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As a continuation of \cite{JLO1}, we investigate the quantum virtual Grothendieck ring $\frakK_q(\g)$ associated with a finite dimensional simple Lie algebra $\g$, especially of non-simply-laced type. We establish an isomorphism $\Uppsi_Q$ between the heart subring $\frakK_{q,Q}(\g)$ of $\frakK_q(\g)$ associated with a Dynkin quiver $Q$ of type $\g$ and the unipotent quantum coordinate algebra $\calA_q(\n)$ of type $\g$. This isomorphism and the categorification theory via quiver Hecke algebras enable us to obtain a presentation of $\frakK_q(\g)$, which reveals that $\frakK_q(\g)$ can be understood as a boson-extension of $\calA_q(\n)$. Then we show that the automorphisms, arising from the reflections on Dynkin quivers and the isomorphisms $\Uppsi_Q$, preserve the canonical basis $\sfL_q$ of $\frakK_q(\g)$. Finally, we prove that such automorphisms produce a braid group $B_\g$ action on $\frakK_q(\g)$.

The quantum Grothendieck ring of a certain category of finite-dimensional modules over a quantum loop algebra associated with a complex finite-dimensional simple Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ has a quantum cluster algebra structure of skew-symmetric type. Partly motivated by a search of a ring corresponding to a quantum cluster algebra of {\em skew-symmetrizable} type, the quantum {\em virtual} Grothendieck ring, denoted by $\mathfrak{K}_q(\mathfrak{g})$, is recently introduced by Kashiwara--Oh \cite{KO23} as a subring of the quantum torus based on the $(q,t)$-Cartan matrix specialized at $q=1$. In this paper, we prove that $\mathfrak{K}_q(\mathfrak{g})$ indeed has a quantum cluster algebra structure of skew-symmetrizable type. This task essentially involves constructing distinguished bases of $\mathfrak{K}_q(\mathfrak{g})$ that will be used to make cluster variables and generalizing the quantum $T$-system associated with Kirillov--Reshetikhin modules to establish a quantum exchange relation of cluster variables. Furthermore, these distinguished bases naturally fit into the paradigm of Kazhdan--Lusztig theory and our study of these bases leads to some conjectures on quantum positivity and $q$-commutativity., We corrected typos, added a conjecture and revised

Introduction Metaplastic carcinoma (MC) of the breast is a rare pathologic entity accounting for Citation Format: Changjin Lim, Jang-il Kim, Yireh Han, Jong-ho Cheun, Ji Gwang Jung, Hong Kyu Kim, Hyeong-Gon Moon, Wonshik Han, Han-Byoel Lee. Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast has comparable prognosis to non-metaplastic triple negative breast cancer despite poor response to chemotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-07-07.

Introduction : Latissimus dorsi mini-flap (LDMF) with breast conserving surgery (BCS) was introduced as a useful volume replacement technique when the tumor is located in upper or outer portion of breast and the tumor size is large requiring extensive excision of breast tissue. However few studies have assessed quality of life (QoL) and objective cosmetic outcome of LDMF in breast cancer surgery. We tried to evaluate those in patients who underwent BCS with or without LDMF. Methods : This study was a prospective, single-center cohort study of patients who underwent LDMF and BCS between 2011 and 2018. As a control, patients who underwent BCS without any volume replacement and the tumor size equal to or greater than 2.5cm on the upper or upper outer of the breast on preoperative imaging. Breast Q questionnaire and body photo were taken at least 1 year after surgery. Two breast surgeons and one plastic surgeon who did not performed LDMF assessed the cosmetic outcome of the patients with photo. Results : 62 patients were in the BCS with LDMF group and 58 patients were in BCS-only group. Pathologic tumor size was significantly larger in LDMF group than BCS-only group (LDMF 3.89cm vs BCS-only 2.92cm, p= 0.001 ). Psychosocial well-being (P= 0.024), physical well-being (P= 0.000), and satisfaction with surgeon (p= 0.006) were significantly better in the BCS-only group than in the LDMF group respectively. But, there were no significant difference in neither sexual well-being (p= 0.286) nor satisfaction for breast (p=0.278) between BCS and LDMF group. In the physicians assessment, there was no significant difference in the cosmetic outcome score between the two groups (LDMF 2.56/4 vs. BCS-only 2.58/4, p= 0.884). Conclusion : In conclusion, physician assessed cosmetic outcome of LDMF was equivalent to that of BCS without LDMF although the tumor size was significantly larger in patients with LDMF. Some inferiority of QoL might be due to postoperative pain or arm movement discomfort. We are planning to evaluate objective cosmetic results using BCCT.core software. Citation Format: Jang-il Kim, Yireh Han, Changjin Lim, Jong-Ho Cheun, Ji Gwang Jung, Hong Kyu Kim, Han-Byoel Lee, Hyeong-Gon Moon, Wonshik Han. Assessment of quality of life and objective cosmetic outcome of breast conserving surgery with or without latissimus dorsi mini-flap in breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-18-14.

We show that there exists a unique crystal base of a parabolic Verma module over a quantum orthosymplectic superalgebra, which is induced from a $q$-analogue of a polynomial representation of a general linear Lie superalgebra., Comment: 43 pages

In this paper, we investigate the behavior of monomials in the $q$-characters of the fundamental modules over a quantum affine algebra of untwisted type C. As a result, we give simple closed formulae for the $q$-characters of the fundamental modules in terms of sequences of vertices in $\mathbb{R}^2$, so-called paths, with an admissible condition, which may be viewed as a type C analog of the path description of $q$-characters in types A and B due to Mukhin--Young., 15 pages, typos corrected, reference corrected

We construct a crystal base of $U_q(\mathfrak{gl}(m|n))^-$, the negative half of the quantum superalgebra $U_q(\mathfrak{gl}(m|n))$. We give a combinatorial description of the associated crystal $\mathscr{B}_{m|n}(\infty)$, which is equal to the limit of the crystals of the ($q$-deformed) Kac modules $K(\lambda)$. We also construct a crystal base of a parabolic Verma module $X(\lambda)$ associated with the subalgebra $U_q(\mathfrak{gl}_{0|n})$, and show that it is compatible with the crystal base of $U_q(\mathfrak{gl}(m|n))^-$ and the Kac module $K(\lambda)$ under the canonical embedding and projection of $X(\lambda)$ to $U_q(\mathfrak{gl}(m|n))^-$ and $K(\lambda)$, respectively., Comment: 43 pages

Background Mammographic Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms (Lunit insight MMG) draws attention as a diagnostic support tool for breast cancer detection. Lunit insight MMG provides a location suspected of breast cancer with a heatmap and a score reflecting the probability of the presence of suspicious areas. We investigated whether the Lunit insight MMG score is relevant for predicting the response to adjuvant tamoxifen. Methods Patients diagnosed with DCIS and underwent treatment at Seoul National University Hospital in 2010 were retrospectively enrolled. Clinical characteristics, tamoxifen use, survival data, and mammography images were extracted from the electronic medical records, and Lunit insight MMG scores were calculated retrospectively. We classified two groups according to tamoxifen treatment and compared the score change of contralateral breast from baseline to 5 years after surgery for DCIS. Change categories of Lunit insight MMG score included maintaining high risk, maintaining low risk, increasing from low risk to high risk, and decreasing from high risk to low risk. Results Of 100 patients, 50 (50%) had undergone tamoxifen treatment (group 1) and 50 (50%) had not (group 2). The median age of the patients was 48.4 years for group 1 and 51.5 years for group 2 (p=0.172). The median follow-up duration was 8.7 years for the whole cohort. Using Lunit insight MMG score, more patients in group 1 decreased in contralateral breast cancer (CBC) risk compared with group 2 (6.0% vs. 2.0%; P=.008). No patients in group 1 had an increase in CBC risk while 9 patients increased in group 2 (0% vs. 18.0%; P =.008). There was no ipsilateral breast cancer recurrence for the whole cohort, and two patients experienced contralateral invasive breast cancer in group 2. In two patients with CBC, the Lunit insight MMG score increased five years after surgery, one year and three years before the CBC diagnosis. Conclusions Longitudinal Changes of Mammographic AI algorithms Score may be a predictive surrogate marker for response to tamoxifen therapy in hormone receptor-positive DCIS. Citation Format: Changjin Lim, Eun Kyung Park, Hong-Kyu Kim, Eunhye Kang, Ji-Jung Jung, Hyunsu Yeoh, Jang-il Kim, Jung Whan Chun, Han-Byoel Lee, Hyeong-Gon Moon, Wonshik Han. Longitudinal Changes of Contralateral Breast Mammographic Artificial Intelligence Algorithms Score in Ductal Carcinoma In Situ patient with Tamoxifen [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-04-11.

Background: The use of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) in thyroid surgery to preserve recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) function has been widely accepted. We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of IONM in reoperation for recurrent thyroid cancer patients to help identify the RLN and prevent vocal cord palsy (VCP).Methods: We analyzed 121 consecutive patients (with IONM group, 48 patients; without IONM group, 73 patients) who underwent reoperation for recurrent thyroid cancer after total thyroidectomy from January 2009 to March 2019 in our institution without VCP due to previous operations. Data including age, sex, number of previous operations, histologic subtype of the malignancy at the initial operation, operation time, RLNs at risk, difficulty of RLN identification, surgical procedure, VCP, and other postoperative complications were reviewed. Vocal cord movement evaluations were performed preoperatively and at 2 weeks postoperatively to evaluate RLN function. In patients with VCP, additional evaluations were performed. VCP exceeding 12 months after surgery was considered permanent VCP.Results: VCP was observed in six (12.5%) and 16 (21.9%) patients with and without IONM (P=0.189). Transient and permanent VCP were found in three (6.3%) and three (6.3%) patients with IONM (P=0.098 and P=0.982, respectively) versus in 12 (16.4%) and four (5.5%) patients without IONM.Conclusion: The incidence of transient VCP seems to be lower in reoperations with IONM; however, there was no statistical significances. Further study will be needed to ascertain the efficacy of IONM in reoperation for recurrent thyroid cancer patients.

Hee-Won Jung, 1 Taeyang Jin, 1 Ji Yeon Baek, 1 Seongjun Yoon, 2 Eunju Lee, 1 Jack M Guralnik, 3 Il-Young Jang 1 1Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 2Dyphi Research Institute, Dyphi Inc., Daejeon, Republic of Korea; 3Division of Gerontology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USACorrespondence: Il-Young JangDivision of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of KoreaTel +82-2-3010-1658Email onezero2@gmail.comPurpose: The importance of evaluating frailty status of older adults in clinical practice has been gaining attention with cumulative evidence showing its relevance in clinical outcomes and decision-making. We aimed to develop and validate whether the functional age predicted by an electronic continuous short physical performance battery (eSPPB) could predict frailty status.Patients and Methods: We reviewed medical records of outpatients (N=834) of Asan Medical Center, aged 51– 95 years. We used the eSPPB data of 717 patients as a development cohort, and that of 117 patients, who also underwent comprehensive geriatric assessments, as a validation cohort. Frailty index was calculated by counting deficits of 45 geriatric items including comorbidities, daily functions, mobility, mood, and cognition. For functional age, we used balance score (0– 4), gait speed (m/s), and stand-up time (s) measured 5 times in the chair rise test.Results: From the development cohort, we established a functional age using the formula (83.61 − 1.98*[balance score] − 5.21*[gait speed] + 0.23*[stand-up time]), by multivariate linear regression analysis with chronological age as a dependent variable (R 2 = 0.233). In the validation cohort, the functional age positively correlated with frailty index (p < 0.001). C-statistics classifying frailty (defined as frailty index ≥ 0.25) was higher (p < 0.001) with functional age (0.912) than that with chronological age (0.637). A cut-off functional age of ≥ 77.2 years maximized Youden’s J when screening for frailty, with sensitivity of 94.4% and specificity of 80.8%.Conclusion: A newly developed functional age predictor using eSPPB parameters can predict the frailty status as defined by the deficit accumulation method and may serve as a physical biomarker of human aging.Keywords: frailty, biomarker, physical performance, diagnosis

Neurons have multiple dendrites and single axon. This neuronal polarity is gradually established during early processes of neuronal differentiation: generation of multiple neurites (stages 1-2); differentiation (stage 3) and maturation (stages 4-5) of an axon and dendrites. In this study, we demonstrated that the neuron-specific n-glycosylated protein NELL2 is important for neuronal polarization and axon growth using cultured rat embryonic hippocampal neurons. Endogenous NELL2 expression was gradually increased in parallel with the progression of developmental stages of hippocampal neurons, and overexpression of NELL2 stimulated neuronal polarization and axon growth. In line with these results, knockdown of NELL2 expression resulted in deterioration of neuronal development, including inhibition of neuronal development progression, decreased axon growth and increased axon branching. Inhibitor against extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) dramatically inhibited NELL2-induced progression of neuronal development and axon growth. These results suggest that NELL2 is an important regulator for the morphological development for neuronal polarization and axon growth.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Fig. S1. Basal properties of TTX-RINaP and IRamp in adult male and female rats. A. Typical traces of TTX-R INaP(a) and IRamp (b) in the absence and presence of 0.1% DMSO (v/v). Similar results were obtained from five independent experiments. B. Scatter plots of the density of TTX-R INaP against membranecapacitance (Cm) obtained from DiI-positive neurons derived from young male (a, n = 71 neurons, same to Fig. 1D), adult male (b, n = 62 neurons), and adult female rats (c, n = 60neurons). The linear trend lines represent the best fit using a least-squaresfit (a; r = 0.65, b; r = 0.73, c; r = 0.76). C. The mean values of the density of TTX-R INaP in small-sized (a; n = 31 neurons for young male, n = 28 neurons for adult male, and n = 31 neurons for adult female rats) and medium-sized (b; n = 40 neurons for young male, n = 34 neurons for adult male, and n = 29 neurons for adult female rats) DiI-positive neurons. The columns and error bars represent the mean and SEM. n.s; not significant (unpaired t-test). D. Scatter plots of the density of TTX-R IRamp against membrane capacitance (Cm) obtained from DiI-positive neurons derived from young adult male (a, n = 152 neurons, same to Fig. 2Da), adult male (b, n = 62 neurons), and adult female rats (c,n = 60 neurons). The linear trend lines represent the best fit using aleast-squares fit (a; r = 0.47, b; r = 0.69, c; r= 0.76). E. The mean values of the density of TTX-R IRamp in small-sized (a; n = 60 neurons for young male, n = 28 neurons for adult male, and n = 31 neurons for adult female rats) and medium-sized (b; n = 92 neurons for young male, n = 34 neurons for adult male, and n = 29 neurons for adult female rats) DiI-positive neurons. The columns and errorbars represent the mean and SEM. n.s; not significant (unpaired t-test). Supplementary Fig. S2. Voltage dependence of TTX-R Na+ channels in dural afferent neurons. A. a, Typical traces of TTX-R INa elicited by step pulses (100 msdepolarization pulses from -80 to +30 mV in 10 mV increments at a VH of -80 mV) in small- (left) and medium-sized (right) DiI-positive neurons. b, Conductance-voltage relationships of TTX-R Na+channels in small- (open circles) and medium-sized (closed circles) DiI-positive neurons. The points and error bars represent the mean and SEM from 32 small-sized and 44 medium-sized DiI-positive neurons. The continuous lines represent the best fits using a Boltzmann function. B. Scatter plot of the half-maximal voltage for activation (V50, activation) against membrane capacitance (Cm) (n = 76). The linear trend line represents the best fit using a least-squares fit (r = 0.01). C. Scatter plot of the half-maximal voltage for activation (V50, activation) against the density of TTX-R INaP (n = 76). The linear trend line represents the best fit using a least-squares fit (r = 0.02). D. Typical traces of TTX-R INa elicited by step pulses (100 ms duration; up to -50 mV in 10 mV increments) at VHs of -80 mV (a) or -120 mV (b) in the same small- (left) and medium-sized (right) DiI-positive neurons. Notably, these slowly desensitizing INa, which were mediated by NaV1.9, were elicited when neurons were held at a VH of -120 mV but not of -80 mV. E. Current-voltage relationships of TTX-R Na+ channels in small- (left) and medium-sized (right) DiI-positive neurons. The points and error bars represent the mean and SEM from eight small-sized and seven medium-sized DiI-positive neurons. F. a, Schematic illustration of the voltage step stimulation for steady-state fast inactivation of TTX-R Na+ channels. b, Typical traces of TTX-R INa elicited by step pulses in medium-sized DiI-positive neurons. The inset represents the INaP region (dotted box) with an expanded time scale. c, Current-voltage relationships of TTX-R INaT (open circles) and INaP (closed circles) in medium-sized DiI-positive neurons. Each point represents the mean and SEM from 10experiments. The continuous lines represent the best fits using a Boltzmann function.

Background: Patients who carry mutated BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes have a significantly increased risk of breast cancer and developing contralateral breast cancer (CBC). In this study, we aimed to investigate the acceptance rate of BRCA1/2 testing in Korean breast cancer patients and to determine the risk of CBC in Korean patients with BRCA 1/2 germline mutations. Methods: This study included 13,109 patients with first primary breast cancer who were treated at Seoul National University Hospital from January 2005 to December 2018. These patients were divided into high-risk for BRCA1/2 mutation group and low-risk group. High risk patients were defined as those who were eligible for BRCA testing per Korean National Health Insurance Service. The high-risk group was further classified into three groups; BRCA1/2 mutation carrier, BRCA 1/2 non carrier and BRCA/12 untested. Results: Among the 4,446 high-risk patients, 962 (21.7%) patients underwent BRCA1/2 testing. The testing rate varied among different indications (47.8% of patients with a family history, 23.3% of patients under 40 years of age, and 13.0% of patients with triple negative breast cancer). The risk of the CBC in BRCA mutation group was higher than other groups (p value < 0.001). The 10-year cumulative risk of CBC was 11.0% BRCA1 mutation carrier and 7.4% for BRCA2 mutation carrier. In the BRCA1/2 non-carriers, the cumulative risk of CBC was 5.7%. Interestingly, the CBC risk for BRCA1/2 non-carriers significantly higher than BRCA1/2 untested group and the low-risk group (p < 0.001). When compared to the BRCA1/2 untested group, the relative risk for CBC was 6.7-fold increase for the BRCA1/2 mutation carrier group (95% CI = 3.65-12.22, p < 0.001), and 2.3-fold increase for the BRCA1/2 non-carriers group (95% CI = 1.44-3.83, p < 0.001). The relative risk for CBC in high-risk group also depended on subtype of breast cancer and family history. Hormone receptor negative breast cancer patients had a 1.5-fold (95% CI = 1.02-2.31, p = 0.04) increased risk of CBC and patients with one or more 1st degree relative with breast cancer had 2.4-fold increased risk (95% CI = 1.55-3.67, p < 0.001). Conclusion: About one out of five Korean breast cancer patients, who are eligible for the BRCA1/2 testing, undergo testing for BRCA1/2 germline mutations. We observed increased CBC risk not only for the BRCA1/2 mutation carriers but also for the BRCA1/2 non-carriers. At present, we are conducting multi-gene panel testing for the BRCA1/2 non-carriers to understand the mechanisms of the increased CBC risk. Citation Format: Eunhye Kang, Ji-Jung Jung, Hyunsu Yeoh, Changjin Lim, Jang-il Kim, Jung Whan Chun, Hong-Kyu Kim, Han-Byoel Lee, Wonshik Han, Hyeong-Gon Moon. Contralateral breast cancer risk in patients with or without BRCA mutation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-02-14.

Background: Contralateral axillary lymph node metastasis (CAM) in breast cancer is currently classified as a stage IV disease but its prognosis is still controversial. Purpose: To determine outcomes in overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with and without locoregional tumor recurrence who present with contralateral axillary lymph node metastasis (CAM). Methods: Patients with pathologically confirmed invasive breast cancer with metachronous CAM who received treatment between 1988 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with other distant metastases at the time of CAM diagnosis were excluded. The outcome of CAM in cases of IBTR and regional recurrence (RR) were compared to CAM not accompanied by locoregional tumor recurrence. Results: Thirty-eight patients with metachronous CAM were included in the study. Metachronous CAM occurred 55 months (interquartile range, 17-77 months) after surgical treatment of the primary tumor and median follow-up was 95 months (interquartile range, 49-117 months) from the initial operation date and 40 months (interquartile range, 15-54 months) from the diagnosis of CAM. At the time of initial CAM diagnosis, 11 patients had IBTR, 12 patients had RR, and 15 patients had no locoregional recurrence. The estimated 5-year OS was 49.1% and 5-year DFS was 45.3%. Although statistically insignificant due to small sample size, when stratified by loco regional recurrence, the prognosis of CAM patients with IBTR appeared to be better than those without locoregional recurrence (5-year OS: 88.9% vs. 41.4%, HR 5.88, p = 0.09) whereas the prognosis of CAM patients with RR was worse than those without locoregional recurrence (5-year OS: 35.4% vs. 41.4%, HR 0.44, p = 0.20). Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) improved median OS (83 vs. 36 months, p = 0.069) in all patients. When stratified, improvement in median OS was 13 vs 27 months (p = 0.094) in patients with RR, and 36 vs. 65 months (p = 0.061) in patients without locoregional recurrence. For patients accompanied by IBTR, ALND was performed in 8 out of 11 and only one patient died during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Our study indicates that the patients with CAM have superior survival outcome when compared to other stage IV patients, especially when CAM was accompanied by other loco regional recurrences. These data suggest that the CAM patients may benefit from active loco regional treatment. Citation Format: Ji-Jung Jung, Hyeong-Gon Moon, Wonshik Han, Han-Byoel Lee, Hong-Kyu Kim, Jung Whan Chun, Eunhye Kang, Changjin Lim, Jang-il Kim, Hyunsu Yeoh. Contralateral Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis after Ipsilateral Breast Tumor Recurrence: Is it distant metastasis or locoregional progression? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-01-04.

Graphical abstract, The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas systems, including dead Cas9 (dCas9), Cas9, and Cas12a, have revolutionized genome engineering in mammalian somatic cells. Although computational tools that assess the target sites of CRISPR-Cas systems are inevitably important for designing efficient guide RNAs (gRNAs), they exhibit generalization issues in selecting features and do not provide optimal results in a comprehensive manner. Here, we introduce a Comprehensive Guide Designer (CGD) for four different CRISPR systems, which utilizes the machine learning algorithm, Elastic Net Logistic Regression (ENLOR), to autonomously generalize the models. CGD contains specific models trained with public datasets generated by CRISPRi, CRISPRa, CRISPR-Cas9, and CRISPR-Cas12a (designated as CGDi, CGDa, CGD9, and CGD12a, respectively) in an unbiased manner. The trained CGD models were benchmarked to other regression-based machine learning models, such as ElasticNet Linear Regression (ENLR), Random Forest and Boruta (RFB), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (Xgboost) with inbuilt feature selection. Evaluation with independent test datasets showed that CGD models outperformed the pre-existing methods in predicting the efficacy of gRNAs. All CGD source codes and datasets are available at GitHub (https://github.com/vipinmenon1989/CGD), and the CGD webserver can be accessed at http://big.hanyang.ac.kr:2195/CGD.

To improve an earthquake-resistance of highway bridge constructed in South Korea before 1992, in this study, it was conducted quasi-static test according to the displacement-controlled (strain control) method on RC columns reinforced helical bar. In the experiment, fracture behavior of the circular column and its lateral load-displacement was investigated using three types of reinforcing bar, which has 6, 8 and 10 mm of the diameter. As a result, it was confirmed that seismic performance was dependent on reinforcement of helical bar and its size. During the test, the specimen reinforced using helical bar with 8 mm in the diameter was highest in maximum lateral load, of which the value accounted for 130.9 kN. For a diameter of 10 mm, however, it showed an over-reinforcement effect. Therefore, it would be cautious in reinforcing the helical bar, considering the given conditions including cross-section of a pier, amounts of steel bar in the pier and requirement of seismic performance.

Variant callers typically produce massive numbers of false positives for structural variations, such as cancer-relevant copy-number alterations and fusion genes resulting from genome rearrangements. Here we describe an ultrafast and accurate detector of somatic structural variations that reduces read-mapping costs by filtering out reads matched to pan-genome k-mer sets. The detector, which we named ETCHING (for efficient detection of chromosomal rearrangements and fusion genes), reduces the number of false positives by leveraging machine-learning classifiers trained with six breakend-related features (clipped-read count, split-reads count, supporting paired-end read count, average mapping quality, depth difference and total length of clipped bases). When benchmarked against six callers on reference cell-free DNA, validated biomarkers of structural variants, matched tumour and normal whole genomes, and tumour-only targeted sequencing datasets, ETCHING was 11-fold faster than the second-fastest structural-variant caller at comparable performance and memory use. The speed and accuracy of ETCHING may aid large-scale genome projects and facilitate practical implementations in precision medicine.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S1. The prevalence and degree of difficulty for each itemSupplementary Table S2. Baseline characteristics according to dental prosthesis

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Frailty severity and chronic constipation (CC).

Additional file 2: Table S1. A logistic regression analysis showing associations between Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) frailty score and presence of chronic constipation.

Additional file 1.

Genome rearrangements often result in copy number alterations of cancer-related genes and cause the formation of cancer-related fusion genes. Current structural variation (SV) callers, however, still produce massive numbers of false positives (FPs) and require high computational costs. Here, we introduce an ultra-fast and high-performing somatic SV detector, called ETCHING, that significantly reduces the mapping cost by filtering reads matched to pan-genome and normal k-mer sets. To reduce the number of FPs, ETCHING takes advantage of a Random Forest classifier that utilizes six breakend-related features. We systematically benchmarked ETCHING with other SV callers on reference SV materials, validated SV biomarkers, tumor and matched-normal whole genomes, and tumor-only targeted sequencing datasets. For all datasets, our SV caller was much faster (≥15X) than other tools without compromising performance or memory use. Our approach would provide not only the fastest method for largescale genome projects but also an accurate clinically practical means for real-time precision medicine.

이 글은 클라우제비츠의 전쟁이론을 그의 이론관과 역사관, 특히 그가 지닌 역사주의와 관련지어 봄으로써 그것의 역사적인 의미를 조명하려 한다. 클라우제비츠가 『전쟁론』을 비롯한 저술에 제시한 이론은 19세기 초엽 프로이센에 만연해있던 사상의 영향을 깊게 받고 있다. 특히 그가 이론과 저술을 통해 추구했던 목표는 이러한 배경으로부터 불가분하다. 클라우제비츠의 이론은 독자들이 미래의 전쟁에 대비할 능력을 길러주기 위해 만들어졌다. 하지만 그는 미래에 사용할 행동 규칙이 아니라 충분한 연구를 통해 조명한 사례를 제시함으로써 이러한 목표에 도달하고자 한다. 그는 현실상의 복잡한 문제에 대해서는 오로지 인간의 직감만이 유효한 해결책을 제시해줄 수 있다고 주장했다. 나아가 그는 이러한 직감이 경험을 통해서만 발달할 수 있다고 보았지만 역사 속의 사례로 경험을 갈음하는 것도 가능하다고 보았다. 따라서 그의 전쟁이론은 미래에 대비하기 위해서 과거인 역사를 연구한다는 모순된 성격을 나타낸다. 현실을 적극적으로 수용하면서 고안된 클라우제비츠의 전쟁이론은 프랑스 혁명을 전후해 전쟁이 겪은 변화와 그 결과 전쟁이 나타낸 상이한 양상이라는 문제에 봉착했다. 클라우제비츠는 ‘절대전쟁’과 ‘제한전쟁’이라는 이원성을 고안함으로써 전쟁의 다양한 양상을 정리했으며 이러한 문제에 대응하고자 했다. 이를 통해 그는 각 전쟁의 개별성을 포괄함과 동시에 각 전쟁의 보편성을 탐색할 수 있는 이론을 형성한다는 모순된 목표를 추구했다. 이 과정에서 그는 역사주의적 태도를 지니게 되었으며, 이는 그가 이 두 전쟁 사이의 우열을 가리는 것을 거부하면서 이것들이 각각의 조건에 따라 자연스럽게 만들어진다고 보는 것에서도 드러난다. 클라우제비츠는 각 전쟁의 개별적이고 다양한 면모를 만들어내는 보편적인 요소를 식별했다고 주장했다. 그는 자신의 연구를 종합하여 폭력, 우연, 정치에의 종속성이라는 전쟁의 세 가지 성격을 제시했다. 이것들은 전쟁을 둘러싼 사회의 영역들인 인민, 군대, 정부에 연결됨으로써 각 시대의 전쟁을 각 시대의 사회와 연결하는 도구로 사용된다. 이를 통해 각 시대의 독특성을 강조했던 클라우제비츠의 역사주의적인 역사관과 다시 한 번 연결된 전쟁은 당시 태동하고 있던 근대 역사학의 연구 대상이 되었다. 클라우제비츠는 최초의 근대적 전쟁 사학자로 볼 수 있으며 그의 저술과 이론 역시 역사저술과 역사이론으로 볼 수 있다. 그는 오로지 과거만을 대상으로 하는 역사 연구를 진행했고 이후 독일에 등장했던 전문 역사가들과 같은 방식으로 과거를 조망했다. 이러한 면모는 지금까지 주목받지 못했으나 전쟁의 이중성과 삼중성이라는 그의 성과를 해석하는 데에 대단히 중요하다. 그러므로 이 글은 역사가로서의 클라우제비츠에 주목하며 그의 저술과 이론을 재조명하고자 한다.

Seung Youn Kang, 1 Osama Nezar Kashlan, 2 Ravindra Singh, 2 Rahul Rane, 2 Nitin Maruti Adsul, 3 Sung Chan Jung, 1 Jihwan Yi, 1 Hae Sun Cho, 1 Hyeun Sung Kim, 2 Il-Tae Jang, 2 Seong-Hoon Oh 4 1Department of Anesthesiology, Nanoori Hospital Gangnam, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 2Department of Neurosurgery, Nanoori Hospital Gangnam, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 3Department of Orthopedics, Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, India; 4Department of Neurosurgery, Nanoori Hospital Bupyeong, Incheon, Republic of KoreaCorrespondence: Hyeun Sung KimDepartment of Neurosurgery, Nanoori Hospital Gangnam, #06048 731 Eonju Street, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, Republic of KoreaTel +82 2 6003 9767Fax +82 2 3445 9755Email neurospinekim@gmail.comBackground: With the increase in life expectancy seen throughout the world, the prevalence of degenerative spinal pathology and surgery to treat it has increased. Spinal surgery under general anesthesia leads to various problems and complications, especially in patients with numerous medical comorbidities or elderly patients. For this reason, there is a need for safer anesthetic methods applicable to unhealthy, elderly patients undergoing spinal surgery.Purpose: To report our experience with utilizing fluoroscopy-guided epidural anesthesia in conjunction with conscious sedation in spinal surgery.Patients and Methods: We performed a retrospective review of 111 patients at our institution that received fluoroscopy-guided epidural anesthesia for lumbar surgery from February to September 2018. Patients’ records were evaluated to evaluate patient demographics, American Society of Anesthesiology Physical Classification System (ASA) class, and pain numerical rating scores (NRS) preoperatively and throughout their recovery postoperatively. Intraoperative data including volume of epidural anesthetic used, extent of epidural spread, and inadvertent subdural injection was collected. Postoperative recovery time was also collected.Results: The mean age of our patients was 60 years old with a range between 31 and 83 years old. All patients experienced decreases in postoperative pain with no significant differences based on age or ASA class. There was no association between ASA class and time to recovery postoperatively. Older patients (age 70 years or greater) had a significantly longer recovery time when compared to younger patients. Recovery also was longer for patients who received higher volumes of epidural anesthesia. For every 1 mL increase of epidural anesthetic given, there was an increase in the extent of spread of 1.8 spinal levels.Conclusion: We demonstrate the safety and feasibility of utilizing conscious sedation in conjunction with fluoroscopy-guided epidural anesthesia in the lumbar spinal surgery.Keywords: fluoroscopy-guided epidural anesthesia, conscious sedation, endoscopic decompressive lumbar spine surgery, capnogram monitoring

Additional file 1. Base quality and filter result of high-throughput data obtained from samples in this study.

Additional file 1.

Additional file 2. Taxonomy annotation of viral reads obtained from samples in this study.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1. Tabulated BIC’s and 2 Δ BIC. Supplementary Table 2. Result of poisson regression for home time. Supplementary Table 3. Result of sub-group analysis of poisson regression for home time. Supplementary Figure 1. Trajectory grouping in under 74-years old and over 75-years old. Supplementary Figure 2. Trajectory grouping in male and female

Recently Smartphone is widely used around the world, and over 50% of mobile subscribers are using Smartphone in USA. 24 million people are identified as Smartphone sub-scribers. However, Smartphone has a vulnerability to security, and security-related incidents make damages of Smartphone. Precautions have been made for the infection of most of the damage occurring except for the case of the expert by way of conventional post-countermeasure. In this paper, we propose mobile-based malware analysis service that applies virtualization technology to analyze the behavior. In addition, we implement system that can be prepared in advance to buy a security from a user perspective.

Postoperative adhesion is a natural phenomenon that occurs in damaged tissue cells. Several anti-adhesion agents are currently used, but there is no leading-edge product with excellent adhesion-preventive effects. The purpose of this study was to develop ideal anti-adhesive agents using human-derived acellular dermal matrix (ADM). We developed 5 new biocompatible thermosensitive anti-adhesion barriers (AABs) using micronized human-derived ADM, hyaluronic acid, and temperature-sensitive and biocompatible synthesized polymers. The biocompatibility, anti-adhesion effect, and biodegradability of these AABs were compared with those of commercial thermosensitive anti-adhesion agents. No cytotoxic effects were observed in vitro and in vivo. Animal testing of adhesion resistance confirmed that the adhesion area, strength, and grade of AAB03 were statistically superior to those of the control group. Factors related to adhesion formation, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, microvessels, and collagen fiber density, were observed using specific staining methods; the results confirmed that AAB03 group exhibited significantly lower macrophage counts, microvessel density, and collagen fiber density than the control groups. Furthermore, AAB03 was completely absorbed by 6 weeks. Thus, AAB03 has the potential to be used as a high-performance anti-adhesion agent.

Background Yeonsan Ogye (YO), an indigenous Korean chicken breed (Gallus gallus domesticus), has entirely black external features and internal organs. In this study, the draft genome of YO was assembled using a hybrid de novo assembly method that takes advantage of high-depth Illumina short reads (376.6X) and low-depth Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) long reads (9.7X). Findings The contig and scaffold NG50s of the hybrid de novo assembly were 362.3 Kbp and 16.8 Mbp, respectively. The completeness (97.6%) of the draft genome (Ogye_1.1) was evaluated with single-copy orthologous genes using Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs and found to be comparable to the current chicken reference genome (galGal5; 97.4%; contigs were assembled with high-depth PacBio long reads (50X) and scaffolded with short reads) and superior to other avian genomes (92%–93%; assembled with short read-only or hybrid methods). Compared to galGal4 and galGal5, the draft genome included 551 structural variations including the fibromelanosis (FM) locus duplication, related to hyperpigmentation. To comprehensively reconstruct transcriptome maps, RNA sequencing and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing data were analyzed from 20 tissues, including 4 black tissues (skin, shank, comb, and fascia). The maps included 15,766 protein-coding and 6,900 long noncoding RNA genes, many of which were tissue-specifically expressed and displayed tissue-specific DNA methylation patterns in the promoter regions. Conclusions We expect that the resulting genome sequence and transcriptome maps will be valuable resources for studying domestic chicken breeds, including black-skinned chickens, as well as for understanding genomic differences between breeds and the evolution of hyperpigmented chickens and functional elements related to hyperpigmentation.

Yeonsan Ogye (YO), an indigenous Korean chicken breed (Gallus gallus domesticus), has entirely black external features and internal organs. In this study, the draft genome of YO was assembled using a hybrid de novo assembly method that takes advantage of high-depth Illumina short-reads (376.6X) and low-depth PacBio long-reads (9.7X). The contig and scaffold NG50s of the hybrid de novo assembly were 362.3Kbp and 16.8Mbp, respectively. The completeness (97.6%) of the draft genome (Ogye_1.1) was evaluated with single copy orthologous genes using BUSCO, and found to be comparable to the current chicken reference genome (galGal5; 97.4%; contigs were assembled with high-depth PacBio long-reads (50X) and scaffolded with short-reads), and superior to other avian genomes (92~93%; assembled with short-read-only or hybrid methods). Compared to galGal4 and 5, the draft genome included 551 structural variations including the Fibromelanosis (FM) locus duplication, related to hyperpigmentation. To comprehensively reconstruct transcriptome maps, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) data were analyzed from twenty different tissues, including four black tissues (skin, shank, comb, and fascia). The maps included 15,766 protein-coding and 6,900 long non-coding RNA genes, many of which were tissue-specifically expressed and displayed tissue-specific DNA methylation patterns in the promoter regions. We expect that the resulting genome sequence and transcriptome maps will be valuable resources for studying domestic chicken breeds, including black-skinned chickens, as well as for understanding genomic differences between breeds and the evolution of hyperpigmented chickens and functional elements related to hyperpigmentation.

Although the development of mobile devices are made us a free life, they were displayed the subject of this financial crime and attacking forces in the other side. Among finance-related crime is become a serious crime that are targeting smartphones by SMS phishing, phishing, pharming, voice phishing etc. In particular, SMS phishing is increased according to phenomenon using the nature of a text message in the mobile. SMS phishing is become new crime due to the burden to the smartphone user. Their crime is also the advanced way from the existing fraud, such as making the malicious apps. Especially it generates loopholes in the law by a method such as using a foreign server. For safe from SMS phishing attacks, proactive pre-diagnosis is even more important rather than post responses. It is necessary to deploy blocking programs for detecting SMS phishing attacks in advance to do this. In this paper we are investigating the process of block types and block apps that are currently deployed and presenting the evaluation of the application of the detection block setting app.

As recent smartphone is used around the world, all of the subscribers of the mobile communication is up to 47.7% about 24 million people. Smartphone has a vulnerability to security, and security-related incidents are increased in damage with the smartphone. However, precautions have been made, rather than analysis of the infection of most of the damage occurs after the damaged except for the case of the expert by way of conventional post-countermeasure. In this paper, we implement a mobile-based malware analysis systems apply a virtualization technology. It is designed to analyze the behavior through it. Virtualization is a technique that provides a logical resources to the guest by abstracting the physical characteristics of computing resources. The virtualization technology can improve the efficiency of resources by integrating with cloud computing services to servers, networks, storage, and computing resources to provide a flexible. In addition, we propose a system that can be prepared in advance to buy a security from a user perspective.

In this numerical study, Commercial CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) code, ANSYS CFX ver. 17.1, is used to analyze the 3-Dimensional flow characteristics through orifice plate (β = 0.6) with two 90 degree bends in different planes. The purpose of this numerical study is to evaluate measurement accuracy and flow characteristics of orifice flowmeter depending on upstream straight length from 12D to 56D. Thus, numerical calculations of pressure drop caused by swirling flow and distortion of axial velocity profile on orifice plate are performed by using numerical analysis. In addition, numerical analysis results are compared with recommended upstream straight length of ASME Performance Test Codes 19.5 for orifice plates and nozzles. The results show that if upstream straight length of orifice flowmeter is more than 40D, there is a little deviation of differential pressure. Moreover, it is found that up-down asymmetry of recirculation zones is relatively attenuated as the upstream straight length increases.

* Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Univ. (Received December 9, 2013 ; Revised December 31, 2013 ; Accepted January 19, 2014)Key Words: Honeycomb(허니컴), Sandwich(샌드위치), Composite(복합재), Heat Transfer(열전달), Thermal Deformation(열변형), Thermal Conductivity(열전도계수), Coefficient of Thermal Expansion(열팽창계수), Elastic Properties(탄성 물성치), Thermal Properties(열 물성치), Anisotropy(이방성)초록: 전자장치들의 소형화 및 박형화가 됨에 따라 전자장치의 수명과 직결되는 열적문제가 중요해지고 있다. 열적문제를 해결하기위해 열확산과 단열을 통한 열적 안정성 연구가 필요하다. 허니컴 샌드위치 평판은 이방성의 열전도계수를 갖는다. 허니컴 샌드위치 평판이 적용된 시스템에 대해 온도분포와 열변형을 해석하기 위하여 열 및 탄성 물성치가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 허니컴 코어의 크기, 두께 그리고 구성된 재료에 따라 허니컴 샌드위치 평판의 물성치가 변하기 때문에 허니컴 샌드위치 평판의 열전도계수, 열팽창계수, 탄성계수, 전단탄성계수, 푸아송비와 같은 열 및 탄성 물성치를 예측하였다.Abstract: Thermal problems that are directly related to the lifetime of an electronic device are becoming increasingly important owing to the miniaturization of electronic devices. To solve thermal problems, it is essential to study thermal stability through thermal diffusion and insulation. A honeycomb sandwich plate has anisotropic thermal conductivity. To analyze the thermal deformation and temperature distribution of a system that employs a honeycomb sandwich plate, the thermal and elastic properties need to be determined. In this study, the thermal and elastic properties of a honeycomb sandwich plate, such as thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, and shear modulus, are predicted. The properties of a honeycomb sandwich plate vary according to the hexagon size, thickness, and material properties.o resp n d ig Aut h, y c@ ka .

It is becoming more important as the growing of health information and increasing in cancer patients diagnose over the time gradually. Among the various types of cancer, we focuses on breast cancer diagnosis. The accuracy of breast cancer diagnosis is increasing when the diagnosis is based on evidence and statistics. To do this we use the weka data mining tools and analysis algorithms significantly associated with the decision tree uses rules. In addition, the data pre-processing and cross-validation are used to increase the reliability of the results. The number and cause of the disease becomes important to increase evidence-based medical doctors. As the evidence-based medical, the data obtained from patients in the past through the disease by calculating the probability for future patients to diagnose and predict disease and treatment plan. It can be found by improving the survival rate plays an important role.

Decision-making is to extract information that can be executed in the future, it refers to the process of discovering a new data model that is induced in the data. In other words, it is to find out the information to peel off to find the vein to catch the relationship between the hidden patterns in data. The information found here, is a process of finding the relationship between the useful patterns by applying modeling techniques and sophisticated statistical analysis of the data. It is called data mining which is a key technology for marketing database. Therefore, research for cluster analysis of the current is performed actively, which is capable of extracting information on the basis of the large data set without a clear criterion. The EM and K-means methods are used a lot in particular, how the result values of evaluating are come out in experiments, which are depending on the size of the data by the type of distance-based and probability-based data analysis. Key words: EM, Decision-making, K-Means, Maximization Step, BI-RADS assessment

We study coarse-grained entropy production in an asymmetric random walk system on a periodic one-dimensional lattice. In coarse-grained systems, the original dynamics are unavoidably destroyed, but the coarse-grained entropy production is not hidden below the critical time-scale separation. The hidden entropy production is rapidly increasing near the critical time-scale separation.

A thermosensitive/magnetic poly(organophosphazene) hydrogel (a magnetic hydrogel) was designed and synthesized for long-term magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. To turn a thermosensitive poly(organophosphazene) hydrogel (an original hydrogel) into a long-term MR contrast platform, cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles, which have hydrophobic surfaces, were bound to the original hydrogel via interactions between the hydrophobic surfaces of the nanoparticles and the L-isoleucine ethyl esters of the polymer. The magnetic hydrogel showed extremely low cytotoxicity and adequate magnetic properties for use in long-term MR imaging, in addition to possessing the same properties of the original hydrogel, such as viscosity, thermosensitivity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, a reversible sol-to-gel phase transition near body temperature, and injectability. The magnetic hydrogel was injected into a rat brain using stereotactic surgery. After the injection, the applicable potentiality as a long-term MR contrast platform was successfully estimated over 4–5 weeks. Consequently, it was shown that a magnetic hydrogel as a long-term MR contrast platform has the potential to be applied in a long-term theranostic hydrogel system. Furthermore, it is expected that this platform can be useful in the clinical field of incurable diseases due to either surgical difficulties or lethality, such as with brain tumors, when the platform is combined with therapeutic drugs for long-term MR theragnosis in further studies.

The hepatoprotective effect of aged black garlic (ABG) against ethanol-induced oxidative liver damage was investigated in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats for 4 weeks. Rats were divided into three groups: a saline (WT) group, an ethanol (ET) group (15 mL/kg of body weight 20% [wt/vol] ethanol), and an ethanol + ABG (ET+ABG) group (ethanol + 100 mg/kg of body weight ABG). ABG administration led to decreased epididymal and total fat pad (P

Key Words: Reliability Calculation(신뢰도계산), Reliability Block Diagram(신뢰성블록다이어그램), FailureEnumeration(고장열거), Reliability Path(신뢰도경로)초록: 항공기, 철도, 선박과같은대형시스템들은전기, 기계적으로매우복잡한구조를가졌으며부품의수명만을고려한기존의유지보수에서탈피하여, 고장분석의시스템화를통해장치의고유수명과는관계없이발생가능한 우발고장도대처할수있는신뢰성기반의유지보수체계를연구하여야한다. 본연구에서는선행연구로필요한복합시스템의신뢰도계산방법에관한연구이다. 복합시스템의신뢰도를효과적으로계산하기위해시스템의RBD(Reliability Block Diagram)를구성하고인접행렬을사용하여RBD(ReliabilityBlock Diagram)를행렬로표현한다. 또한RBD(Reliability Block Diagram)행렬을통하여신뢰도경로행렬과고장열거행렬을구성하여시스템의신뢰도를계산한다. 본연구에서제안한알고리즘은자동화, 시스템화가가능하며현재개발하고있는신뢰도정보관리시스템및신뢰성기반유지보수시스템에서활용될것이다.Abstract: Recently, systems such as aircraft, trains and ships have become larger more complex. Therefore, thereliability calculation of these systems is more difficult. This paper presents a reliability calculation algorithm for acomplex system with a solution that is difficult to analyze. When the system has a very complex structure, it is verydifficult to find an analytical solution. In this case, we can assess system reliability using the failure enumerationmethod of the reliability path. In this research, we represent the reliability block diagram by an adjacent matrix anddefine the reliability path. We can find any system status by the failure enumeration of the reliability path, and thuswe can calculate any kind of system reliability through this process. This result can be applied to RCM(Reliability-Centered Maintenance) and reliability information-management systems, in which the system reliability iscomposed of the reliabilities of individual parts.

Background At the hilum of the liver, there is a structure called the hilar plate, which is of great surgical importance because all variations in the bile ducts and blood vessels occur within this region. The Rex-Cantlie line does not always pass the point of portal bifurcation. Classifying portal vein (PV) variations based on the shape and origin of anterior sectoral trunk (AST) within the hepatic plate system will be of higher anatomical and surgical value than the conventional method based on PV ramification. Methods We investigated PV variations in the hilar plate in terms of combinations of 4 hepatic sectoral trunks rather than successive ramification of the PV. The combination patterns of each sectoral trunk were analyzed using data from adult cadaver liver dissection (n = 64) and multi-detector computed tomography (n = 216) of human livers. Results The AST root position on the hilar plate varies, in contrast to the other sectoral trunks, which are relatively consistent in their root position. Three types of PV variations were identified based on the AST root position. In addition, 4 similar but different shapes (I, Y, V, and U) of AST were identified. Conclusion Not only the root position in the hepatic hilar plate but also the shape of AST can be considered as the major determinants of PV variations.

BackgroundCommunity-dwelling older adults living in rural areas are in a less favorable environment for health care compared with urban older adults. We believe that intermittent coaching through wearable devices can help optimize health care for older adults in medically limited environments. ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate whether a wearable device and mobile-based intermittent coaching or self-management could increase physical activity and health outcomes of small groups of older adults in rural areas. MethodsTo address the above evaluation goal, we carried out the “Smart Walk” program, a health care model wherein a wearable device is used to promote self-exercise particularly among community-dwelling older adults managed by a community health center. We randomly selected older adults who had enrolled in a population-based, prospective cohort study of aging, the Aging Study of Pyeongchang Rural Area. The “Smart Walk” program was a 13-month program conducted from March 2017 to March 2018 and included 6 months of coaching, 1 month of rest, and 6 months of self-management. We evaluated differences in physical activity and health outcomes according to frailty status and conducted pre- and postanalyses of the Smart Walk program. We also performed intergroup analysis according to adherence of wearable devices. ResultsWe recruited 22 participants (11 robust and 11 prefrail older adults). The two groups were similar in most of the variables, except for age, frailty index, and Short Physical Performance Battery score associated with frailty criteria. After a 6-month coaching program, the prefrail group showed significant improvement in usual gait speed (mean 0.73 [SD 0.11] vs mean 0.96 [SD 0.27], P=.02), International Physical Activity Questionnaire scores in kcal (mean 2790.36 [SD 2224.62] vs mean 7589.72 [SD 4452.52], P=.01), and European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions score (mean 0.84 [SD 0.07] vs mean 0.90 [SD 0.07], P=.02), although no significant improvement was found in the robust group. The average total step count was significantly different and was approximately four times higher in the coaching period than in the self-management period (5,584,295.83 vs 1,289,084.66, P

Background/Objectives: In the information security field, artificial intelligence must be applied first. This is because the frequency of malicious code is too high and the processing method is too difficult, which is very difficult for human to handle.Methods/Statistical analysis: In this paper, we developed a program to classify malicious codes into images and a Tensorflow system to classify malicious codes. The malware used as input was the computer virus code used in the BIG 2015 Challenge. This dataset, called a Kaggle dataset, consists of 10,868 bytes of train set.Findings: We used the Tensorflow SLIM library to develop this machine learning malware learning machine. This resulted in more than 80% accuracy. Especially, when the CRIS-Ensemble algorithm was added, the accuracy was 97%. The study of malicious code analysis using machine learning consists of two major parts. First, the process of making the virus into images is important. To classify 10,868 Kaggle malware datasets that the BIG 2015 winner showed 99.6% accuracy, Tensorflow's accuracy and parameter tuning are important, but finding the way to make good images is the most important techniqueImprovements/Applications: The results show that the malicious code classification system using machine learning can be an effective method to classify malicious code of malicious code by the accuracy of the result and ease of use.

The threat of ischemic complications following massive resection, especially in living donor hepatectomy or split liver transplantation, has been haunting surgeons for many years. Postmortem dissections of 62 livers were performed to investigate anatomical variations of the principal artery for segment 4 (A4). The origin of A4 was examined separately in the liver with (n = 46) or without (n = 16) an aberrant left hepatic artery (abLHA). A4s were found to be extrahepatic or intrahepatic branches of the right hepatic artery (RHA), left hepatic artery, or proper hepatic artery and were categorized into 4 different types according to their origins. The RHA type, originating from the RHA or right anterior hepatic artery (RAHA), was the most common pattern in our series. The A4 roots had a strong tendency of stemming from the RHA (n = 12) even in the livers with abLHA (n = 16). Among the RHA-type A4s, the A4 arising from RAHA (n = 2) is supposed to be the most dangerous variant because it can cause an ischemic change in the remaining part of the liver after right hepatectomy. In conclusion, in the era of living donor liver transplantation, paying particular attention to the point of origin of A4 is a prerequisite, especially when the lateral section is relatively small. Arterial injuries to A4 during split liver transplantation may also increase the risk of hepatic artery thrombosis and ischemic cholangiopathy.