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Introduction: Fungal infections like oral candidiasis is prevalent in cancer patients as their immune systems were compromised.Material and Methods: 377 cancer patients who were clinically diagnosed with oropharyngeal candidiasis were included in the study. Isolation and identification of Candida species was based on standard microbiological procedures. CLSI (2021) recommendations were followed when determining antifungal susceptibility.Results: Among the total 377 cases included, the highest number of instances was reported in those aged 41 to 50 years (30.23%). Candida albicans (21.98%) was the most frequent followed by Candida tropicalis (18.84%), Candida prapsilosis (17.80%). Monomicrobial growth was observed in 77.63% patients whereas polymicrobial growth was observed in 22.36% patients. Candida albicans (24.59%) and Candida tropicalis (20.49%) were the most frequent isolates among patients who underwent chemotherapy while Candida albicans (40%) and Candida Parapsilosis (26.66%) were the most frequent isolates among patients undergoing radiotherapy. Miconazole was found to be more susceptible than Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Clotriconazole among the antifungals.Conclusion: Due to the risk of a systemic infection, it is important to recognise candidiasis as soon as possible for the clinical management of seriously unwell cancer patients. It may also aid the clinician in selecting antifungals for empirical treatment.

A product can be well-defined as an item that is prepared for sale. When any organization is offering any item for sale, then it is called product. A product may be a service provided by any organization. Each product has their cost and sold on a price. Price of any product is determining on the basis of quality of product. Quality of product refers that what number of features are incorporated in the product those are fulfilling the requirements of the customer and how it will be modified so it meets to customer’s expectations. This paper specifies the role of text mining to extract different parameters of product available on different sources in unstructured form and present machine learning technique for enhancing the product quality.

The objective of the paper was to design, synthesis and characterization of new 1,3,5-trisubstituted-2-pyrazolines derivative and evaluate for anti-inflammatory potential. The 1,3,5-tri-substituted-2-pyrazolines derivatives has been synthesized by the reaction of chalcone derivatives with 4-hydrazinylbenzene sulfonamide hydrochloride and phenyl hydrazine hydrochloride. Total Sixteen compounds has been synthesized and characterized by the IR, 1HNMR and mass spectral analysis. Proposed compounds have been evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity. Anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds carried out by two animal model i.e. Carrageenan induced, paw edema in rats and Inhibition of formalin induced paw edema in rats. Anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds C7, C8 and C2 were shown 98.26, 92.77 and 96.24 percentages of inhibition and compounds D7, D8 and D2 were shown 81.50, 83.81 and 78.32 percentages of inhibition as compared to the standard drug Diclofenac at 10 mg/kg was inhibit the inflammation 99.42 % after 6h. These result is a evident that synthesized compounds show relevant degree of anti-inflammatory activity as compared to the standard drug. It is also concluded that the presence of SO2NH2 group, Cl, CH3, OCH3 and N(CH3)2 group may provide the active compounds when attached to the pyrazoline group. But the addition of OH, Br and no substitution in phenyl ring may diminish the activity.

The goal of the study was to develop, synthesise, and characterise a novel 1,3,5-trisubstituted-2-pyrazolines derivative, as well as to assess its analgesic potential. The reaction of chalcone derivatives with 4-hydrazinylbenzene sulfonamide hydrochloride and phenyl hydrazine hydrochloride yielded 1,3,5-tri-substituted-2-pyrazolines derivatives. The IR, 1HNMR, and mass spectrum analyses were used to characterise a total of sixteen substances. Analgesic activity of the proposed substances has been tested. The analgesic effect of the produced compounds was tested using two methods: the hot plate test technique and acetic acid induced writhing in mice. To compare the effectiveness, pentazocine and acetyl acetic acid were utilised as reference drugs. The hot plate test technique and acetic acid induced writhing in mice were used to assess the analgesic effect of the 16 produced chemical series A1-A8, and B1-B8. The evaluation's outcomes were viewed using Pentazocine and acetyl acetic acid as the standard drugs. In a 90-minute hot plate test, compounds A2 (10.30 s), A4 (9.45 s), A7 (11.65 s), and A8 (11.26 s) showed a delay in paw withdrawal latency time. Compounds B2 (9.10 s) and B7 (10.42 s) prolong the paw withdrawal latency time after 90 minutes in series B1-B8, reduce the pain feeling, and inhibit pain induced by heat methods. Compounds A2, A5, A6, A7, and A8 from Series A1-A8 showed 83.00, 76.01, 80.34, 86.99, 88.15 percent inhibition, substantially (p0.05 and p0.001, respectively), and decreased the number of wriths caused by 0.6 percent acetic acid at a dosage of 10 mg/kg. Acetylsalicylic acid (10 mg/kg) appears to be more successful in lowering the number of wriths, with a 99.0% reduction in the number of wriths (p0.001). B1, B3, and B4 have the least amount of active activity. These all finding suggest that these synthesized compounds have the potential as analgesic agent.

Blood stream infections mainly by Bacteremia leading to septicemia were the major cause of life threatening sepsis in hospitalized patients. There should be required rapid diagnosis of pathogenic agents and immediate appropriate therapy. These help to decrease of multidrug resistance cases and also morbidity and mortality. During one year period, total 192 blood samples were processed in microbiology laboratory according to standard protocols. Out of 192 samples, 21 were isolated positive and antibiotic sensitivity patterns were performed according to standard CLSI guidelines. The total 10.94% (21/192) were identified as culture positive of these 66.67% were Gram negative and 28.57% Gram positive and 04.76% Candida species. The gram negative bacteria were predominant isolates. The Klebsiella pneumoniae was 100% sensitivity to Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Amikacin, Gentamycin and Aztreonam. All non-fermenter isolates were 100% sensitivity to Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Amikacin, Colistin and Polymyxin-B. Vancomycin sensitivity was seen 100% to all grams positive isolates. Bacteremia was most common causes of septicemia; the most predominant pathogenic agent was Klebsiella pneumoniae in our study. Surveillance of pathogenic agents and their antibiotics sensitivity pattern should be required to reduce drug resistance and for selection of appropriate therapy.

The Pseudomonas aeruginosa is predominant agent causing nosocomial infections. In recent time, it develops resistance continuously to the antibiotics becomes Multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa. So, in cystic fibrosis patents it difficult to eradicate P. aeruginosa infections with antimicrobial treatment. Therefore, focus on alternative mechanisms for treating P. aeruginosa infections. On the basis of growth, morphological and biochemical characteristics, P. aeruginosa strains were isolated from the clinical samples in this work. After that the antibiotic sensitivity was performed and the Multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified according to CLSI standard guideline chart by measuring the zone of inhibition for P. aeruginosa. The isolated strains showed resistance against three or more antibiotics, considered as MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa. By antibiogram pattern 51 showed Multi drug resistant strains out of 102 isolated strains. As P. aeruginosa abide to develop resistance to the antibiotics, the quorum sensing increased transcriptional regulator QscR might performs another target. Thus the prevalence of MDR strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated on current study. The antibiogram pattern revealed 51 MDR strains of P. aeruginosa. In which the majority of strains exhibited resistance towards Piperacillin (98%), Ciprofloxacin (90%), Ofloxacin (90%), Levofloxacin (80%) and Tobramycin (60%).

Background: Probiotics and zinc are commonly used and beneficial in pig production. This work aimed to assess the effects of probiotic and zinc on the mucosal cells of the small intestine in respect to digestive capacity and immunity in pre- and post-weaned piglets. Materials and methods: Eighteen Large White Yorkshire piglets were divided equally into control and treatment groups. The piglets were maintained in standard management conditions and were weaned at 28 days of age. The treatment group of piglets fed a mixture of probiotics orally at 1.25 × 109 CFU/day and zinc at 2000 ppm/day from birth to 10 days of age. At three different age-groups viz. day 20 (pre-weaning) and, day 30 and day 60 (post-weaning), the animals were sacrificed. For histomorphology, the tissue samples were processed and stained with Mayer’s haematoxylin and eosin for routine study, combined periodic acid-Schiff-Alcian blue for mucopolysaccharides and Masson-Hamperl argentaffin technique for argentaffin cells. The stained slides were observed under the microscope. The samples were processed as per the standard procedure for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The statistical analysis of the data using the appropriate statistical tests was also conducted. Results: The mucosal epithelium of villi and crypts were lined by enterocytes, goblet cells, argentaffin cells, microfold (M-cell) cells, tuft cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes. The multipotent stem cells were located at the crypt base. The length of the enterocyte microvilli was significantly longer (p < 0.05) in the treatment group of piglets. The number of different types of goblet cells and argentaffin cells was more in treated piglets irrespective of segments of intestine and age. The intraepithelial lymphocytes were located in apical, nuclear and basal positions in the lining epithelium of both villus tip and base with their significant increase in the treatment group of piglets. The transmission electron microscopy revealed the frequent occurrence of tuft cells in the lining mucosa of the small intestine in treated piglets. Conclusions: Dietary supplementation of probiotic and zinc induced the number of different mucosal cells of villi and crypts in the small intestine that might suggest the greater absorptive capacity of nutrients and effective immunity in critical pre and post-weaned piglets.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an enveloped, positive sense, single stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus, belonging to the genus Betacoronavirus and family Coronaviridae. It is primarily transmitted from infected persons to healthy ones through inhalation of virus-laden respiratory droplets. After an average incubation period of 2–14 days, the majority of infected individuals remain asymptomatic and/or mildly symptomatic, whereas the remaining individuals manifest a myriad of clinical symptoms, including fever, sore throat, dry cough, fatigue, chest pain, and breathlessness. SARS-CoV-2 exploits the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor for cellular invasion, and lungs are amongst the most adversely affected organs in the body. Thereupon, immune responses are elicited, which may devolve into a cytokine storm characterized by enhanced secretion of multitude of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and growth factors, such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF), basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (bFGF2), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP1), interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP10), macrophage inflammatory protein 1A (MIP1A), platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (PDGFB), and vascular endothelial factor (VEGF)-A. The systemic persistence of inflammatory molecules causes widespread histological injury, leading to functional deterioration of the infected organ(s). Although multiple treatment modalities with varying effectiveness are being employed, nevertheless, there is no curative COVID-19 therapy available to date. In this regard, one plausible supportive therapeutic modality may involve administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and/or MSC-derived bioactive factors-based secretome to critically ill COVID-19 patients with the intention of accomplishing better clinical outcome owing to their empirically established beneficial effects. MSCs are well established adult stem cells (ASCs) with respect to their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, pro-angiogenic, and pro-regenerative properties. The immunomodulatory capabilities of MSCs are not constitutive but rather are highly dependent on a holistic niche. Following intravenous infusion, MSCs are known to undergo considerable histological trapping in the lungs and, therefore, become well positioned to directly engage with lung infiltrating immune cells, and thereby mitigate excessive inflammation and reverse/regenerate damaged alveolar epithelial cells and associated tissue post SARS-CoV-2 infection. Considering the myriad of abovementioned biologically beneficial properties and emerging translational insights, MSCs may be used as potential supportive therapy to counteract cytokine storms and reduce disease severity, thereby facilitating speedy recovery and health restoration.

Biofilm production, hitherto an uncharacterized feature among circulating Pasteurella multocida strains, was studied along with the antibiotic susceptibility pattern. On the basis of biofilm formation ability, all the strains were categorized into four groups under six different culture conditions: strong biofilm-forming (22%), moderate (19%), weak (51%), and non-adherent (7%). Strains from serogroups A and B formed significant biofilms in at least one culture condition whereas strains from serogroup D were unable to form biofilms. All strains were found to be susceptible to tetracycline. In addition, the correlation between diverse factors (host, capsule type, clinical condition and the tadD gene) as well as antimicrobial susceptibility in biofilm production were analyzed by Joint distribution models, and showed that enrofloxacin and azithromycin resistant strains were positively correlated with strong biofilm production.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of olive oil, dried apple pulp powder and pomegranate seed power in traditional pork sausage in refrigeration storage. Pork sausage were prepared, namely, T1 (traditional pork sausage batter was manually mixed) and T2 (low fat pork sausage batter was manually mixed). Pork sausage is traditionally produced by minced pork meat and pork fat. Low fat pork sausage was prepared by using minced pork meat, olive oil, dried apple pulp powder and pomegranate seed powder. The products were compared on the basis of physicochemical and sensory qualities at different interval under refrigerated (4±1°C) conditions. Among the treatments, pH was recorded lower for T2 compared to T1 treatment with the advancement of the storage periods. The mean tyrosine value and thio-barbituric acid number of all the treatment showed increasing trend with the advancement of the storage period. The sensory evaluation revealed highest scores for colour and appearance, flavour, texture, and overall acceptability for T2 than T1 but juiciness score was more in T1. The manuscript has stated that adding of dried apple pulp powder and pomegranate seed powder improved all the attributes (physicochemical and sensory) and also ensured a longer shelf-life of the product.

Gaddi goats are important livestock species of Himachal Pradesh, India. The sensitivity to cryopreservation varies among different species as also between animals of same species. Ejaculates (180) from 11 adult Gaddi bucks aged between 1.1 to 4.5 years (2.16±0.36 years), weighing 31–57 kg (39.1±2.82 kg) were collected using artificial vagina and selected on basis of standard quality parameters. The ejaculates were extended in Tris citrate egg yolk extender containing 6% Glycerol with varying concentrations of egg yolk (EY; 5, 10, 15 and 20%) to maintain a concentration of 150 × 106 sperms/straws. Filled and sealed straws were equilibrated at 5°C for 4 h followed by vapour freezing of straws for 7 min at 4 cm above the liquid nitrogen and finally plunged into liquid nitrogen. The representative straws from each ejaculates were thawed at 37°C for 30 sec, 24 h post incubation to compare the progressive motility, viability, morphological abnormalities and HOST reactive sperms in between different EY concentrations along with per cent change due to the processing. The data was analyzed using package R version 3.4.3. Post thaw progressive motility (35.18±0.87) and viability (45.26±1.32) was higher with least per cent change due to processing (52.03 and 40.12) in 10% EY than other EY concentrations. Absolute average values of morphological abnormalities, were least in 10% EY (7.93±0.28) than 20, 15 and 5% EY (11.42±0.67, 10.84±0.53 and 8.39±0.35), respectively. The absolute average values of HOST did not differ between 15, 10 and 5% (59.96±1.93, 52.48±1.43 and 59.07±2.18) EY, all of which were higher than 20% (42.57±4.20) EY concentrations. In conclusion, extender containing 10% EY was best with respect to progressive motility and viability for Gaddi goat semen cryopreservation.

Nowadays, human health, as well as environment, are at risk due to uncontrolled usage on natural resources. Groundwater is one of the crucial natural resource, excessively used and contaminated by human beings. It is, majorly contaminated by anthropogenic activities. Such contaminated water, when used for drinking purpose, may cause serious effects on human health. Therefore, it is necessary to precisely estimate the quality of groundwater. Conventionally, the WQI, a weighted arithmetic index method, is commonly used to estimate groundwater quality by researchers. As time rolled on, some drawbacks, such as uncertainty of data, of WQI came into light. So researchers tried to find a new approach to mitigate the problems associated with WQI. In this direction, fuzzy logic has been used and proven by researchers to eliminate the ambiguity involved in qualitative and quantitative researches. The paper aims to do a comparative study between fuzzy logic and WQI to estimate groundwater quality. The objective is to represent complex groundwater data into clear and simple data that can be easily interpreted by the general public and policymakers.

The first quarter of the 21st century has remarkably been characterized by a multitude of challenges confronting human society as a whole in terms of several outbreaks of infectious viral diseases, such as the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), China; the 2009 influenza H1N1, Mexico; the 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), Saudi Arabia; and the ongoing coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), China. COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, reportedly broke out in December 2019, Wuhan, the capital of China’s Hubei province, and continues unabated, leading to considerable devastation and death worldwide. The most common target organ of SARS-CoV-2 is the lungs, especially the bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells, culminating in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in severe patients. Nevertheless, other tissues and organs are also known to be critically affected following infection, thereby complicating the overall aetiology and prognosis. Excluding H1N1, the SARS-CoV (also referred as SARS-CoV-1), MERS, and SARS-CoV-2 are collectively referred to as coronaviruses, and taxonomically placed under the realm Riboviria, order Nidovirales, suborder Cornidovirineae, family Coronaviridae, subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, genus Betacoronavirus, and subgenus Sarbecovirus. As of 23 September 2021, the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has globally resulted in around 229 million and 4.7 million reported infections and deaths, respectively, apart from causing huge psychosomatic debilitation, academic loss, and deep economic recession. Such an unprecedented pandemic has compelled researchers, especially epidemiologists and immunologists, to search for SARS-CoV-2-associated potential immunogenic molecules to develop a vaccine as an immediate prophylactic measure. Amongst multiple structural and non-structural proteins, the homotrimeric spike (S) glycoprotein has been empirically found as the most suitable candidate for vaccine development owing to its immense immunogenic potential, which makes it capable of eliciting both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. As a consequence, it has become possible to design appropriate, safe, and effective vaccines, apart from related therapeutic agents, to reduce both morbidity and mortality. As of 23 September 2021, four vaccines, namely, Comirnaty, COVID-19 vaccine Janssen, Spikevax, and Vaxzevria, have received the European Medicines Agency’s (EMA) approval, and around thirty are under the phase three clinical trial with emergency authorization by the vaccine-developing country-specific National Regulatory Authority (NRA). In addition, 100–150 vaccines are under various phases of pre-clinical and clinical trials. The mainstay of global vaccination is to introduce herd immunity, which would protect the majority of the population, including immunocompromised individuals, from infection and disease. Here, we primarily discuss category-wise vaccine development, their respective advantages and disadvantages, associated efficiency and potential safety aspects, antigenicity of SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins and immune responses to them along with the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 VOC, and the urgent need of achieving herd immunity to contain the pandemic.

Introduction: Varicose veins cause a great deal of morbidity in our population today. They are part of the penalty we pay for the adoption of the erect posture. They affect 10–20% of population in the Western world but in India, it affects about 5% of the population. Varicose veins do not threaten life and are seldom disabling, but they cause a considerable demand on medical care. They are the cause of morbidity and loss of precious work hours and a signicant nancial burden on the health-care system. To study the epidemiological factors with respect toAims and Objective : age, sex, and clinical prole in patients of varicose veins. A total of fty cases of were examined in Rajendra Institute ofMaterials and Methods: Medical sciences, Ranchi. All patients underwent detailed clinical examination followed by color Doppler ultrasound. In our study, out ofResults: 50, 5 patients were females and 45 patients were males. Maximum patients were in age group of 45-54 years. Majority of patients had involvement of great saphenous vein (GSV). Unlike the western world, majority of patients presenting with varicose veins were males. ObesityConclusion: and increasing age are important risk factors for development of varicose veins. Usg color Doppler was found to diagnose varicose veins more easily than clinical evaluation.

Background: The aim of this study was to estimate the serum biochemical (glucose, cholesterol, total protein, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium) and hormonal constituents (estrogen and progesterone) in female Manipuri pony mares during the different days of oestrous cycle. Methods: A total of 50 numbers of blood samples were collected from 10 numbers of apparently healthy, non-pregnant on the different days of oestrous cycle i.e. day 0, 4, 8, 14 and 18 by using commercial diagnostic kits. Result: The mean serum levels of glucose, cholesterol and phosphorus were found to be non-significant on the different days of oestrous cycle whereas the mean serum level of total protein and calcium was found significantly different (P less than 0.01). The serum magnesium level differed significantly (P less than 0.05) amongst the different days of oestrous cycle. Both estrogen and progesterone were also found to be significant (P less than 0.01) between the different days of oestrous cycle. The results showed significant influence on serum biochemical and hormonal assay during different days of oestrous cycle in female Manipuri pony.

An accurate identification of objects from the acquisition system depends on the clear segmentation and classification of remote sensing images. With the limited financial resources and the high intra-class variations, the earlier proposed algorithms failed to handle the sub-optimal dataset. The building of an efficient training set iteratively in active learning (AL) approaches improves classification performance. The heuristics-based AL provides better results with the inheritance of contextual information and the robustness to noise variations. The uncertainty exists pixel variations make the heuristics-based AL fail to handle the remote sensing image classification. Previously, we focused on the extraction of clear textural pattern information by using the extended differential pattern-based relevance vector machine (EDP-AL). This paper extends that work into the novel pixel-certainty activity learning (PCAL) based on the information about textural patterns obtained from the extended differential pattern (EDP). Initially, distributed intensity filtering (DIF) is used to eliminate noise from the image, and then histogram equalization (HE) is used to improve the image quality. The EDP is used to merge and classify different labels for each image sample, and this algorithm expresses the textural information. The PCAL technique is used to classify the HSI patterns that are important in remote sensing applications using this pattern collection. Pavia University and Indian Pines (IP) are the datasets used to validate the performance of the proposed PCAL (PU). The ability of PCAL to accurately categorize land cover types is demonstrated by a comparison of the proposed PCAL with existing algorithms in terms of classification accuracy and the Kappa coefficient.

Coronavirus belongs to the family of Coronaviridae, comprising single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome (+ ssRNA) of around 26 to 32 kilobases, and has been known to cause infection to a myriad of mammalian hosts, such as humans, cats, bats, civets, dogs, and camels with varied consequences in terms of death and debilitation. Strikingly, novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), later renamed as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and found to be the causative agent of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), shows 88% of sequence identity with bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21, 79% with SARS-CoV and 50% with MERS-CoV, respectively. Despite key amino acid residual variability, there is an incredible structural similarity between the receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. During infection, spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 compared to SARS-CoV displays 10–20 times greater affinity for its cognate host cell receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), leading proteolytic cleavage of S protein by transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). Following cellular entry, the ORF-1a and ORF-1ab, located downstream to 5′ end of + ssRNA genome, undergo translation, thereby forming two large polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab. These polyproteins, following protease-induced cleavage and molecular assembly, form functional viral RNA polymerase, also referred to as replicase. Thereafter, uninterrupted orchestrated replication-transcription molecular events lead to the synthesis of multiple nested sets of subgenomic mRNAs (sgRNAs), which are finally translated to several structural and accessory proteins participating in structure formation and various molecular functions of virus, respectively. These multiple structural proteins assemble and encapsulate genomic RNA (gRNA), resulting in numerous viral progenies, which eventually exit the host cell, and spread infection to rest of the body. In this review, we primarily focus on genomic organization, structural and non-structural protein components, and potential prospective molecular targets for development of therapeutic drugs, convalescent plasm therapy, and a myriad of potential vaccines to tackle SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The present study reports data on the skull bone morphometry of barking and sambar deer. The skulls of adult barking deer (n = 6) and sambar deer (n = 6) of either sex (n = 3 males and n = 3 females) were collected from the Aizawl Zoological Park, Aizawl, Mizoram, India, with official permission from the Government of Mizoram. Anatomically, barking and sambar deer's skulls were elongated, pyramid-like, dolichocephalic and consisted of thirty-two cranial and facial bones. The cranial bones were eleven (three single and four paired), comprising of occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal, interparietal, parietal and temporal. The facial bones were twenty-one (one single and ten were paired), consisting of the maxilla, premaxilla (incisive), palatine, pterygoid, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic (malar), vomer, turbinates, mandible and hyoid. In the present study, altogether 41 different measurements were taken morphologically and 6 different indices were applied. The obtained morphometrical parameters were significantly (p

Biofilm production, hitherto an uncharacterized feature among circulating

Skin diseases can have an adverse impact on the production in a swine herd by causing decrease in growth rate and feed efficiency. Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis is one of the most common causes of mange in domestic and wild pigs. Keeping this point in view, a study on seroprevalence and dermatopathology of Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis infestation in the pig population of Tripura has been undertaken. The presence of anti Sarcoptes antibodies (Immunoglobulin G) was detected by commercially available kit. In the present study, 189 pigs (11.81%) were found to be seropositive against Sarcoptes scabiei infestation out of 1600 screened pigs. Thirty one pigs out of 189 were found to be clinically positive and confirmed by microscopic examination. Examination of the skin scraping revealed various developmental stages viz., egg, larva, protonymph and adult of Sarcoptes mite. Occurrence of sarcoptic mange was found to be highest in young age group (67.72%, 128/189), male pigs (56.08%, 106/189) and Large White Yorkshire breed (47.08%). The highest and lowest occurrence of sarcoptic mange was noticed in winter (41.27%) and monsoon (7.94%) season, respectively. Clinical lesions were distributed most commonly in ear pinna (87.10%, 27/31) region. The presence of anti Sarcoptes antibodies was found to be highest in pigs having severe generalized skin lesions (70.0%). Histopathology of skin biopsy revealed a tunnel like ulcerated lesion in the skin with severe inflammatory cell infiltration in the core. The present study shows the high seroprevalence of Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis in pigs in Tripura state and recommends for proper control measures. However, epidemiological studies involving larger population are required for comprehensive results.

Aging is a steady alteration in genetic, biochemical, molecular, and physiological dynamism over time, leading to development of multiple human pathologies, including cardio-cerebro vascular disorders, diabetes, cancer, and neurodegeneration, among others. The underlying holistic mechanisms leading to irreversible changes and the consequent diseases are yet to be completely deciphered and understood in light of ever-emerging scientific evidences. Among multiple mechanisms underlying aging process, stem cell exhaustion, cellular senescence, genetic and chromosomal instability, altered cellular communications, telomere attrition, mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic changes, immunosenescence, and loss of proteostasis are few of them. Such degenerative changes are biologically pervasive, occurring in various types of somatic, germinal, and stem cells, thereby leading to cellular malfunctioning with eventual onset of aging process. Such changes, invariably occurring in all the tissues and organs, are thought to be primarily driven by aging resident stem cells. Stem cells are cells with immense self-renewal, differentiation, and trans-differentiation potential, located in almost every tissues and organs with varying abundance and biological functions. Aforementioned potential intrinsically inherent to stem cells makes them capable of serving organs in multiple ways such as providing appropriate niches and secreting myriad of growth factors for tissue-damage repair, among others, throughout an individual’s life. However, over the time as the aging process sets in and microenvironment starts deteriorating, stem cells, just like their non-stem cell counterpart, undergo molecular and genetic senescence, compromising the homeostatic and regenerative potential of organs, in particular, and body, in general. Therefore, decline in the stem cell function is thought to play a very crucial, if not primary, role in organismal aging. Stem cell exhaustion/decline is dependent on both the extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Besides, stem cells are also thought to recalibrate and reset their cellular and molecular properties so as to keep them functionally aligned with changing growth, homeostasis, and regenerative demands of various tissues and organs. Any disparity and imbalance may result into various degenerative diseases, on the one hand, and abnormal growth and cancers, on the other. These chronological and molecular regulations in stem cells reflect precise regulation of heterochronic genes, causing temporal shift in the stem cell functions. Therefore, developing translational understanding of existing relationship between stem cells and aging may help in clinical intervention of age-related pathologies, delay the onset and pace of aging, live longer in health, and add many more years of disease-free life to one’s lifespan.

Bluetongue (BT) is a notifiable multiple species transboundary viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants. Though the disease is enzootic in India, little is known of the disease burden and prevalent serotypes in Tripura, a hilly state of northeastern India sharing a vast porous border with Bangladesh. A surveillance study was conducted to understand the disease burden in goats in Tripura. Serum (n = 1240) and blood (n = 194) samples were collected during the year 2014 to 2017 from all the eight districts of Tripura. The overall prevalence of BT seroconversion was 47.58% whereas the presence of viral antigen was 20.61% at the individual level. Percent seroconversion was found more (50.47 ± 4.00, CI 41.31 to 49.47) in adult goats in comparison to the younger animals where it was 45.39 ± 2.08, CI 42.63 to 58.31. Presence of neutralizing antibodies in selected serum samples (n = 72) was investigated by serum neutralization test (SNT) against six bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes and BTV-1 was found as most predominant (65.27%) followed by BTV-16 (26.38%), BTV-10 (20.83%), BTV-9 and 23 (13.88%), and BTV-2 (6.94%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study conducted in Tripura to investigate the presence of BTV antigen and type-specific neutralizing antibodies in apparently healthy goats.

English : By observing the historical background of Asia, the role of the individual, society, religion, culture and art is seen in an important role in each other. The history in which religion, culture and art is not important, then it becomes a blank history. Hindi: एशिया की ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि में अवलोकन करने पर व्यक्ति, समाज, धर्म, संस्कृति और कला की बेआवाज एक-दूसरे में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका दृष्टिगत होता है। जिस इतिहास में धर्म, संस्कृति और कला का महत्व नही है तो वह कोरा इतिहास होकर रह जाता है।

Graphical abstract Captions: Virtual screening and docking workflow and schematic genomic representation of spike protein. HTVS (High through virtual screening); SP (Standard precision); XP (Extra precision); MDS (Molecular dynamics simulation). S1 (spike protein subunit-1); S2 (spike protein subunit-2); NTD (N terminal domain); RBD (Receptor binding domain); FP (Fusion peptide); HR1 (Heptapeptide repeat sequence 1); HR2 (Heptapeptide repeat sequence 2); TM (Transmembrane domain); CT (Cytoplasm domain). ACE2 (Angiotensin-converting enzyme2); serine protease (TMPRSS2); Bio-0597 and Bio-0357 (Bioactive compounds)., The scientific community is continuously working to discover drug candidates against potential targets of SARS-CoV-2, but effective treatment has not been discovered yet. The virus enters the host cell through molecular interaction with its enzymatic receptors i.e., ACE2 and TMPRSS2, which, if, synergistically blocked can lead to the development of novel drug candidates. In this study, 1503 natural bioactive compounds were screened by HTVS, followed by SP and XP docking using Schrodinger Maestro software. Bio-0357 (protozide) and Bio-597 (chrysin) were selected for dynamics simulation based on synergistic binding affinity on S1 (docking score −9.642 and −8.78 kcal/mol) and S2 domains (-5.83 and −5.3 kcal/mol), and the RMSD, RMSF and Rg analyses showed stable interaction. The DFT analysis showed that the adsorption of protozide/chrysin, the band gap of protozide/chrysin-F/G reduced significantly. From SERS, results, it can be concluded that QDs nanocluster will act as a sensor for the detection of drugs. The docking study showed Bio-0357 and Bio-0597 bind to both S1 and S2 domains through stable molecular interactions, which can lead to the discovery of new drug candidates to prevent the entry of SARS-CoV-2. This in-silico study may be helpful to researchers for further in vitro experimental validation and development of new therapy for COVID-19.

The study was undertaken to know the sero-prevalence of sarcoptic infestation in pig in Mizoram and its effect on haemato-biochemical and oxidative stress indices and to develop cost effective herbal therapeutic management. Total 600 pigs of three district of Mizoram, Aizawl, Kolasib and Mamit were screened by using commercial indirect ELISA SARCOPTES 2001H Pig (AFOSA GmbH, Blankenfelde-Mahlow, Germany) to detect anti-Sarcoptic antibodies. The results cleared that out of 600 inspected pigs, 100 (16.66%) were found to be seropositive with sarcoptic mange. Geographically, pigs from Aizawl areas were more exposed to mange infestation (56/200, 28%) than Kolashib (32/200, 16%) and Mamit (12/200, 6%). The neutrophil and eosinophil was significantly (Pd£ 0.05) increase and RBCs, Hb and PCV were significantly (Pd£ 0.05) decreased in infested groups. There were significant ELISA SARCOPTES-ELISA 2001H Pig decrease in values of total protein, albumin, while there were significant (Pd£ 0.05) increase in values of AST, ALT, ALP, BUN and creatinine In regard to oxidative stress, there was a significant (Pd£ 0.05) increase in malonyldialdehyde (LPO) and NO and significant (Pd£ 0.05) decrease in reduced GSH, SOD and TAA in infested group. In the present study, polyherb formulation showed similar efficacy to improve skin lesion, haemato-biochemical and oxidative stress indices with Ivermectin on 15th day of post therapeutic application against sarcoptic infestation in pigs. ELISA SARCOPTES-ELISA 2001H Pig represent a useful tool for population surveys and the plant extracts can be used as alternatives to drugs of synthetic origin.

Stem cells have an interesting history, hugely replete with varied discourse, debate and controversy. Researchers, in mid 1800s, discovered that cells were basically the building blocks of life, and that some cells had the ability to produce other cells. Later on, owing to several years of relentless thinking and efforts, mammalian eggs could be fertilised outside of the human body. In the early 1900s, cells with remarkable ability to generate blood cells were identified. After a gap of 8-9 decades, researchers discovered blood producing stem cells, called as hematopoietic stem cells, followed by another resident of bone marrow stem cells, named as mesenchymal stem cells. Furthermore, during the first decade of 21st century, scientists successfully programmed differentiated somatic cells into stem cell-like cell that was called as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The greatest advantages of the iPSCs, apart from being a potential prospective candidate for cell therapy, is the lack of any ethical concerns like other category of stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Besides, stem cells are also being used to generate multiple functional organs in vitro to study, and explicitly decipher the structural organisation and concerted working of these vital organs in the human body, which will further help in deepening the insight, understanding and designing new therapeutic strategy to ameliorate and cure the multiple diseases. Recent findings have proved that the stem cells may offer shining rays of hope, and be explored for treatment of deadly degenerative and incurable diseases in years to come.

Ovariectomy (OVE) is a routine surgical procedure for sterilization in small animal practice. The study was carried out in 12 female dogs presented to College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Aizawl, for elective sterilization were divided into group COVE and group LapOVE, with six animals each. Conventional open ovariectomy was implemented in group COVE while laparoscopic ovariectomy was done in group LapOVE. Blood samples were collected at regular intervals to estimate C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol, aspartate amino transferase (AST) and blood glucose level. Significant variations were noticed in CRP, cortisol and AST between the groups. Significant changes were observed in serum glucose level within both groups during and after the time of surgery as compared to baseline. Findings of the present study suggest that laparoscopic ovariectomy causes less tissue damage, muscle trauma and post-operative pain than conventional open ovariectomy in female dogs.

The study was designed to assess the socio-personal and economic attributes of Tenyi-vopig farmers in Kohima and Peren Districts of Nagaland. Fifty farmers from each district were selected randomly on the basis of random sampling and interviewed with the help of a structured, pre-tested, reliable and valid interview schedule. Results of analysis revealed that majority of the pig farmers were female (58.00%), in the middle age group (35-50 years), medium income (Rs.73,789.8/- Rs.1,28637.6/-) and marginal land holding (below 1 hectare). Majority of the farmers reared their pigs in confinement and fed with kitchen waste and locally available agriculture products and leaves.

MicroRNAs are a class of small, endogenously produced, 18 to 24 nucleotides long in length. These are non-coding RNAs that regulate the gene expression at post-transcriptional level. They play important roles in animals and plants by controlling regulatory mechanisms, and likely influencing the output of many protein-coding genes. They generally bind to 3' UTR region of the target sequence which then leads to alterations in the gene expression. They also bind to other regions like coding sequence and 5' UTR but these are less efficient sites of interaction compared to 3'UTR. This alteration in gene expression is either due to repression of translation or mRNA degradation whereby the RNA interference pathway is initiated to eliminate the targeted sequences. Now a days, various computational or bioinformatics databases, tools, and algorithms have been developed to identify the target genes which will be further biologically validated using various techniques like reporter gene assay, qRT-PCR, microarray etc.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine the morbidity and mortality rates of Bovine population present in Himachal Pradesh, India. In addition, the effect of age, sex, environmental conditions, management practices and other factors on the morbidity and mortality rate was also analyzed using suitable statistical techniques. Materials and Methods: Himachal Pradesh has been divided into four agro-climatic zones. Taking each agroclimatic zone as stratum, five veterinary hospitals from zone 1, two veterinary hospitals each from zone 2 and zone 3 and three veterinary hospitals from zone 4, were selected randomly. Three villages were selected from the villages covered by each veterinary hospital by simple random sampling without replacement scheme. A total of 15 livestock owners were selected from each selected village and thus a total 540 livestock owners constitute the ultimate sample from thirty six villages and twelve veterinary hospitals for the study. The sampling scheme followed in the present study is Stratified three-stage random sampling. Age, sex, season and cause wise morbidity and mortality data were collected from all selected bovine owners in the state for period of one year (January 2011 to December 2011). Results: The Overall analysis of morbidity rate in bovine was 31.22%. Among the three age groups, adults' bovine showed highest morbidity rate 35.73%, followed by calves 26.98% and young stocks 23.17%. Among the three age groups, calves had highest morbidity rate 16.09% due to poor management problems followed by adults 12.15% cases of reproductive problems. The overall mortality rate in bovine was found 9.14%. The overall analysis of mortality in bovine with respect to age revealed significance (p

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are spindle-shaped, adherent, clonogenic, non-phagocytic, fibroblastic and multipotent in nature with the intrinsic ability of self-renewal and proliferation. Bone marrow is the richest source of MSCs for studying the underlying processes of proliferation, self-renewal, and multiple-lineage differentiation. There have been several studies to improve the method of isolation, propagation, characterization and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from the mouse bone marrow, but none are widely acceptable. Owing to unavailability of universally acceptable method of MSCs culture continuous efforts are being made in this direction. Here, we report a simple method with some subtle modifications aiming to improve the overall method of isolation, culture, propagation and differentiation of MSCs in vitro. Following this protocol, we have isolated MSCs with typical spindle-shaped morphology as shown by scanning electron microscopy. These cells also showed expression of MSC-specific markers, CD29 (98.94% ± 0.67%), CD44 (84.27% ± 7.77%), Sca-1 (92.70% ± 3.81%) with negligible expression of HSC-specific markers such as CD45 (0.40% ± 0.10%), CD34 (0.15% ± 0.05%) and CD11b (0.45% ± 0.15%). MSCs were also found to differentiate into mesodermal lineages such as adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes as well as ectodermal neuron-like cells. Moreover, MSCs showed differential basal expression of pluripotency-associated transcription factors such as Oct4, Nanog, Sox2 and Myc. Based on the above findings, we propose a simple protocol that can be used to isolate, culture, propagate and characterize multipotent MSCs from mouse bone marrow for experimental and application purposes.

The human TPIP (TPTE and PTEN homologous Inositol lipid Phosphatase) belongs to the PTEN (Phosphatase and TENsin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) family of dual-specific phosphatases and is expressed from the human chromosome 13 as multiple splice-variants, e.g., TPIPα, β, γ mRNAs. PTEN is a well characterized tumor suppressor, which controls survival, adhesion, motility and migration of mammalian cells, its C2-domain plays crucial role in controlling these functions. However, role of isolated C2-domain protein in regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis is not reported. We report sequence analysis and function of a novel human TPIP (TPIP-C2) cDNA encoding a 193 amino acid C2-domain in cell proliferation and apoptosis regulation. In silico analysis and homology modelling revealed that the C2-domain of TPIP-C2 is similar to that of PTEN but with short disorder sequences overlapping or adjacent to the post-translational modification sites. Overexpression of TPIP-C2 cDNA in human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells caused cell cycle arrest, inhibition of cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in an activated caspase 3 and PARP-dependent manner in comparison to overexpression of the full length human PTEN cDNA. TPIP-C2 overexpressed cells also showed S-phase cell cycle arrest. We suggest that C2-domain of TPIP-C2 may act as a dominant negative effector, which may bind to and arrest the cell proliferation signalling complex and isolated TPIP-C2-domain-like proteins expressed in mammalian cells/tissues may play important role in regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. The TPIP-C2 cDNA may be exploited for inducing cell cycle-inhibition and apoptosis in human cancer cells and tissues.

Over the last five decades or so, the structure, conception and practice of science have undergone a complete transformation and paradigm shift accompanied by myriad issues, including moral, ethical, administrative, universal applicability and feasibility and so on. The crux of such a dazzling array of aforementioned issues lies in the pace of advancement of scientific knowledge over the half century compared to the preceding era, which lends itself to be reasonably followed and assimilated by the society. Although, the preceding era of science was not completely devoid of falsehood and immorality, such issues, if any, were timely comprehended, thought through and resolved by concerned stakeholders with topmost priority and urgency following rational debate and open deliberation. Owing to selfishness, self-morality and high ethical standing of intellectuals, the reports of scientific misconduct were very rare, and if any, received high magnitude of condemnation and denigration, and hence such malpractices could not insidiously spread their hideous tentacle of falsehood into the very deep of our society. However, research practices in current period, irrespective of academic or science domains and area, have come off worst and gone through plethora of complications replete with frequent reports of increasingly complicated scientific misconduct/malpractices, manipulation, fabrication, self/non-self plagiarism and broken science integrity, textual recycling from all over the world. Apart from unproductive spending of the public money, such cases of scientific malpractices are drawing widespread global attention and irreversibly jeopardising the hard-earned reputation of persons concerned in particular and institutions and nations in general. Moreover, scientific misconduct not only compromises scientific integrity by distorting empirical evidence, but also weakens the very foundation of our global scientific repertoire, shattering people’s faith and belief in scientific value for society with very dark prospect for the future generation to come. Therefore, it’s time to think science and research conduct over so as to bring back the correct and universally feasible and practicable scientific discoveries for the larger benefit of all sections of society irrespective of cast, creed, socio-economic status and geographical locations.

The Doctoral programme leads to the highest academic degree in one’s life. Originally, this programme was postulated and conceived to provide platform to the young and bright minds to search for and unravel the hidden path of knowledge with demystifying the century-old irrational beliefs and misconceptions. Over the decades or so, this notion led to the dazzling array of discoveries, insightful research and conceptual understanding, unveiling the nature’s working, and made the life easier for human beings around the world. However, the core purpose of research and science educations seems to be deviating from its trajectory which needs to be comprehensively introspected and rectified by all the stakeholders concerned before it is too late.

A study was conducted with the objective to compare the efficacy of the intravaginal progesterone sponge and buck effect on oestrus synchronization, conception rate and oestrous behaviour during non-breeding season in non-descript goats. The study was carried out from November, 2015 to February, 2016 and does (n=18) were divided into three equal groups. T1 group was treated with intravaginal progesterone (P4) sponge kept in situ for 15 d (350mg P4/sponge) and T2 group was teased with a sexually active aproned buck for 6 h/dy for 15 d. The does in control group were kept without any treatment. The does in T1 group exhibited 100% oestrus as against 50% in T2 group within 72 h of treatment. The interval between removal of sponge and onset of oestrus was significantly (P

Aim: To establish reference values of vertebral heart score (VHS) in Indian Spitz, Labrador retriever, and Mongrel dogs; to assess applicability of VHS in these three dog breeds; to determine if breed, recumbency side, gender, body weight, and thoracic depth (TD) to thoracic width (TW) ratio has an influence on the VHS measurement in these dog breeds. Materials and Methods: A total of 60, client owned, clinically healthy Indian Spitz (n=20, mean age = 4.25±2.15 years, body weight = 11.87±2.7 kg), Labrador retriever (n=20, mean age = 4.75±1.91 years, body weight = 27.31±5.43 kg), and Mongrel dogs (n=20, mean age = 4.25±1.52 years, body weight = 16.25±3.99 kg), having no radiological and clinical signs of cardiovascular or pulmonary disease were included in the study. All dogs were restrained manually and left lateral (LL) and right lateral (RL) radiographic views were obtained. The size of heart in lateral radiographs was calculated using VHS method. Besides, the TD, TW and TD: TW were calculated to determine the type of thoracic conformation in the dog breeds. In addition to this, the effect of breed, side of recumbency, gender, body weight, and TD to TW ratio on the calculation of VHS was determined. Results: VHS was calculated in all the animals of the breeds. VHS in Spitz and Labrador retriever was significantly (p9.7±0.5 v. RL and LL VHS in Mongrel dog was significantly (p9.7±0.5 v. Significant (p

Mesenchymal stem cells' (MSCs) fate is largely determined by the various topographical features and a range of extracellular matrix (ECM) components present in their niches. Apart from maintaining structural stability, they regulate cell morphology, division, proliferation, migration and differentiation among others. Traditional MSC cultures, which are mainly based on two-dimensional smooth surfaces of culture dishes and plates, do not provide topographical cues similar to in vivo three-dimensional niches, impacting various cellular processes. Therefore, we culture the mouse bone marrow-derived MSCs on microgrooved bearing surface, partially mimicking in vivo reticulated niche, to study its effect on morphology, pluripotency factor-associated stemness, cell division and rate of proliferation. Following culture, morphological features, and MSC-specific marker gene expression, such as CD29, CD44, Sca-1 along with HSC (Haematopoietic stem cell)-specific markers like CD34, CD45, CD11b were evaluated by microscopy and immunophenotyping, respectively. HSC is another type of bone marrow stem cell population, which concertedly interacts with MSC during various functions, including haematopoiesis. In addition, mesenchymal stem cells were further analyzed for gene expression of pluripotency-associated transcription factors such as Oct3/4, Sox-2, Nanog and Myc, as well as differentiated into adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes. Our results show that microgrooved surface-cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MMSCs) expressed higher levels of expected cell surface and pluripotency-associated markers and proliferated more rapidly (2-3×fold) with higher percentage of cells in S/G2-M-phase, consequently giving rise to higher cell yield compared to standard culture flask-grown cells (MSCs), taken as control. Furthermore, both MSCs and MMSCs showed considerable accumulation of intracellular lipid-droplets, higher alkaline phosphatase activity and secretion of extracellular matrix that are characteristics of adipogenesis, osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, respectively.

The present study was aimed at finding out the level of adoption of scientific feeding management practices among Hill Korwa tribes with relation to the independent socio-economic variables and also the perceived training need in feeding management practices. Data were collected from 160 respondents of Surguja district, Chhattisgarh, through a pre-tested structured interview schedule. Results depicted that majority of respondents were partial adopter (48.8%) followed by low (43.1%) and high (8.1%) adopters. Total annual income, income from livestock, extension agency contact and mass media exposure had positive and significant correlation with adoption of feeding management practices whereas, age and material possession had negative and significant correlation with adoption of feeding management practices. In the area of training, the feeding of sick animals was ranked first with a mean score of 2.70 followed by feeding of newly born calf (2.24), feeding of pregnant animals (2.09), preparation of balanced ration (1.86), importance of clean drinking water (1.42) and preparation of mineral mixture (1.39), was as perceived by the farmers in study area.