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Utilising Abbott’s work on professions and disciplines we trace the broad development of Social Policy in UK universities over the past 50 years. As with all subjects, Social Policy is enmeshed in continuous boundary protection, and at the same time may seek to extend jurisdiction by laying claim to areas and activities undertaken by others. We draw on a range of sources to inform our analysis including: overviews of contributions to Journal of Social Policy; reviews of selected available UK Social Policy Association documents such as newsletters; reviews of research quality (Research Assessment Exercise/Research Excellence Framework) submissions; and student numbers data. In conclusion we consider whether reassessment of some of the jurisdictional battles of the past 50 years might provide routes forward for the subject to flourish in the current environment.

Since 2000, robotic-assisted surgery has rapidly expanded into almost every surgical sub-specialty. Despite the popularity of robotic surgery across the United States, a national consensus for standardized training and education of robotic surgeons or surgical teams remains absent. In this quality improvement initiative, a novel, stepwise iterative Robotic Assistant Surgical Training (RAST) curriculum was developed to broaden and standardize robotic bedside assistant training. Thirteen voluntary participants, capable of fulfilling the bedside assistant role, were evaluated to determine if RAST enhanced the learner’s self-perceived level of confidence and comfort in their role as bedside assistant. A pre- and post-RAST training survey and a between-stages repeated-measures survey were conducted. All learner participants reported statistically significant increases in confidence and comfort after RAST training, (p =

We analyse people’s attitudes to autonomous vehicles (AVs), i.e. driverless cars and trucks, using Eurobarometer data relating to November/December 2014 on approximately 1000 people in each EU country. People tend to be lukewarm to AVs, particularly driverless cars. However, a simple average hides the fact that many people, young and old, are totally hostile to the concept and a smaller number totally in favour. AVs are part of a technological development linked in general to robots, and regression analysis finds attitudes tend to be linked to both general attitudes to robots and individual self-interest relating specifically to AVs. Consistent with the literature, we find the young to be more in favour than the elderly. There are other differences, with males, those in cities and the more educated being more in favour, as well as differences between countries. There is also some evidence that support for AVs is greater in countries with high accident rates.

Common Law, Civil Law, and Colonial Law builds upon the legal historian F.W. Maitland's famous observation that history involves comparison, and that those who ignore every system but their own 'hardly came in sight of the idea of legal history'. The extensive introduction addresses the intellectual challenges posed by comparative approaches to legal history. This is followed by twelve essays derived from papers delivered at the 24th British Legal History Conference. These essays explore patterns in legal norms, processes, and practice across an exceptionally broad chronological and geographical range. Carefully selected to provide a network of inter-connections, they contribute to our better understanding of legal history by combining depth of analysis with historical contextualization. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Le droit prend une place toujours plus importante dans notre société, et il pose à l’Europe entière un problème difficile qu’il est pourtant urgent de résoudre : comment construire un droit, un système judiciaire - ou du moins un ensemble cohérent de systèmes judiciaires - alors que la plupart des droits européens ont une longue histoire, qui n’est pas seulement une histoire de doctrines ou de normes, mais aussi celle de la symbiose dans laquelle ces droits ont vécu avec les sociétés qui les ont créés, appliqués ou subis. Le Groupe de recherche France-Îles Britanniques a choisi de consacrer son premier colloque à une confrontation entre la France et l’Angleterre sur le thème « Droit et société », car on peut dans ce domaine comparer terme à terme la situation anglaise (puis britannique) avec celle de la France sur un millénaire : des questions diverses y sont abordées, de la production des lois et de l’idéologie qui l’inspire, à la représentation que se fait la société du droit, de la justice et des juges, en passant par la fonction et le statut sociaux des hommes de loi. La vision et la perception des pauvres et des marginaux n’ont pas été oubliées dans un ouvrage qui se veut un tremplin vers de futures recherches.

Introduction In this paper, I compare certain aspects of the ideals and practices of royal approaches to crime in England in the tenth and the later twelfth centuries. In the latter, the Angevin period, the birth of the English Common Law is traditionally found ; in the former Patrick Wormaid has recently located what he calls the Making of English Law. My central concern is to make comparisons regarding the conceptualization and treatment of offences and offenders. I aim to set the issues in...

Approximately 40% of unconventional wells in the United States with artificial lift are using gas lift. One of the blessings of gas lift is that it is very forgiving and rarely fails. This has led some operators to the conclusion that gas lift doesn’t require a proper control and optimization scheme. The objective of this study is to use field data and show the importance and benefit of a controlled and optimized gas lift compressor to aid production. The intelligent gas lift compressor utilizes a heavy computational process of taking a composite Vogel reservoir inflow model coupled with a Hagedorn & Brown outflow model that informs the Guo model to solve for a minimum critical rate to lift liquid droplets out of the wellbore. First, an empirical range of injection rates is used to find the rate with maximum unloading as indicated by a drop in casing injection pressure. Once this rate is found, reservoir inflow performance relationship (IPR) parameters are estimated to meet that condition. These parameters are held constant for a time period and injection rate needed is calculated based on production rate and pressure coming into the programmable logic controller (PLC) via digital connections. This approach is tested on a well and the production is monitored over a 3-month period. The collected data are used to analyze the benefits of an intelligent gas lift compressor control. The data from a well with this intelligent gas lift system is monitored over a 3-month period. This includes a 20-day period of the compressor searching for an injection rate that shows to be the most efficient. Then the compressor control is set up with a critical rate control mode. This calculation is performed with an edge server that runs the intense calculations every minute to instruct the compressor what volume of injection it needs to achieve manipulation of an automated suction control valve and speed control of the engine driver. The surface casing pressure data shows a very stable unloading behavior profile, which is confirmed with very stable oil and gas production data over the observation period. An estimate of gained production during the periods of high line pressure along with stable unloading is given as the justification for outfitting the well site with the intelligent compressor controls. Despite gas lift’s importance as a lift technique, its control and optimization are still not properly addressed within the industry. This work’s proposed intelligent gas lift scheme can be a potentially valuable solution to unstable unloading of liquids, and benefit the operators significantly in production and revenues.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have revolutionized blood cancer immunotherapy; however, their efficacy against solid tumors has been limited. A common mechanism of tumor escape from single target therapies is downregulation or mutational loss of the nominal epitope. Targeting multiple antigens may thus improve the effectiveness of CAR immunotherapies. We generated dual CAR-T cells targeting two tumor antigens: TAG-72 (tumor-associated glycoprotein 72) and CD47. TAG-72 is a pan-adenocarcinoma oncofetal antigen, highly expressed in ovarian cancers, with increased expression linked to disease progression. CD47 is ubiquitously overexpressed in multiple tumor types, including ovarian cancer; it is a macrophage “don’t eat me” signal. However, CD47 is also expressed on many normal cells. To avoid this component of the dual CAR-T cells killing healthy tissue, we designed a truncated CD47 CAR devoid of intracellular signaling domains. The CD47 CAR facilitates binding to CD47+ cells, increasing the prospect of TAG-72+ cell elimination via the TAG-72 CAR. Furthermore, we could reduce the damage to normal tissue by monomerizing the CD47 CAR. Our results indicate that the co-expression of the TAG-72 CAR and the CD47-truncated monomer CAR on T cells could be an effective, dual CAR-T cell strategy for ovarian cancer, also applicable to other adenocarcinomas., Graphical Abstract, Tumors often escape immunotherapy by mutational downregulation of the nominal target antigen. Use of CAR-T cells with dual antigen specificity can mitigate this problem. Adenocarcinomas expressing low levels of TAG-72 are not killed by single specificity TAG-72 CAR-T cells, but they are killed by dual CAR-T cells targeting TAG-72 and CD47.

Libraries exist the world over across diverse cultures and have been in existence since the dawn of civilisation. Libraries can be seen as a collection of marks, often representing sounds, made upon some kind of support, such as stone, papyrus, paper or magnetic discs, which require deciphering and interpretation to have significance. Whether tiny island libraries or huge national libraries, each offers resources that help define identity at a global, national, community and personal level. The library has many roles to play, one that cannot be measured by statistics alone; it embodies freedom of speech and the principles of democracy but can and has been a means of social control; it is often a spontaneous expression of community and conviviality, sharing viewpoints and knowledge or it can be an engineered, assertive national statement; it is often a mixture of all these. The library is more than the sum of its parts and is an expression of the relationship between the human and the mysterious universe we live in.

Purpose To evaluate the response of mandibular osteomyelitis treated by surgical decortication with disruption of the affected adjacent periosteum in concert with long-term targeted antibiotic therapy. The hypothesis is that, by removing the buccal cortical plate and disrupting the hypertrophically inflamed adjacent periosteum, the medullary bone will be brought in contact with bleeding tissue and circulating immunologic factors and antibiotics, which will promote definitive resolution. Patients and Methods A retrospective review was conducted of 7 patient charts with associated radiographs from November 2010 to August 2016 treated by the first author at the University of Tennessee Medical Center (Knoxville, TN). Patients with chronic suppurative or nonsuppurative osteomyelitis of the mandible without condylar involvement or pathologic fracture were selected and treated with decortication with periosteal disruption in combination with long-term targeted antibiotic therapy. Results Seven patients (3 women and 4 men; mean age, 60 yr) underwent decortication with periosteal disruption of the affected area and received at least 6 weeks of targeted intravenous antibiotics. Computed tomography was performed preoperatively and a repeat study was performed after completion of antibiotics. In each case, post-treatment imaging showed definitive resolution after treatment with decortication in concert with disruption of the inflamed hypertrophic periosteum and intravenous antibiotics. Conclusion Debridement of the infected cortical bone with restoration of the blood supply through disruption of the adjacent periosteum provided definitive resolution of mandibular osteomyelitis in the 7 patients treated. The hypothesis is that disruption of the affected adjacent periosteum reintroduces an immune-mediated response in concert with improved antibiotic delivery to and penetrance of the diseased mandible, aiding in definitive resolution. Decortication with periosteal disruption allows for preservation of the inferior alveolar nerve, maintains mandibular integrity, and obviates reconstructive surgery. Decortication with disruption of the adjacent periosteum, when combined with targeted antimicrobial therapy, produced definitive resolution of osteomyelitis as shown by postoperative imaging. It is the authors' assertion that not only decortication, but also disruption of the adjacent periosteum in combination with targeted antibiotic therapy should be considered a valid and principal therapeutic option for the surgical treatment of osteomyelitis of the mandible.

The aim of this study is to determine the nature of the relationship between house prices of different types of housing across the UK regions. We use an Autoregressive Distributed Lag bounds testing approach to determine the long-run relationships between house prices as well as an error correction model to estimate the short-run dynamics between house prices. The data include house prices across the regions of Great Britain and for new, old and modern houses. The results suggest that house price shocks ripple across regions, although the nature of the relationship varies across housing types. We further simulate the impact of house price shocks and reveal a complex structure whereby a house price shock in region A impacts upon prices in other regions, which in turn feedback into region A in a recursive ripple.

Background: Advanced aged adults have the highest rate of traumatic brain injury (TBI) related hospital admissions, compared to younger age groups. Data were published in 2014 indicating differential injury and neurological responses to a TBI by age categories. In a recent article examining patients with mTBI and isolated subdural hematoma, it was found that older patients had a decreased risk of documented loss of consciousness (LOC). The primary objective was to determine the extent to which the odds of documented LOC changes with increasing age in a population of older adults suffering an isolated concussion and uncomplicated mTBI.Methods: This was a retrospective study utilizing 6 years (2010–2015) of National Trauma Data Bank data. This study included patients with (1) diagnosis of concussion; (2) positive or negative loss of consciousness; (3) loss of consciousness durations no longer than 59 min or undefined; (4) age ≥50 years; (5) had a “fall” mechanism of injury; and (6) a valid emergency department Glasgow coma scale 13–15. We excluded patients (1) with any intracranial hemorrhage or intracranial injury of other and unspecified nature; (2) skull fracture; (3) an injury severity scale score >17; (4) a concussion with “unspecified” LOC (ICD-9: 850.9).Results: There were 7,466 patients included in the study; the median (IQR) age was 70 (60–80) years. The risk of documented LOC was 71% (n = 5,319). An 80-year-old had 72% decreased odds of having a documented LOC, compared to a 50-year-old (OR = 0.28, 99.5%CI [0.23–0.34], P < 0.001). This association held when controlling for multiple demographic, comorbid, and clinical variables, and in sensitivity analyses.Conclusion: These nationwide data suggest that in patients aged ≥50 years, a significant inverse association exists between age and odds of documented LOC after sustaining a fall-related concussion. Additional studies are needed to validate these findings and to investigate the triad of age, documented LOC, and intracranial hemorrhage. Clinical diagnostic criteria relying on LOC might be at risk of being modified by the association between increasing age and decreasing odds of LOC.

We present here the complete genomes of two Streptomyces bacteriophages, Satis and JustBecause. Both phages were isolated directly from soil samples collected in St. Louis, MO, and present with an unusual prolate head morphology and large genome lengths of over 180 kb.

We analyse people’s attitudes to robots to be used in caring for the elderly using Eurobarometer data relating to November/December 2014 on approximately 1000 people in each EU country. Given the constraints on public expenditure this is one solution to meeting increased obligations in this area. People tend to be lukewarm to robotic care for the elderly. However, a simple average hides the fact that many people, young and old, are totally hostile to the concept and a smaller number totally in favour. Consistent with the literature we find the young to be more in favour of this option than the elderly themselves. There are other differences with males, those in cities and the more educated being more in favour as well as differences between countries. Thus in three French speaking countries there is relatively little evidence of differences in attitudes between young and old. These differences between different groups of people are found to widen with age, which represents a new finding in the literature.

Jensen and Tyler (2015) have powerfully argued that 'anti-welfare commonsense', fuelled by negative political and media discourse stressing welfare dependency and deception, has buttressed support for social security reform in recent years. Along with many other academics they point to the hardening of public attitudes towards welfare state provision and how notions of the 'deserving' and 'undeserving poor' have been reintroduced into popular debates. We identify four distinct threads within this scholarship. First, there is an argument that public attitudes have shifted from an earlier post-war welfare imaginary and settlement to an anti-welfare consensus. Second, this hardening includes a growing prevalence of 'othering'. The third thread is the broadening of this moral and disciplinary gaze to include groups, such as disabled people, who until recently were not subject to the same amount of stigma as other types of benefit recipients. Fourth, is the impact of pejorative welfare discourses on the self-identity and attitudes of disadvantaged groups. While a growing body of evidence makes it increasingly difficult to argue against suggestions that there is a hostile body of anti-welfare sentiment in the UK, what is often implicit in the analysis of pejorative contemporary attitudes to welfare is the view that there was once a 'golden age' of the welfare state when public support was more fully behind a strong set of social security benefits provided as a social right of citizenship. Whether this was the case is a moot point however. Few studies have tried to piece together the attitudes to welfare of the general public during the consensus era. We attempt to undertake such a task here, drawing on ad hoc attitudes surveys and polling data in particular. Specifically, we focus on how notions of the 'deserving' and 'undeserving poor' play out in this data, pointing to some key continuities found in contemporary and historical public attitudes to welfare.

Purpose: We examine the impact of advice given by extension agents to Ethiopian farmers, as perceived by the farmers themselves. Design/methodology/approach: Using survey data from 2014, we analyze the perceived impact of advice on farmers’ incomes and crop yields. We use a bootstrapped instrumental variable (IV) estimator and the conditional mixed process estimator. Theoretical implications: The impact of advice will depend upon its relevance and whether and how efficiently it is implemented by the farmer. This in part depends upon the farmer’s ability and on the impact of fully implemented advice on output, which will vary from farm to farm. Findings: There is a positive perceived impact of most advice on both crop yields and income. However, some advice works better in drought-affected areas and other in non-drought-affected areas. Fertilizers have more impact on crop yields than income, possibly reflecting cost factors. There is evidence that the farmers’ ability to implement the advice increa...

It is commonly argued that public support for the welfare state is in long-term decline in the UK. Evidence from the British Social Attitudes Survey (BSA) is typically cited to support this claim, but it only stretches back to 1983. Few would disagree that the Thatcher years offered an unusual socio-political-economic context, which raises a question over whether the BSA's early 1980s baseline provides a misleading view on support for the welfare state over the longue duree. In this article, we explore this issue, piecing together data from the Beveridge era through to the present day, drawing on data from contemporary studies and surveys; opinion polls; and historical government surveys and reports. Our method is undoubtedly a ‘second best approach’, making use of often limited historical data, which means we remain cautious in offering bold findings. However, we argue there is some evidence to suggest the 1980s were an unusual moment, suggesting the decline in support for welfare is less dramatic than analysis of the BSA might make it seem, but also that support for the welfare state during the postwar consensus years was likely more equivocal than we often believe it to be from today's perspective, perhaps reflecting a tendency to reify this period as a ‘golden age’ of welfare and so underplaying the complexity of the politics of social policy in the pre-BSA period.

The paper examines several aspects of developed countries with a particular focus on Europe. It argues that despite problems and qualifications, Europe is still in many respects a desirable part of the world in which to live, where people can fulfill their aspirations with a degree of safety. Having said that, Europe faces many problems. Any solution to Europe’s problems must encompass innovation. In this respect Europe’s record is better than many argue, but still there is a need to do better and to place innovation at the very core of policy making. High quality research institutions are valuable here, but too often their work is taken up by non-European multinationals. This is a time of enormous change and issues such as quantitative easing and robotics are also briefly touched upon, in particular their economic and societal impact.

Our study examines the effect of water utilization together with the effect of water quality on economic growth across countries. We constructed a panel of 177 countries covering the period of 1960–2009. We analyse two dependent variables, gross domestic product per capita and the average of five years of growth. The analysis is conducted using a fixed effects model and fixed effects with instrumental variables. We find that although water utilization affects growth, water quality also proves to be highly significant and affects growth in both the short and long run to a greater degree than water quantity.

Marketing efforts over the last year have generated a lot of excitement around the transition to Internet Protocol (IP) in the broadcast environment, but serial digital interface (SDI) still plays a vital role. The hybrid SDI/IP models that will be adopted by most operations still need to consider the role that SDI plays for high definition (HD), but especially important is the role of SDI as it pertains to the introduction of ultra-high-definition (UHD-1, commonly referred to as 4K). The SDI interface is the only standardized means for interconnecting UHD devices today, and those who are looking to roll out UHD-1 need to have a much better understanding of the challenges and issues that may result in a hybrid environment. This paper highlights some of those challenges, provides an update to the current technologies, and discusses why SDI will continue to be an enabling technology for the rollout of UHD-1 (and UHD-2).

Psychosocial hazards in mental healthcare contribute to the development of compassion fatigue in mental health professionals. Compassion fatigue has a negative impact on the mental health and wellbeing of professionals that can impair the quality of services provided to clients. The majority of research on compassion fatigue has focused on individual-level variables such as gender, history of trauma and age, among others. It is also imperative to understand the role played by alterable work-related characteristics in contributing to the development of compassion fatigue in order to attenuate its impact on mental health professionals and their clients. The present review examined articles exploring work-related factors associated with compassion fatigue. Fifteen quantitative studies were included and their quality was assessed using a checklist. An inductive content-analysis approach was adopted to synthesise the themes emerging from the data. The results suggested a theoretical model consistent with the Job Demands-Resources model, wherein job demands (such as workplace trauma, workload and therapeutic settings) are associated with compassion fatigue, and job resources (such as supervisors’, coworkers’ and organisational support) mitigate the impact of job demands. In addition to person-oriented factors, work-related factors are critical for the prevention of compassion fatigue.

Context High-risk non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC) represents over 30% of all incident urothelial bladder cancers (BCs); patients are at risk of progression, and 20–30% will die from BC within 5 yr. Current guidelines recommend induction and maintenance of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) or upfront radical cystectomy for highest-risk disease, treatments with markedly different morbidity, mortality, and patient burden. There are no validated biomarkers to facilitate such treatment decisions. Alterations in DNA methylation are commonplace in BC; hence, measurable changes in DNA methylation represent an opportunity for the discovery of such biomarkers. Objective To systematically assess the evidence regarding DNA methylation markers as prognosticators for HR-NMIBC. Evidence acquisition Standard systematic review methods were employed with searches undertaken in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed up to January 2019. Studies that included patients with HR-NMIBC and investigated the utility of DNA methylation biomarkers as prognostic tools were included. Evidence synthesis Of 63 prognostic biomarker studies identified, 21 met the protocol-driven inclusion criteria and were directly relevant to HR-NMIBC patient outcomes: tumour recurrence (TR), tumour progression (TP), disease-specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS). These studies described 140 methylation markers; of these, the most promising were cadherin-13 (CDH13; hazard ratios [HRs]: 5.1 for TR, 6.6 for TP, 3.8–8.0 for OS), protocadherins (PCDHs; HRs: 4.7 for TR, 2.5 for TP, 3.0–4.8 for OS), Runt domain transcription factor 3 (RUNX3; HR: 5.1 for TP), Homeobox 9 (HOXA9; HR: 1.9 for TR), Islet-1 (ISL1; HRs: 1.7 for TR, 3.3 for TP), and PAX6 (HR: 2.2 for TR). Conclusions This systematic review identifies a number of potentially useful prognostic methylation markers for HR-NMIBC. These loci (CDH13, PCDHs, RUNX3, HOXA9, ISL1, and PAX6) should be validated in prospective studies in order to translate benefit to patients. Patient summary Early bladder cancer represents a more complex spectrum of disease than can be assessed by conventional methods Emerging studies on molecular markers will improve our understanding of this disease, and may enable more precise and personalised treatment.

Bright Sparks Theatre Company. Doctors are expected to communicate challenging concepts and procedures to a diverse population with a vast array of communication issues. Bright Sparks Theatre Company worked with Leeds Institute of Medical Education bringing together medical students and minority groups using drama workshops as a playful tool to bridge the communication divide. We examine the outcomes of these fun-filled sessions and the improvements it led to in communication skills, how it challenged the students’ view of both the learning environment and their professional duties and the positive effect on the patient/doctor relationship in removing the usual hierarchy through collaborative play.

In the coming decades robots and artificial intelligence will fundamentally change our world. In doing so they offer the hope of a golden future, but there are dangers. This book looks at both the history of robots, in science and in fiction, as well as the science behind robots. Specific chapters analyse the impact of robots on the labour market, people’s attitudes to robots, the impact of robots on society, and the appropriate policies to pursue to prepare our world for the robot revolution. Overall the book strikes a cautionary tone. Robots will change our world dramatically and they will also change human beings. These important issues are examined from the perspective of an economist, but the book is intended to appeal to a wider audience in the social sciences and beyond.

Purpose: The paper examines the potential effects of academic publications on patenting and the share of high technology exports. We test the short-run and the long-run causalities among high technology exports, the number of academic publications and the number of patents in three separate models.Methodology/Approach: Our sample consists of panel data for 61 countries and 20 years. The panel Granger causality and vector error correction model have been used in order to capture the short-run causalities. Furthermore, panel cointegration regressions have been applied to test for long-run causalities.Findings: Our results strongly suggest that there is a positive long-run effect of academic publications on both patenting and the share of high technology exports. This suggests that the outcomes of basic science in the form publications strongly support technological development, and thus emphasises the importance of basic research. In addition the effect of patents on high technology exports is mostly insignificant when controlling for academic publications and GDP.Research Limitation/implication: First, the variables used in the analysis are only proxies. The scope of the data has been significantly limited by the data availability. This leads also to limited the number of control variables.Originality/Value of paper: There are still only a very limited number of studies testing the effect of academic outcomes on the technological development of the economy. Our research brings new empirical insights into this problem.

Rationale: Primary treatment of obstructive sleep apnea can be accompanied by a persistence of excessive sleepiness despite adherence. Furthermore, effectiveness of sleep apnea treatment is limited by poor adherence. Currently available pharmacologic options for the treatment of sleepiness in this population are limited. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of solriamfetol (JZP-110), a selective dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with robust wake-promoting effects, for the treatment of excessive sleepiness in participants with obstructive sleep apnea with current or prior sleep apnea treatment. Methods: This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, 12-week trial comparing solriamfetol, 37.5, 75, 150, and 300 mg, with placebo. Measurements and Main Results: Of 476 randomized participants, 459 were included in the prespecified efficacy analyses. Coprimary endpoints (Maintenance of Wakefulness Test sleep latency and Epworth Sleepiness Scale score) were met at all solriamfetol doses (P

Streamwater dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations are driven by interacting physical and biotic parameters. Future DO depletion events in small, coastal salmon streams are therefore likely to be driven by changes in hydrology in addition to atmospheric warming. We measured DO, temperature, discharge and spawning salmon abundance in upstream (reference reach) and downstream salmon bearing reaches of four streams in southeast Alaska to determine how multiple physical and biotic factors interact to control streamwater DO. Stream temperature ranged from 5.1 to 15.8 °C and fell within the optimum range that is considered favorable for salmon physiology. Concentrations of DO ranged from 2.8 to 12.3 mg/L, with concentrations significantly lower (p