel laureates and other famous authors. Entropy, symbol diversity and symbol frequency profiles were compared for these four groups. We also built a scale sensitive to the quality of writing and evaluated its relationship with the Flesch's readability index for English and the Szigriszt's perspicuity index for Spanish. Results suggest a correlation between entropy and word diversity with quality of writing. Text genre also influences the resulting entropy and diversity of the text. Results suggest the plausibility of automated quality assessment of texts., Submitted for publication. 29 pages. 8 figures, 4 tables, 4 appendixes

We compare the likelihood of different socially relevant features to allow the evolutionary emergence and maintenance of cooperation in a generalized variant of the iterated Prisoners Dilemma game. Results show that the average costs/benefit balance of cooperation is the primary constraint for its establishment and maintenance. Behavior increasing inclusive fitness such as assortation, homophily, kin-selection and tagging of individuals, is second in importance. Networks characteristics were the least important in favoring the establishment and maintenance of cooperation, despite being the most popular in recent research on the subject. Results suggest that inclusive fitness theory with its expansions to include assortative and economic considerations is more general, powerful and relevant in analyzing social phenomena than kin selection theory with its emphasis on genetic relatedness. Merging economics with evolutionary theory will be necessary to reveal more about the nature of social dynamics., Submitted for publication

The present politically correct consensus is that increased exchange of scientific insight, knowledge, practitioners and skills at the global level brings significant benefits to all. The quantifiable scientometric changes during the last decade, however, suggest that many areas of knowledge are evolving in the opposite direction. Despite an increase during the last decade of the numbers of journals and academic articles published, increases in the number of citations the published articles receive, and increases in the number of countries participating; important parts of the academic activity are becoming more nationalistic. In addition, international collaboration is decreasing in several subject areas, and in several geographic regions. For example, countries in Asia are becoming scientifically more isolated; and academics working in the humanities in all the regions of the world are very nationalistic and are becoming more so. The precise consequences of this dynamics are difficult to predict, but it certainly will have reverberations beyond academia. The tendency of the humanities to become more provincial will certainly not help in reducing international conflicts arising from poor understanding of cultural differences and of diverging sociopolitical world views. More and better data on these trends should give us a better understanding for eventually improving academic policies worldwide. Keywords: International Collaboration, National, Science, Humanities, Policy

Non-linear dynamics is probably much more common in the epigenetic dynamics of living beings than hitherto recognized. Here we report a case of global bifurcation triggered by gender that affects higher cognitive functions in humans. We report a cross-cultural study showing deviations in time perception, as assessed by estimating the duration of brief sounds, according to their durations and to the gender of the perciver. Results show that the duration of sounds lasting less than 10 s were on average overestimated, whereas those lasting longer were underestimated; estimates of sounds shorter than 1 s were extremely inaccurate. Females consistently gave longer estimates than males. Accuracy in time estimation was correlated to academic performance in disciplines requiring mathematical or scientific skills in male, but not in female students. This difference in correlation however had nothing to do with overall skills in mathematics. Both sexes scored similarly in scientific and technical disciplines, but females had higher grades than males in languages and lower ones in physical education. Our results confirm existing evidence for gender differences in cognitive processing, hinting to the existence of different "mathematical intelligences" with different non-linear relationships between natural or biological mathematical intuition and time perception., Politically incorrect paper practically impossible to publish in a psychology journal

All termites secrete trail pheromones from their sternal gland, whereas ants use a variety of glands for this purpose. This and the diversity of chemical compounds that serve as trail pheromones among ants, and the uniformity of chemicals among termite trails, suggest a different evolutionary historical dynamics for the development of chemical mass recruitment in both taxa. Termites in addition show pheromonal parsimony. This suggest a single evolutionary origin of pheromone trails in Isoptera, whereas chemical mass recruitment among Formicidae seems to have evolved many times and in different ways. Despite these very different evolutionary histories, both taxa evolved chemical recruitment systems involving attractants and orientation signals, and at least two divergent decision making system for recruitment. This evolutionary analogy suggests that chemical mass recruitment is constraint by fundamental physical dynamic laws. Artificial intelligence including “mass intelligence” and “ant intelligence”, emulates mass recruitment in interacting virtual agents in search of optimal solutions. This approach, however, has copied only the “Democratic” recruitment dynamics with a single compound pheromone. Ant and termite evolution shows more sophisticated recruitment dynamics which, if understood properly, will improve our understanding of nature and applications of artificial “swarm intelligence”.

Se exploraron las correlaciones entre los índices cientométricos, las variables macroeconómicas y los resultados de encuestas sobre la actitud moral-religiosa en diversos países. Los resultados muestran que se requiere de un umbral mínimo de desarrollo económico (alrededor de 1000US$ de PIB per capita) para que la ciencia y la economía de un país interactúen. Por encima de ese umbral se evidencia una interacción positiva entre el desarrollo económico, el desarrollo científico y actitudes moral-religiosas tolerantes. Desconocemos todavía los mecanismos de estas interacciones. The correlations between scientometric indices, macroeconomic variables and results from attitude polls in different countries were explored. The results show that a minimum threshold of economic development (around GDP per capita of 1000US$) is required for science and the economy of a country to interact. Above that threshold, a positive interaction can be observed between economic development, scientific development and tolerant moral-religious attitudes. The way these interactions occur remains to be uncovered. Exploraram-se as correlações entre os índices cientométricos, as variáveis macroeconômicas e os resultados de pesquisas sobre a atitude moral-religiosa em diversos países. Os resultados mostram que se requer de um umbral mínimo de desenvolvimento econômico (por volta de 1000US$ de PIB per cápita) para que a ciência e a economia de um país interatuem. Por encima de esse umbral se evidencia una interação positiva entre o desenvolvimento econômico, o desenvolvimento científico e atitudes moral-religiosas tolerantes. Desconhecemos ainda os mecanismos de estas interações.

The time series pattern for the prices and volumes of Brent crude oil sold in the London International Exchange was analyzed using non linear analysis techniques developed for complex systems. The analyses show that the variations in the price index and volume of oil exchanged are not random and differ among them. The variations of prices are asymmetric regarding time, showing higher odds for large decreases compared to increases in price. The price index values show more or less stable short periods in time, suggesting strong historic constrains for prices but not for volumes. El patrón de las series temporales de precios y volúmenes del petróleo crudo Brent vendido en la "International Petroleum Exchange" (Londres), fue analizado utilizando técnicas de análisis no lineal desarrolladas para sistemas complejos. Los análisis muestran que las variaciones en el índice de precios y volúmenes de petróleo negociados no son aleatorias y difieren entre ellos. Las variaciones en precios son asimétricas respecto al tiempo mostrando mayor probabilidad para descensos grandes en comparación a aumentos de precio. Los valores del índice de precios muestran períodos cortos de tiempo más o menos estables, sugiriendo fuertes restricciones para cambios de precios pero no para volúmenes. O padrão das séries temporais de preços e volumes do petróleo cru Brent vendido na "International Petroleum Exchange" (Londres), foi analisado utilizando técnicas de análise não linear desenvolvidas para sistemas complexos. As análises mostram que as variações no índice de preços e volumes de petróleo negociados não são aleatórias e diferem entre elas. As variações nos preços são assimétricas com respeito ao tempo mostrando maior probabilidade para descensos grandes em comparação a aumentos de preço. Os valores do índice de preços mostram períodos curtos de tempo mais ou menos estáveis, sugerindo fortes restrições para mudanças de preços mas não para volumes.

Foram avaliados os quatro componentes sintéticos identificados no feromônio sexual da broca-pequena-do-tomate, Neoleucinodes elegantalis Guenée (BPT): (E)-11-hexadecenol (E11-16:OH), (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z11-16:OH), (E)-11-hexadecenal (E11-16:Al) e (E)-11-Acetato de hexadecenila (E11-16:OAc). Testes de campo foram realizados com armadilhas objetivando identificar o composto mais eficaz na captura de machos do inseto e determinar o efeito de concentrações do isômero Z11-16:OH, em mistura com o componente mais eficaz na captura de machos. Em laboratório, foram realizados testes eletrofisiológicos com eletroantenógrafo para monitorar as respostas da antena de machos de N. elegantalis a diferentes concentrações dos componentes. E11-16:OH, na concentração de 100 µg foi o mais eficaz entre os componentes testados do feromônio sexual da BPT. A adição de seu isômero, Z11-16:OH, reduziu a captura de insetos. Obteve-se resposta fisiológica (potencial de ação) a todos os componentes testados. Para E11-16:OH, a intensidade de despolarização da antena aumentou em relação direta com sua concentração, no entanto, para os demais componentes, os quimioreceptores foram sensíveis somente nas concentrações mais altas. Four synthetic components of the sexual pheromone identified from the small tomato borer Neoleucinodes elegantalis Guenée (BPT) were evaluated: (E)-11-hexadecenol (E11-16:OH), (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z11-16:OH), (E)-11-hexadecenal (E11-16:Al) and (E)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (E11-16:OAc). Field tests were carried out with traps aiming at identifying the most effective component in the capture of N. elegantalis males, and determining the effect of different concentrations of the isomeric Z11-16:OH, in a mixture with the most effective component, in the capture of the males. In laboratory, electrophysiological tests were carried out with an electroantennograph to monitor the response of the antenna of N. elegantalis males to logarithmic concentrations of the four identified components. E11-16:OH, at the concentration of 100 µg, was the most effective among the tested components of the sexual pheromone of BPT. The isomer of this component, Z11-16:OH, was added and reduced insect capture. Physiological responses to all tested components were registered. E11-16:OH promoted depolarization of the antenna in straight relation with its concentration, while for the others components, the chemoreceptors have responded only to the higher concentrations.