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This study investigates the behavior of a single pile under axial loading in granular soil layers. The study aims to determine the impact of stepping on load settlement behavior and load transformation along the pile, as it relates to depth. The pile has a diameter (D) of 1m and a length (L) of 20m. For the stepped pile, the upper portion is half the length of the pile and the lower portion is the remaining half. The total length and volume of the pile are kept constant for both the single conventional pile and single stepped pile. In the analysis, the diameter of the upper portion of the stepped pile is reduced (stepped pile) by 0.1D to 0.3D, and the diameter of the lower portion is calculated accordingly. Also the load transformation with respect to depth of pile is studied. Based on numerical analysis, the single stepped pile outperforms the single conventional pile in load settlement behavior.

Background: The term clubfoot refers to a variety of related congenital foot deformities. It is used interchangeably to refer to clubfoot deformities that are idiopathic, atypical, syndrome, and postural. Scales designed specifically for clubfoot, like the Pirani and Dimeglio Scales, are frequently used to categorize severity. Therefore, this study is aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Steenbeek Foot abduction brace (SFAB) to maintain the correction achieved. Methodology: A Cross-sectional study conducted at CTEV Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic, NSCB Medical College, Jabalpur from the period of 1st Jan 2021 to 31st June 2022 with a sample size of 50 estimated through n = z2pq / d2. Study participants include Child age- 0.05). Conclusion: The desired goal of achieving minimal disability as a result of clubfoot can be assisted in its achievement by enhancing the education and counselling of parents, removing social barriers, strengthening the training of health providers, improving access to affordable braces, and eliminating social barriers.

The assessment and analysis of Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) changes are required to identify the land use changes from year to year which plays a critical role in planning and implementation of developmental activities. The present study aims to assess LULC changes in Samastipur district of Bihar using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS). The LULC maps were prepared using LANDSAT-5 and LANDSAT-8 images by adopting object based image classification technique. Assessments of LULC changes were done @ 5 years, @ 10 years and @ 20 years during 2000-2020. The results indicated that the agriculture land coverage increased at high rate during 2000-2005 and 2005-2010; and after that it is increasing at slow rate. The natural vegetation coverage is continuously decreasing during years 2000-2020 while settlement is continuously increasing during this period with notable increase during 2000-2005 and 2015-2020. In the time interval of 10 years (2000-2010), the agriculture land area increased by 22.17%; natural vegetation area decreased by 38.04%; the water-bodies decreased by 46.69%; sand and barren land decreased by 61.27% and settlement area increased by 15.62%. Over the next 10 years (2010-2020), area covered by agriculture land, settlement, water-bodies and sand and barren land increased by 8.05%, 38.30%, 26.27% and 44.65% respectively while area covered by natural vegetation decreased by 75.24%. During time interval of 20 years (2000-2020), agriculture land area and settlement area increased by 32% and 59.91% respectively while natural vegetation, sand and barren land and water-bodies decreased by 84.66%, 43.98% and 32.68% respectively. The analysis of the results indicates that the natural vegetation has decreased at fast rate in the recent years. Therefore, proper attention is required towards stopping of cutting of natural vegetation in the district to save the environment.

Cut flowers are used to express appreciation, affection and express emotions on various special occasions. The international trade in cut flowers has expanded in recent years and is expected to grow with the promotion and use of horticultural plants for their therapeutic benefits. Vase life is the period during which a cut flower maintains its appearance in the vase. This is a crucial factor in determining which plant species are ideal for use in floristry, with long vase life plants being considerably more desirable than short vase life plants. Chemical treatments that extend the life of vases are a major part of floristry. Adding sugars to a vase solution with cut flowers is known to delay aging and extend the life of the vase. Nano-sensors could therefore also help to extend the life of vases with cut flowers and thus enable the monitoring of ethylene concentrations in the warehouses of large growers and wholesalers. In floriculture, nanotechnology has increased yield to potential market value, particularly for essential micronutrients essential for host defence.

The history of FMDV serotype O field isolates determined in this study. The GenBank accession numbers are provided for all the individual isolates.

In healthcare research, predictive modeling is commonly utilized to forecast risk variables and enhance treatment procedures for improved patient outcomes. Enormous quantities of data are being created as a result of recent advances in research, clinical trials, next-generation genomic sequencing, biomarkers, and transcriptional and translational studies. Understanding how to handle and comprehend scientific data to offer better treatment for patients is critical. Currently, multiple prediction models are being utilized to investigate patient outcomes. However, it is critical to recognize the limitations of these models in the research design and their unique benefits and drawbacks. In this overview, we will look at linear regression, logistic regression, decision trees, and artificial neural network prediction models, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. The two most perilous requirements for building any predictive healthcare model are feature selection and model validation. Typically, feature selection is done by a review of the literature and expert opinion on that subject. Model validation is also an essential component of every prediction model. It characteristically relates to the predictive model's performance and accuracy. It is strongly recommended that all clinical parameters should be thoroughly examined before using any prediction model.

The research work carried out during Mrig bahar (July to December) in 2019 and 2020 at Technology park, CTAE and laboratories of Department of Horticulture, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur (Rajasthan). It was conducted to investigate the effect of organic manures on yield and quality characteristics of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Bhagwa. For this purpose selected 6 years old 42 pomegranate plants consisted of 14 treatments with different organic manures which are tested with randomized block design with three replications. Results showed that among all the treatments, the organic combination T13 - Jeevamrut 16.08 L plant-1 + Vermicompost 24.79 kg plant-1 has recorded significantly effect on fruit quality characteristics found maximum total soluble solids (13.54 oBrix), ascorbic acid (19.05 mg/100 ml juice) and reducing sugar (9.68 %), which was at par with treatment T2- RDF recorded total soluble solids (13.45 oBrix), ascorbic acid (18.92 mg/100 ml juice) and reducing sugar (9.63%). But, fruit yield characteristics like fruit volume (191.67 cm3) was found maximum in treatment T2- RDF which was at par with treatment T13 - Jeevamrut 16.08 L plant-1 + Vermicompost 24.79 kg plant-1 (190.50 cm3) on pooled data basis of both the year 2019 and 2020. It may be concluded that organic treatment is best for improving the quality as well similar yield as compare to inorganic treatment.

Skin infections occur commonly and after present therapeutic challenges to practioners due to the growing concerns regarding multidrug resistant bacterial, viral and fungal strain. The aim of present study was to formulate topical cream using Ethanolic leaves extract Emblica officinalis and evaluate In­­- vitro study the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extracts of dried leaves of Emblica officinalis was determined by using the Agar cup plate method versus different bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa etc. By blending the ethanolic extract of Emblica officinalis (10 % w/w) into aqueous cream we formulated herbal cream. Formulation of herbal cream evaluation their physio-chemical properties, in vitro drug release and in vitro Antibacterial Activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The herbal cream formulation A5 show better release and effective against bacterial strain

Sucrose and auxin are well-known determinants of root system architecture (RSA). However, the factors that connect the signaling pathways evoked by these two critical factors during root development are poorly understood. In this study, we report the role of MEDIATOR SUBUNIT17 (MED17) in RSA and its involvement in the transcriptional integration of sugar and auxin signaling pathways in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Sucrose regulates root meristem activation through the TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN-E2 PROMOTER BINDING FACTOR A (TOR-E2FA) pathway, and auxin regulates lateral root (LR) development through AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR-LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (ARF-LBDs). Both sucrose and auxin play a vital role during primary and LR development. However, there is no clarity on how sucrose is involved in the ARF-dependent regulation of auxin-responsive genes. This study establishes MED17 as a nodal point to connect sucrose and auxin signaling. Transcription of MED17 was induced by sucrose in an E2FA/B-dependent manner. Moreover, E2FA/B interacted with MED17, which can aid in the recruitment of the Mediator complex on the target promoters. Interestingly, E2FA/B and MED17 also occupied the promoter of ARF7, but not ARF19, leading to ARF7 expression, which then activates auxin signaling and thus initiates LR development. MED17 also activated cell division in the root meristem by occupying the promoters of cell–cycle genes, thus regulating their transcription. Thus, MED17 plays an important role in relaying the transcriptional signal from sucrose to auxin-responsive and cell–cycle genes to regulate primary and lateral root development, highlighting the role of the Mediator as the transcriptional processor for optimal root system architecture in Arabidopsis.

The Cobb-Douglas Production Function which has the advantage of permitting hypothesis testing and calculation of confidence intervals to test the reliability of the estimation has been applied in this study of the agricultural production process using several production factors within the broad terms of land, labor, & capital. Agricultural production has been considered as the dependent variable, whereas, area coverage for agricultural production, labor employed in agriculture, agricultural household expenditure, fertilizer applied, and irrigation coverage have been considered as independent variables. Agricultural productivity has been examined from a different perspective such as the productivity of land, labor, and capital. The factors of production estimated through the regression analysis demonstrated that the growth of crop production significantly depends on the application of fertilizer. Besides, irrigation and household consumption also have a positive impact on production. The use of seeds, types of machinery, and expenditures for sowing and harvesting are considered responsible for the increase in consumption for rural households, so their use may have some positive impact on production, but the effect of these factors is not much significant. Land and labor have a negative correlation with crop production. Overall crop production shows decreasing returns to scale due to a decrease in land productivity, use of traditional plow methods, land degradation, decrease in soil fertility, and increase in soil salinity. The increasing crop production is the result of the application of fertilizer and improved seeds. Land and labor were negatively correlated with crop production, whereas, fertilizer was positively correlated but excessive use of inorganic fertilizer may further aggravate soil fertility. This study also measures the marginal contribution of each input to aggregate agricultural output.

Background: India was furiously hit by the second wave of COVID-19 that peaked during the months of April and May 2021. It led to an unprecedented number of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis cases that came as a bitter surprise. Several parameters were found to be consistently elevated in the patients like serum ferritin, D-dimer, and HbA1C. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the SMS medical college that included 120 patients presenting with post-COVID mucormycosis from 1st May to 31st May 2021. HbA1c, D-dimer, serum ferritin levels were measured at the time of admission. Results: Our study showed a mean range of serum ferritin of 539.6±484.9, mean D-dimer range was 636.3±303.5, both of which were higher than normal. In the present study 94.1% of the patients had diabetes mellitus. Among them 60.80% of the patients had newly detected diabetes and 33.30% were known cases of diabetes with mean HbA1c 9.7±2.3. The p value was less than 0.001 which was statistically significant. Conclusions: Timely detection and categorization of the patients based on severity of the above parameters can not only help in executing the existing institutional resources but can also help in saving valuable lives, and preventing radical surgical procedures like orbital exenteration and maxillectomy.

Background: Right iliac fossa pain is most common clinical presentation encountered in surgical OPD. Usually during evaluation, diagnosis is uncertain in some cases and patient suffers a lot. Clinical symptoms usually not involved during evaluation of patient this also makes diagnosis more difficult. Therefore, aim of the study was that how we would proceed in this case. Methods: This was prospective study and total 30 patients were analyzed. Study was done at tertiary centre. All patients suspected with pain in right iliac fossa included in this study. First evaluated clinically then biochemical and radiological investigated. Histological and acid-fast bacilli culture was not included. Results: Out of 30 cases, acute appendicitis were in 15 cases (50%), followed by appendicular lump (7 cases, 23%), irritable bowel disease (3 cases, 10%), tubercular lesion (2 cases, 6.7%), carcinoma of caecum (1 case, 3.33%), appendicular abscess (1 case, 3.33%), both appendicitis with tubercular lesion were also present (1 case, 3.33%). All cases of acute appendicitis, appendicular lump, carcinoma of caecum were managed surgically while appendicular abscess and ilieocaecal tuberculosis was managed conservatively. Conclusions: The diagnosis of right iliac fossa pain is very difficult. Be very cautious during clinical evaluation. Even if CT scan is still unclear about the diagnosis and till date no definite diagnostic protocol has made. Before validate this protocol, a large data must be needed.

As the world’s population is increasing, the demand for food is also increasing. Drying techniques increase the life and quality of crop and industrial food products. It also improves the economic condition of farmers. Drying reduces the water stored within the product by evaporation. It can be done by the use of conventional energy and different methods. Sun radiation is used for open sun drying around the globe. Open sun drying has many disadvantages in comparison to other drying techniques. Solar drying is comparatively clean and effective. Solar dryers are of mainly four types: 1) direct solar dryer; 2) indirect solar dryers; 3) mixed mode solar dryer and 4) hybrid solar dryers. Because electric and heat energy demand is increasing day by day worldwide, PV/T solar dryer becomes an interesting and upcoming interest of research nowadays. In this review article basics of different kinds of solar dryers and recent advancements in hybrid PV/T dryers have been presented. Results for drying grapes, medicinal herb, tomato, and wood using PV/T solar dryer are discussed in this study. Variations of drying time, energy consumption, efficiency with different air temperatures, air flow rate and RH are discussed. The use of different solar collectors, solar air heater and heat storage materials with hybrid PV/T dryer have also been reviewed.

Prediction of static friction at sliding surfaces is having both fundamental and practical importance. In this article, a friction model was used to predict the static friction of wet granular material on hard surface. The model is based on the fact that granular particulates form capillary bridges to adhere with substrate, and rupture of these bridges results in friction. The model also considers the frictional strength of bridges, which develop during the application of shear velocity on sliding mass. The friction model is, in turn, validated with the experimental data of static friction vs. shear velocity of wet granular layers on a smooth rock surface. Scaling laws of frictional properties are also developed using regression analysis to justify the friction model.

The schematic representation of synthesis and application of luminescent 2D tin halide perovskite nanocrystals.

The quality of strawberry is highly hampered by improper crop management, which can only be solved by using different types of mulches. It is very rare in literature, where the different types of mulches are used for the quality assessment. To carry out this new strategy to sustain the quality of strawberry the present study was carried out using various kind of mulches viz., white polythene mulch, yellow polythene mulch, black polythene much, green polythene mulch, news-paper mulch, wood husk mulch, serpat grass mulch, red polythene mulch, jute bag mulch comprised of 10 treatments and 3 replications under the randomized block design. The findings revealed that the application of black plastic mulch significantly increased the total number of fruit (12.67), length of fruit (6.21 cm), width of fruit (4.20 cm), weight of fruit (16.30 g), yield plant-1 (200.10g), yield plot-1 (3.20kg), total soluble solids (11.85%), total sugar (8.58%), reducing sugar (7.90%), non-reducing sugar (1.75%) and vitamin C (45.91 mg 100g-1). It is pertinent to infer that the application of the mulches (either black or yellow) performed and better over control.

Agriculture sector is the heart of India’s social development. India is agriculture dependent country because 2/3rd of its population depends upon agriculture for their survival and it contributes approximately 14% to India’s GDP. Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.), is a plantation crop native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Australia and is found in arid and semi-arid zones. From its leaves a red orange dye agent is extracted which has an affinity for bonding with proteins, and thus is used to dye human body parts (skin, hair, fingernails), as well as leather, silk and wool. The present study was conducted purposively selected Pali district in arid zone of Rajasthan State of India. One hundred and twenty beneficiaries were selected purposively who have obtained training on improved henna production technologies and 120 non-beneficiaries were selected randomly in same number from same villages of study area. Thus, a total of 240 farmers was selected from 20 villages for the present investigation. it was found that more than half (57.91%) of respondents belong to medium level of adoption category followed by 27.08 percent of respondents belong to high level of adoption category. Only 15 percent of respondents belongs to low level of adoption category of improved henna production technologies.

The impact of government expenditure, unemployment, inflation, and household consumption on the economic growth of India over the period 1990-2021 has been examined in this paper. The ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis was performed by observing the assumptions of the classical linear model. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Philips-Perron (PP) tests were carried out for stationarity of the concerned variables. The study found that increasing government expenditure has a strong positive influence on the growth of national income and consumption and a negative influence on unemployment in India. The study recommends increasing government expenditure that could accelerate economic growth and create employment opportunities that also have a positive impact on improving consumption. Results indicate that inflation significantly depresses economic performance in India because of uncertainty and reduces investment, employment, and consequently output and consumption level. Unemployment has not significantly impacted the real GDP in India. Investment in physical capital and human capital has significantly promoted economic performance in India because investment in human capital improves the productivity of the labor forces and hence increases output and investment in physical capital increases the amount of capital per unit of labor and these have the potency of increasing productivity per worker. The overall effect is the increase in output and therefore economic performance. The study recommends increasing government expenditure as it boosts aggregate demand which could accelerate economic growth and create employment opportunities and enhance the consumption level of the public.

Microstrip silicon detectors are one of the key trackers in particle physics experiment like LHC at CERN. There is a continuous need to improve upon various parameters of detectors like breakdown voltage, leakage current, full depletion voltage, post radiation hardness, charge collection efficiency and low thermal budget. We have introduced new doping less silicon microstrip detector for the very first time and investigated the various parameter of the detector. We have studied and compared the results of doped and dopingless charge plasma silicon microstrip detector. Our study shows improvement in Preradiation breakdown voltage of 2200 V with leakage current of 5.2 pA/um in dopingless charge plasma microstrip detector as compared to 1500 V of breakdown voltage with leakage current of 6.5pA/um as in the case of doped silicon microstrip detector.

Cobaloxime immobilized onto the surface of carbon cloth exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic HER activity and −10 mA cm−2 current density has been achieved at an overpotential of 260 mV.

A product can be well-defined as an item that is prepared for sale. When any organization is offering any item for sale, then it is called product. A product may be a service provided by any organization. Each product has their cost and sold on a price. Price of any product is determining on the basis of quality of product. Quality of product refers that what number of features are incorporated in the product those are fulfilling the requirements of the customer and how it will be modified so it meets to customer’s expectations. This paper specifies the role of text mining to extract different parameters of product available on different sources in unstructured form and present machine learning technique for enhancing the product quality.

A field experiment was carried out during Kharif 2020 and 2021 at Kanpur, India to find out the effect of FYM, phosphorus and PSB on growth and yield of Green gram variety Shweta. There were twenty treatment combinations of 4 levels of FYM t ha-1: control (F0), 1.0 t (F1), 2.0 t (F2), and 3.0 t (F3), and 5 levels of phosphorus kg ha-1 and PSB viz., PSB only (P1), 20 kg P2O5 (P2), 20 kg P2O5 + PSB (P3), 40 kg P2O5 (P4) and 40 kg P2O5 + PSB (P5) laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design and replicated thrice. The FYM, phosphorus, and PSB were applied as per treatment. The higher growth attributes and number of pods per plant, pod weight plant-1, test weight, seed yield, gross income, net income and B:C ratio were recorded with 3t FYM/ha among the FYM levels and 40 kg P2O5 /ha + PSB among the levels of PSB and phosphorus.

This experiment was carried out for two consecutive years (2020 and 2021) during Kharif season at Student’s Instructional Farm (SIF) of Department of Agronomy, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India to assess the effect of Farm Yard Manure (FYM), phosphorus levels and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on growth and yield of Green gram with variety Shweta (K.M. 2241) was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) and replicated thrice. This experiment included 20 treatment combinations, the levels of FYM viz., control (F0), 1.0 t (F1), 2.0 t (F2) and 3.0 t (F3) and levels of phosphorus viz., PSB only (P1), 20 kg P2O5 (P2), 20 kg P2O5 + PSB (P3), 40 kg P2O5 (P4) and 40 kg P2O5 + PSB (P5). The result of this study showed the interaction effect of FYM, phosphorous & PSB were non-significant. In the different levels of FYM, the 3.0 tons ha-1 FYM resulted in significantly higher growth attributes viz., plant height (40.60cm) at maturity, No. of branches plant-1 (4.95) at maturity, number of nodules plant-1 (24.85) at 60 DAS and dry weight of nodules plant-1 (14.34g) at 60 DAS, yield attributes viz., number of pods plant-1 (14.70), weight of pod plant-1 (7.44g), pod length (6.55cm) , and test weight (41.36g), yield viz. grain or seed yield (894kg ha-1) and quality parameters viz., protein content (23.90%), protein yield (214kg ha-1), nutrient contents i.e. nutrients uptake by grain and straw of Green gram compared to other treatments and control. Among the different levels of phosphorous & PSB, 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 + PSB resulted the highest values of growth attributes viz., plant height (38.54cm) at maturity, No. of branches plant-1 (4.52) at maturity, number of nodules plant-1 (23.19) at 60 DAS and dry weight of nodules plant-1 (13.42g) at 60 DAS, yield attributes viz., number of pods plant-1 (13.99), weight of pod plant-1 (6.57g), pod length (6.35cm), and test weight (40.85g), yield viz. grain or seed yield (825 kg ha-1), and quality parameters viz., protein content (23.84%), protein yield (197kg ha-1), nutrient contents i.e. nutrients uptake by grain and straw. Thus, it is possible to maximize the growth attributes, yield attributes, yield and quality of Green gram with application 3.0 tons ha-1 FYM and 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 + PSB.

This study has analyzed the consumer demand and expenditure structure of commodities concerning the income of the sampled households using the Extended Linear Expenditure System Model. Budget shares and expenditure elasticities were estimated for household consumption categories allowing for a comparison of expenditure elasticities between the two seasons. Expenditure elasticities for consumer expendables, durables, and transport were highly elastic. Tradable and non-tradable non-farm goods are highly expenditure elastic indicating that an increase in household income will result in a proportionately greater increase in expenditure on it. Increased expenditure on non-tradable goods and services may stimulate local production and create new employment and enterprise opportunities, while the increased expenditure on tradable goods represents a leakage of income from the local economy. An increase in farm incomes has the potential to stimulate economic growth through the stimulation of increased local production of non-farm goods and services. Increased income will also result in increased expenditure on goods not locally produced, which means leakage of income from the local economy. Increased production is limited by factors such as insecure tenure and cash flow problems that are amplified by high transaction costs associated with obtaining credit. Better access to credit would improve cash flow problems somewhat, but transaction costs need to be lowered through the improvement of physical and institutional infrastructure. Demand-led growth needs to be strengthened with the production of goods not currently produced. Processing raw food materials into more convenient items would encourage increased local expenditure with increased income and possibly reduce the leakage of income from the local economy. The diversification into non-farm activities such as product processing requires investment and poses a risk. Insecure tenure creates a disincentive to investment as producers are not guaranteed the benefits from their investment. Public policy should focus on alleviating tenure security and institutional infrastructure to strengthen the potential for demand-led growth. These results may be valid for any underdeveloped/developing agrarian regions or economy of the globe.

PurposeOne of the key causes of the attitude-behavior gap is inconsistency in established entrepreneurial attitude in entrepreneurship-driven educational programmes. The purpose of this research is to look at the factors that contribute to the development of sustainable entrepreneurial attitude in educational institutions.Design/methodology/approachThe multi-criteria decision-making approach has been utilized for this purpose. During the study, eight factors are extracted through experts' opinions that altogether develop the sustainable entrepreneurial attitude. Extracted factors are also classified in cause-and-effect groups for better understanding. To foster sustainability through identified factors, a structured process is also suggested through the analysis.FindingsThe outcome of the study has extracted eight factors that altogether develop and upgrade general attitude into sustainable entrepreneurial attitude; systematic execution of identified factors also ensure the sustainability of evolved entrepreneurial attitude.Originality/valueThe outcome of the study can be used by educational institutions while designing curriculum and teaching-learning pedagogy to develop sustainable entrepreneurial attitude among future entrepreneurs; concluded factors can also be used for the screening purpose while admitting potential students for the program.

In this paper, impulsive stochastic fractional differential equations (ISFDEs) in Lp (p> 2) space are introduced. We present a general framework for finding solution for ISFDEs. Then, by using the Burkholder - Davis - Gundy inequality and Holder's inequality, we prove the existence and uniqueness of solution to ISFDE by fixed point theorem. We also investigate Lipschitz continuity of solutions with respect to initial values by using Gronwall inequality. Finally, we provide an application to illustrate the results we obtained.

This paper uses a combination of Growth Accounting Analysis and Regression Analysis to examine the economic growth experience of twelve major Indian States – six high-income and industrially developed; and six low-income and industrially underdeveloped, over the period 2000-21, through the decomposition of the total factor productivity in major sectors of the economy. The performance of the Low Income States has been perceptibly superior to that of the High Income States. All the sectors in each of the two categories of states have undergone a temporal deceleration in total factor productivity growth, thereby pointing toward the ineffectiveness of economic reform measures to induce progress in the states. However, in the overall Indian economy, various sectors (except Secondary and Tertiary-2) experienced productivity improvement over time. Further, total factor productivity contributed the most to output growth during the first decade (2000-01 to 2010-11), while labor acted as a prime mover during the second decade (2011-12 to 2020-21). The total factor productivity growth acted as the major source of economic growth in the aggregated Indian economy and signifies that although liberalization policies have shown desirable results at the aggregated level, there has been a considerable variation in the speed and extent of implementation of the reform measures across the states. Thus, for the states to surge ahead, it is imperative to address regional problems to enhance total factor productivity.