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The rapid development of 5G network technology has gained much popularity as well as concerns about its adverse effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of 4.9 GHz (one of working frequencies of 5G communication) radiofrequency (RF) field on emotional behaviours and spatial memory in adult male mice. Open field test (OFT), tail suspension test (TST) and Y maze were used to evaluate anxiety, depression-like behaviour and spatial memory ability, respectively. It was found that the anxiety-like behaviour and spatial memory ability of mice did not change, but the depression-like behaviour was induced in mice after 4.9 GHz RF exposure. In addition, the number of neurons significantly reduced and the level of pyroptosis obviously increased in amygdala rather than hippocampus. These results suggested that 4.9 GHz RF exposure could induce depression-like behaviour, which might be associated with the neuronal pyroptosis in amygdala.

Additional file 2: Table S2. The results of mNSS score.

Additional file 5: Table S5. The number of Nissl bodies.

Additional file 12: Table S11. The level of inflammatory factors.

Additional file 10: Table S9. The size of GFAP+ and IBA-1+ cells.

Additional file 8: Figure S1. Related western blot data in triplicate.

Additional file 6: Table S6. The percentage of apoptotic cells.

Additional file 1: Table S1. The results of body weight (g).

Additional file 3: Table S3. The results of TTC staining

Additional file 11: Table S10. The protein level of GFAP and Iba1.

Additional file 4: Table S4. Protein level of NSE (pg/ml).

Additional file 9: Table S8. The number of GFAP+ and IBA-1+ cells.

Additional file 7: Table S7. The level of apoptosis related protein.

Additional file 13: Table S12. Animal distribution.

Wafer-scale nanopatterning of hexagonal two-dimensional gratings is demonstrated by utilizing a Lloyd's mirror interferometer with a top-hat light field. The variation in fill factor and ellipticity of as-realized gratings is only 2.5% and 0.06, respectively, over the entire two-inch silicon wafer.

Enabled by atomically thickness control (0.26 nm/min) and loss engineering (0.28 dB/cm/min) of graphene oxide (GO) integrated silicon waveguide via ozone treatment, a low-loss (∼5dB/cm) and narrowband (1.1-nm) GO/silicon hybrid waveguide Bragg reflector is demonstrated.

In this work we introduce a tunable GMR filter based on continuously period-chirped (ΔP = 130 nm) gratings using a Ta2O5 waveguide layer with graded thickness (ΔT = 36 nm). The structure of the gradient-period grating is defined using a modified Lloyd’s mirror interferometer with a convex mirror, and Ta2O5 film used for the gradient is deposited using masked e-beam evaporation. The as-realized chirped GMR filter provides sharp transmission dips at resonant wavelengths with a filter bandwidth of approximately 4.2 nm and 0.78 nm when respectively applied to TE and TM polarized light under normal incidence. Gradually sweeping the chirped GMR filter makes it possible to monotonically sweep through resonant wavelengths from 500 to 700 nm, while maintaining stable filter bandwidth and transmission intensity. The optical spectrum of the incoming light can then be loyally reconstructed accordingly. We successfully demonstrate the spectrum reconstruction of a white light emitting diode and a dual-peak laser beam using the proposed chirped GMR filter as a dispersive device.

In this work, we proposed a full-color reflector using three stacked red (R), green (G), and blue (B) reflection gratings which are combined with the tunable 90° twisted nematic liquid crystals (TNLCs). The color reflector based on guided-mode resonance (GMR) gratings reflects strongly at the resonance wavelength. The optical reflectivity of GMR gratings can then be controlled by using 90° TNLCs to change the polarization of incident light. The optical characteristics and the chromaticity of the designed reflectors were evaluated by simulation. An individual RGB chip with/without LC was demonstrated experimentally. The fabricated GMR reflector for red exhibits a high TE/TM polarization ratio of >10:1 and 80% optical reflectivity at resonant wavelength, while the GMR reflector for blue only allows 60% optical reflectivity and a degraded polarization ratio of 3:1 mainly due to high optical absorption of silicon. Nevertheless, the silicon-based GMR reflector enables a wide reflection bandwidth, so a full-color reflector can be realized by vertically stacking RGB tunable reflectors. The proposed full-color reflector therefore exhibits a wide-gamut color space with low driving voltage of

Uniform periodic structure formation over a large sample area has been challenging in laser interference lithography (LIL) mainly due to the Gaussian intensity distribution inherent to a laser beam. In this work, refractive beam shaping devices are applied in a Lloyd's interferometer to create a flat-top light field (2.8% intensity variation over an area of 20 × 20 cm2) for wafer-scale nanopatterning. Around 10−2 variation in fill factors are obtained for all the reported one dimensional and two dimensional periodic structures across a 2-in. wafer, which is 1 order of magnitude lower than the values obtained for the samples exposed to a Gaussian light field. The proposed LIL system also allows gradual light field transitions from the Gaussian, super-Gaussian, and flat-top to the inverse-Gaussian by simply adjusting the spot size of the laser incident to the beam shaper. The authors believe that the proposed LIL system can be applied for a variety of applications that benefit from the nature of periodic na...

To study genetic characteristics of an individual with para-Bombay phenotype and her family members.ABO and H antigens were detected with routine serological techniques.The entire coding region of FUT1 gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR products was purified with enzymes digestion and directly sequenced.The RBCs of the proband did not agglutinate with H antibody. The proband therefore has a para-Bombay phenotype (Bmh). Direct sequencing indicated the FUT1 sequence of the proband contained a homozygous 547-552 del AG and heterozygous 814AG mutation, which gave rise to two haplotypes of 547-552delAG, 547-552delAG and 814AG. The ABO blood type of the proband' s mother and sisters were all B.Sequencing of the FUT1 gene has found heterozygous 547-552 del AG, 814AG mutations in the mother and elder sister, and heterozygous 547-552 del AG mutation in her younger sister. The FUT1 547-552 del AG and 814 AG mutations of the proband were inherited from her mother.A complex mutation of the FUT1 gene consisting of 547-55 del AG and 814 AG has been identified in an individual with para-Bombay phenotype.

This paper presents a novel mirror-tunable laser interference system for the wafer-scale patterning (>4-in.) of submicron grating structures with a flexible periodicity (200–1000 nm) in a compact and cost-effective manner. The proposed system guides and splits the laser beam into two expanded light beams propagating in a downward direction to be reflected by rotatable ultraviolet mirrors to produce interference patterns. The incident angle of two light beams can be controlled by rotating the mirrors until they match the targeted periodicity of the grating, without the need to reconfigure the optical paths. The fact that light polarization changes with the rotation angle of the mirrors necessitates the use of a half-wave plate along each optical path to adjust the direction of polarization perpendicular to the plane of incident light. The proposed system enables large-area fabrication and wide-range grating tunability, making it highly useful for applications that require wafer-scale patterning of submicro...