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The title compound, which crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group with one half-mol­ecule in the asymmetric unit, was synthesized by Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of 9-bromo­anthracen-2-ylium with pyridin-4-ylboronic acid., The title compound, C19H13N, which crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group with one half-mol­ecule in the asymmetric unit, was synthesized by Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of 9-bromo­anthracene with pyridin-4-ylboronic acid and purified by column chromatography on silica gel. Light-yellow crystals of 4-(anthracen-9-yl)-pyridine suitable for X-ray diffraction were collected by the solvent evaporation method. In the crystal, pairs of mol­ecules are connected by inter­molecular C—H⋯π (pyridine) inter­actions [d(H7⋯Cg) = 2.7391 (2) Å], forming cyclic centrosymmetric dimers, further resulting in an infinite one-dimensional linear chain along the c-axis direction. Weak face-to-face π–π stacking inter­actions [d(Cg⋯Cg) = 3.6061 (2) Å] link neighboring lamellar networks into the supra­molecular structure.

A promising green hydrothermal process was used to produce biobased nanomaterials carbon dots (CDs) by using microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa (CP) and its main model compounds (i.e., glucose, glycine, and octadecanoic acid). The possible reaction pathway including hydrolysis, Amadori rearrangement, cyclization/aromatization, and polymerization was first proposed for the hydrothermal process to produce microalgae-based CDs. Interactions among carbohydrates and proteins in microalgae were vital intermediate reactions in the generation of CDs. The mass yield of CDs reached 7.2% when the CP was hydrothermally treated with 20:1 of liquid-to-solid ratio at 230 °C for 6 h. It was confirmed that nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, and potassium were doped onto CP-based CDs (CD-CP) successfully without additional reagents or treatments. The CD-CP yield was 4.0-24.3 times higher than that of model compound-based CDs. Regarding morphology, CD-CP was constituted by many spherical nanoparticles smaller than 20 nm. These CDs emitted blue fluorescence under ultraviolet light, and the fluorescence quantum yield of CD-CP was 4.7-9.4 times higher than that of CP model compound-based CDs. Last, CD-CP displayed broad application prospects as a sensor for Fe

Distribution and sharing are social preference behaviors supported and shaped by selection pressures, which express individuals’ concern for the welfare of others. Distributive behavior results in distributive justice, which is at the core of moral justice. Sharing is a feature of the prosocial realm. The connotations of distribution and sharing are different, so the principles, research paradigms, and social functions of the two are also different. Three potential causes of confusion between the two in the current research on distribution and sharing are discussed. First, they share common factors in terms of individual cognition, situation, and social factors. Second, although they are conceptually different, prosocial sharing and distribution fairness sensitivity are mutually predictive in individual infants. Similarly, neural differences in preschoolers’ perception of distribution fairness predict their subsequent sharing generosity. Finally, similar activation regions are relevant to distribution and sharing situations that need behavioral control on a neural basis.

BackgroundRecently, immune response modulation at epigenetic level is illustrated in studies, but it is still unclear about the possible function of RNA 5-methylcytosine (m5C) modification in the cell infiltration within tumor microenvironment (TME).MethodsIn this study, the m5C modification patterns from altogether 493 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) samples were assessed completely according to 9 m5C regulators. Afterwards, the modification patterns were correlated with the cell infiltration features in TME. The m5C modification patterns in tumor samples were quantified through the principal component analysis (PCA) algorithms to establish the m5C-score. Moreover, this study mined the signature genes related to the m5C-score, constructed the PTC diagnostic model by the support vector machine (SVM) method, and verified its accuracy based on samples in TCGA and GEO databases. The effects of 5 potential drugs based on the PTC m5C-score model in PTC cells were investigated through in vitro and in vivo assays (i.e., cell counting kit 8 and xenograft model). ResultsA total of 3 different m5C modification patterns were identified, and high differentiation degree was observed in the cell infiltration features within TME under the above 3 identified patterns. It was revealed that, evaluating m5C modification patterns in single tumor samples helped to estimate the stromal activity in TME, expression of immune checkpoint genes, and prognosis for patients. Typically, a low m5C-score, which was reflected in the activated immunity, predicted the relatively favorable prognostic outcome. Few effective immune infiltration was seen in high m5C-score subtype, indicating the dismal patient survival. Finally, this study constructed a diagnostic model using the 10 signature genes highly related to the m5C-score, discovered that the model exhibited high diagnostic accuracy for PTC, and screened out 5 potential drugs for PTC based on this m5C-score model. ConclusionsAccording to findings in the present study, m5C modification exerts an important part in forming the TME complexity and diversity. It is valuable to evaluate the m5C modification patterns in single tumors, so as to enhance our understanding towards the infiltration characterization in TME and to better guide clinical diagnosis as well as immunotherapies.

Microalgae-based technology provides a potential approach to biologically treating oxytetracycline (OTC) wastewater due to its environmental friendliness, low cost, and high efficiency. However, the OTC degradation and transformation characteristics by microalgae are still unclear and need further exploration. This study used microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana MB-1 for OTC wastewater treatment. The OTC with an initial concentration less than 50 mg L

The development of microalgae-bacteria symbiosis for treating wastewater is flourishing owing to its high biomass productivity and exceptional ability to purify contaminants. A nature-selected microalgae-bacteria symbiosis, mainly consisting of Dictyosphaerium and Pseudomonas, was used to treat oxytetracycline (OTC), ofloxacin (OFLX), and antibiotic-containing swine wastewater. Increased antibiotic concentration gradually reduced biomass productivity and intricately changed symbiosis composition, while 1 mg/L OTC accelerated the growth of symbiosis. The symbiosis biomass productivity reached 3.4-3.5 g/L (5.7-15.3 % protein, 18.4-39.3 % carbohydrate, and 2.1-3.9 % chlorophyll) when cultured in antibiotic-containing swine wastewater. The symbiosis displayed an excellent capacity to remove 76.3-83.4 % chemical oxygen demand, 53.5-62.4 % total ammonia nitrogen, 97.5-100.0 % total phosphorus, 96.3-100.0 % OTC, and 32.8-60.1 % OFLX in swine wastewater. The microbial community analysis revealed that the existence of OTC/OFLX increased the richness and evenness of microalgae but reduced bacteria species in microalgae-bacteria, and the toxicity of OFLX to bacteria was stronger than that of OTC.

Recently, immune response modulation at the epigenetic level is illustrated in studies, but the possible function of RNA 5-methylcytosine (m5C) modification in cell infiltration within the tumor microenvironment (TME) is still unclear. Three different m5C modification patterns were identified, and high differentiation degree was observed in the cell infiltration features within TME under the above three identified patterns. A low m5C-score, which was reflected in the activated immunity, predicted the relatively favorable prognostic outcome. A small amount of effective immune infiltration was seen in the high m5C-score subtype, indicating the dismal patient survival. Our study constructed a diagnostic model using the 10 signature genes highly related to the m5C-score, discovered that the model exhibited high diagnostic accuracy for PTC, and screened out five potential drugs for PTC based on this m5C-score model. m5C modification exerts an important part in forming the TME complexity and diversity. It is valuable to evaluate the m5C modification patterns in single tumors, so as to enhance our understanding towards the infiltration characterization in TME.

Selenium is an essential nutrient in diets; however, the effects of selenium on enzyme metabolic activation are not currently clear. Cytochromes P450 (CYP450) are major phase I metabolic enzymes involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds to form electrophilic reactive metabolites. To investigate the effect of selenium on CYP450 isoform activity, the Landrace pigs were divided into three groups: the control group (containing Se 0.15 mg/kg), the Se-deficient group (Se 0.03 mg/kg), and the Se-supply group (Se 0.35 mg/kg). After 1 week of administration, a mixed solution (20 mg/kg of dextromethorphan, phenacetin, chlorzoxazone, and 10 mg/kg of testosterone in a CMC-Na solution) was intravenously injected into all pigs. The mixed solution content and pharmacokinetic parameters were assayed by HPLC and DAS, respectively. To investigate the effect of selenium on CYP450 isoform expression, RNA-Seq analysis, Western boltting, and qPCR were used. Results showed that Se-supply group significantly increased the activity and expression of CYP1A2 and CYP2D25, and decreased CYP3A29. Se-deficient group decreased the activity of CYP1A2, CYP2D25, and CYP2E1. These results demonstrated that selenium content affecting the activity or expression of the CYP450 isoform may lead to a food-drug interaction.

Thermal and time regularities of oilseed rape straw (OS) liquefaction to produce bio-polyol were investigated by changing reaction temperature and time. When liquefying OS at 150 °C for 40 min, 98.4% of bio-polyol and 0.8% of residue are obtained. Liquefied products were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Two dimensional correlate spectroscopy (2D-COS) IR, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) to explore underlying regularities. OS degradation is promoted from 100 to 150 °C or from 10 to 40 min, but re-polymerization becomes more active when increased temperature or time continuously. OS components containing potential reactive groups are transformed into bio-polyol while ash is concentrated in residue. Conversion of C O and C C groups needs lower temperature or short time than transforming of C–H and O–H groups. C–C and aromatic ring (−Ar−) are most active towards temperature and time as external perturbation respectively. Bio-polyol degrades or evaporates in five regions between 30 and 600 °C and is composed of four parts of components with different molecular weight (Mw). This research is valuable to guide biomass conversion and bio-polyol application, which gives insight to use biomass efficiently and environmentally.

Citric acid (CA) has been widely investigated as a modifier for biomass adsorbents in wastewater treatment, but utilization of the filtrate from this process has never been scrutinized by now. The present study provided an effective method to utilize the filtrate collected from the process of CA modified bamboo shoot shell (BSS). The dissolved fibers of BSS (CA-BSSF) in the filtrate were blended with chitosan (CS) to prepare the composite adsorbent (CA-BSSF/CS) for Cu2+ adsorption. FTIR and SEM were used to characterize this new adsorbent. The adsorption performances of Cu2+ on CA-BSSF/CS were evaluated by batch process. The results showed that a better Cu2+ adsorption capacity of CA-BSSF/CS than CS. The adsorption process could be well described by the Freundlich isotherm and the kinetic of adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order rate equation. The adsorption reaction was a spontaneous process and would happen at low temperature. Reuse studies revealed that the adsorption capacity of CA-BSSF/CS did not change significantly after repeated use 5 times compared with the fresh one. This suggests that the CA-BSSF/CS is a suitable sorbent for the removal of Cu2+ from aqueous solution.

Statins have a positive impact on ischemic stroke outcome. It has been reported that statin have neuroprotective function after ischemic stroke in addition to lipid-lowering effect in animal model. However, the neuroprotective function of statin after stroke has not been confirmed in clinical studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate in a clinical model if statins induce neuroprotection after stroke. We, therefore, assessed serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and functional recovery in atherothrombotic stroke patients and investigated their relationship with atorvastatin treatment.Seventy-eight patients with atherothrombotic stroke were enrolled and randomly assigned to atorvastatin treatment group or placebo control group. Neurological function after stroke was assessed with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Barthel Index (BI). The serum BDNF levels were both measured at 1 day and 6 weeks after stroke. Linear regression was used to assess the association between BDNF levels and neurological function scores.The mRS and BI were markedly improved in the atorvastatin group when compared to placebo at 6 weeks after stroke. The serum BDNF levels in atorvastatin group were significantly elevated by 6 weeks after stroke and higher than the BDNF levels in controls. In addition, the serum BDNF levels significantly correlated with mRS and BI after stroke. Our results demonstrated that atorvastatin treatment was associated with the increased BDNF level and improved functional recovery after atherothrombotic stroke.This study indicates that atorvastatin-related elevation in the BDNF level may promote functional recovery in stroke patients.

Four kinds of agricultural wastes (oilseed rape straw (OS), rice straw (RS), wheat straw (WS) and corn stover (CS)) liquefied polyols were used to replace petroleum based polyol and prepare bio-based polyurethane (PU) foam successfully. The effect of NCO/OH ratio on PU foaming process and foams properties, such as density, compressive strength, elastic modulus, morphological structure, storage modulus (E’), glass transition temperature (Tg), water absorption ability and chemical structure, was investigated respectively. It is confirmed that CS based polyol appears the highest activity to react with pMDI, while reactivity of OS based polyol is the lowest. Foams made with NCO/OH ratio among 1.4–1.7 appear excellent morphological, physical, mechanical, water absorption and chemical properties, which are comparable with or even better than those of petroleum polyol based PU foams.

Production of biochar from bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) shoot shell (BSS) was performed as a function of the temperature (ranging from 300 °C to 500 °C) under N2 flow. The yields, physical and chemical characteristics of biochar from BSS (BSSBC) and its potential uses in soil amendment were studied. All of the biochar obtained was low in density, but high in pH value, carbon content, nitrogen content, surface functional group content, iodine adsorption value and inorganic nutrients. Biochar derived at 400 °C had the best properties in terms of the contents of C, H, O, N, P and K were 67.2%, 3.89%, 24.4%, 3.10%, 0.41% and 1.07%, respectively, the pH value was 10.2, its iodine sorption value was 1254 mg g−1 and its total functional groups content was 3.784 mmol g−1. Four different dosages from 2.5 to 10 wt% of biochar produced at 400 °C were added to soil samples to investigate the improvement of soil water holding capacity, bulk density, iodine sorption and metal adsorption, respectively. Soil adsorption capacities of Pb(II), Cr(III) and Cd(II) were improved by approximately 27%, 21% and 29% with addition of 2.5 wt% BSSBC. Biochar had properties that could improve soil properties such as density, acidity, moisture retention and heavy metal ions stability in soils. The findings support the potential to prepare soil ameliorant from BSS by pyrolysis.

An aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor mediating the responses to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds. To investigate the epigenetic mechanism involved in the regulation of AhR, we treated human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) with benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and found a transcriptional suppression of AhR in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Suppression of AhR significantly attenuated the extent of BaP-induced CYP1A1 expression and the cell growth arrest, and conferred 16HBE cells insensitive to DNA damage. In addition, we found that the mRNA level of AhR was elevated more than twice in 16HBE cells treated with histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA), indicating that AhR expression might be regulated via histone modification. Moreover, we showed that BaP or 3-MC treatment led to a reduction of acetylation at residues H3K9, H3K18 and H3K27, suggesting that histone modifications are associated with chemical exposure. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR), we further demonstrate that the reduction of histones H3K18ac and H3K27ac is correlated with the decreased binding affinity with the AhR promoter in HBE cells treated with BaP or 3-MC. In addition, we identified that specific regions located at the transcriptional start site (TSS) of the AhR gene were responsible for H3K18ac- and H3K27ac-related transcriptional activity of the AhR promoter. Taken together, we identified that two specific histone modifications, H3K18ac and H3K27ac, were involved in regulation of the transcriptional activation of AhR, which might contribute to BaP-induced toxicity and the response to DNA damage.

Biosorption of dyeing wastewater is most widely used method so far. The adsorption of methylene blue (MB) with bamboo shoot shell (BSS) as biosorbent was investigated. Orthogonal test was used to optimize the adsorption process, and adsorption capacity and color removal efficiency were used to judge the adsorptivity of BSS. Results showed that maximum adsorption capacity was 225.71 mg·g-1, and color removal efficiency could achieve to 98.96% during the test. To obtain best adsorption capacity, the optimized conditions of temperature, initial concentration of dye, BSS dosage, pH value and adsorption time were 45 °C, 400 mg·L-1, 10 mg/10 mL, 9.6 and 30 min, respectively. As to another target color removal efficiency, the best parameters were 100 mg·L-1, 200 mg/10 mL, 11.5 and 120 min, respectively. The results reveal that the agricultural by-product BSS is an effective biosorbent.

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway plays important roles in cell proliferation, growth, and survival. Hyperactivated PI3K is frequently found in a wide variety of human cancers, validating it as a promising target for cancer therapy. We determined the crystal structure of the human PI3Kα–PI103 complex to unravel molecular interactions. Based on the structure, substitution at the R1 position of the phenol portion of PI103 was demonstrated to improve binding affinity via forming a new H-bond with Lys802 at the bottom of the ATP catalytic site. Interestingly, the crystal structure of the PI3Kα–9d complex revealed that the flexibility of Lys802 can also induce additional space at the catalytic site for further modification. Thus, these crystal structures provide a molecular basis for the strong and specific interactions and demonstrate the important role of Lys802 in the design of novel PI3Kα inhibitors.

Bamboo ( Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro ) shoot shell (BSS) was liquefied in polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) and ethylene glycol (EG) catalyzed by sulfuric acid under atmospheric pressure. The effects of liquefaction conditions such as liquid–solid ratio, temperature, time, catalyst, solvents ratio, and material size on the liquefaction yield of BSS have been investigated. Methods including Elemental analysis, Thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry were selected to analyze the characteristics of products in three fractions: an aqueous fraction (AQ), an acetone-soluble fraction (AS) and a residue (RS), respectively. Results showed that the highest liquefaction percentage was 99.79% under the optimal conditions (liquid–solid ratio 6:1; temperature 150 °C; reaction time 80 min; raw size more than 40 mesh; catalyst mass percentage of solvent 4%; solvent volume ratio 3:1). Polyols could be obtained effectively by the liquefaction of BSS, an agricultural by-product.

Genetic diversity and phylogeny of bradyrhizobial strains associated with Desmodium spp. in subtropic and temperate regions of China were analyzed.We studied 29 desmodia isolates from different regions with BOX-PCR fingerprinting and multilocus sequence analysis (nifH, nodC and recA gene) to describe the genotypic characteristics and phylogenetic relationships.We achieved 25 genotypes with BOX-PCR genomic fingerprinting analysis, indicating that the tested strains had a great diversity at genomic level. The representative bradyrhizobial strains were located in three phylogenic branches with multilocus sequence analysis (niffH, nodC and recA gene), that was closely related to Bradyrhizobium elkanii, Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense, respectively.The desmodia bradyrhizobia had abundantly diversity. Diverse symbiotic genes including nifH and nodC genes were also found in these strains that indicated that the symbiotic genes were mainly maintained by vertical transfer in these bradyrhizobial populations and coevolved with housekeeping genes.

It is a newer research hotspot using digital image recognition technology to solve the fabric defect in textile enterprises in recent years. Adopting image-recognition technology, through the fabric digital image preprocessing and recognition，measured the fabric defects, stored the related information in order to achieve fabric defect detection automatic, improved the efficiency of defect detection. Fabric defect detection system mainly included three parts: The first, the fabric image acquisition, pre-processing part. The second, the identifier, measurement and storage defect of fabric defect. The third, control mechanism automatically accomplished defect location and identifier. Simulation experiment analysis shows that the time consumption using in image processing algorithms can meet the real-time detection requirements.

The problem of fuzzy pattern recognition based on eigenvector is often met with in computer measurement and control system. Both the object to be identified and the standard pattern stored in the database have a certain degree of uncertainty because errors are inevitable in the process of eigenvector extraction. The problem of fuzzy pattern recognition can be turned into the problem of calculating the hamming distance and Euclidean distance of two fuzzy sets according to fuzzy theory. This thesis aims to describe the fuzzy pattern recognition algorithm based on distance of two fuzzy sets, which is successfully used in the Hand-shape Identity Recognition System by using the Normal Distribution Function as the membership function of the eigenvector. Experiment shows that this algorithm can be promoted and applied to any other pattern recognition system in which random errors are inevitable.

The hand-shape identity recognition that makes identification through a way-to extract the parameters of hand contour and recognize the different between the new hand-shape inputted just now and the standard one stored in the database early is a kind of pattern recognition system based on eigenvector. The fuzzy pattern recognition algorithm is often used due to the errors brought from the hand-shape eigenvector extraction process, which cause a certain degree of uncertainty both of the standard hand-shape eigenvectors stored in the database and the one of the recognized object. This thesis discusses the designing and implementation of the fuzzy pattern recognition algorithm based on Lattice Similarity Degree. It turns the process of hand-shape identity recognition into an issue of the similarity degree of two fuzzy sets. This algorithm can be promoted and applied to other pattern recognition system.

This paper brings forward a new method of detection of fabric defect, namely image distance difference arithmetic. The system permit user to set appropriate control parameter of fabric defect defection based on the type of the fabric. It can detect more than 30 kinds of common defects, which has advantages of high identification correctness and fast inspection speed. finaly, using some image processing technology to score the grade of piece to satisfy the quality and elevate the finished product ratio.

As the prototypical member of the PTP family, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is an attractive target for therapeutic interventions in type 2 diabetes. The extremely conserved catalytic site of PTP1B renders the design of selective PTP1B inhibitors intractable. Although discovered allosteric inhibitors containing a benzofuran sulfonamide scaffold offer fascinating opportunities to overcome selectivity issues, the allosteric inhibitory mechanism of PTP1B has remained elusive. Here, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, coupled with a dynamic weighted community analysis, were performed to unveil the potential allosteric signal propagation pathway from the allosteric site to the catalytic site in PTP1B. This result revealed that the allosteric inhibitor compound-3 induces a conformational rearrangement in helix α7, disrupting the triangular interaction among helix α7, helix α3, and loop11. Helix α7 then produces a force, pulling helix α3 outward, and promotes Ser190 to interact with Tyr176. As a result, the deviation of Tyr176 abrogates the hydrophobic interactions with Trp179 and leads to the downward movement of the WPD loop, which forms an H-bond between Asp181 and Glu115. The formation of this H-bond constrains the WPD loop to its open conformation and thus inactivates PTP1B. The discovery of this allosteric mechanism provides an overall view of the regulation of PTP1B, which is an important insight for the design of potent allosteric PTP1B inhibitors.