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Campomanesia xanthocarpaleaves are a byproduct of fruit production without studies on antioxidant activity. Thus, this study aimed to identify the antioxidant compounds of C. xanthocarpaleaves by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI/qTOF) and by different in vitroantioxidant methods. The crude extract of C. xanthocarpaleaves had a yield of 15.2% and only five out of 37 fractions of the crude extract had antioxidant activity. The crude extract presented greater antioxidant activity than the isolated fractions. The identified antioxidant compounds were phenolic acids (gallic acid and chlorogenic acid), flavonoids (quercetin and naringenin 7,4’-dimethoxy) and an organic acid (quinic acid). Leaves of C. xanthocarpahave high concentration of antioxidant compounds and it is a promising plant for the development of applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical fields. The extraction of antioxidant compounds can add value to the productive chain of this plant.

A escassez de recursos naturais cresce à medida que as sociedades se desenvolvem. Assim, a sustentabilidade emerge como uma solução e, neste meio, o descarte de materiais orgânicos reaproveitáveis, especialmente vegetais, é um ponto importante a ser discutido e analisado, uma vez que o descarte de lixo se apresenta como um grande entrave para o desenvolvimento das práticas sustentáveis. Dentre os vegetais promissores, destaca-se a cebola, especialmente a cebola roxa, cuja casca usualmente descartada apresenta compostos bioativos, como os polifenólicos resveratrol e quercetina. Tais compostos atuam como antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórios, reduzindo danos no organismo humano, como a aterosclerose e a inflamação crônica. Assim, este trabalho visou quantificar o resveratrol e a quercetina da casca da cebola roxa e determinar a atividade antioxidante do extrato. O teor fenólico total foi determinado pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteu e os flavonoides totais foram quantificados por método colorimétrico com cloreto de alumínio. A quantidade de resveratrol e quercetina no extrato da casca da cebola roxa foi determinada por cromatografia a gás acoplada a espectrometria de massas (GC_MS), já a atividade antioxidante foi avaliada através dos métodos de sequestro de radical livre (DPPH e ABTS) e poder de redução do ferro (FRAP). O extrato da casca da cebola roxa apresentou elevado teor de compostos fenólicos totais (204,49 mg EAG/g), flavonoides totais (86,04 mg EAG/g), resveratrol (451,8 µg/mL) e quercetina (324,36 µg/mL). Os valores de capacidade antioxidante em FRAP, ABTS e DPPH foram de 1194,15 (± 107,47), 148,44 (± 18,71) e 1103,77 (± 18,87), respectivamente. Esses resultados mostram que a casca da cebola roxa é rica em polifenóis, podendo ser aproveitadas pela indústria alimentícia e farmacêutica como ingrediente bioativo, contribuindo dessa forma para a sustentabilidade.

Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILE) have been increasingly used to reverse a wide range of lipophilic drug intoxications. However, it is still unknown if these emulsions interfere with other lipophilic drugs routinely used while treating intoxicated patients, such as diazepam, one of the main antiepileptic drugs. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate whether the administration of a 20% ILE interferes with diazepam's clinical effect. We randomly allocated thirty rabbits to five groups. Three of those groups received diazepam (1.0 mg/kg, IV), one of which did not receive any additional treatment, while the two remaining groups were treated with ILE or lactated ringer solution (1.5 mL/kg followed by 0.25 mL/kg/min for 30 min). The fourth group only received lipid emulsion, and the fifth only lactated ringer. Successive neurological exams at 20 min intervals for a total of 100 min were performed to assess the rabbits' neurological state. We concluded that the ILE did not interfere with diazepam's clinical effect but, although unlikely, the possibility of recurrence of a sedative effect should be considered.

Com o desenvolvimento urbano e social das cidades, os moradores que residem nas proximidades de riachos e vales passam a sofrer as consequências do lançamento contínuo de esgoto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da água do Ribeirão Floriano, localizado no município de Maringá-PR. Para tanto, quatro pontos, denotados por P1, P2, P3 e P4, foram escolhidos. Para a análise de DQO todas as coletas realizadas apresentaram a mesma concentração, sendo inferior a 15 mg L-1, porém, em relação ao DBO5 no período do verão os pontos P2, P3 e P4 mostraram-se dentro do limite esperado, 2.0 mg L-1, para águas superficiais de Classe II, de acordo com a legislação. Em relação a análise da contagem de Escherichia coli os maiores valores encontrados, para a contaminação biológica do ribeirão, foram nos pontos P2 e P3, equivalentes a 2000 UFC/mL e 424 UFC/mL, respectivamente, no período da primavera. Estes dois pontos estão localizados próximos a lavanderias industriais que podem estar associados a lançamento de efluentes advindos destas empresas. Nas análises, foi determinado concentrações elevadas de cobre (Cu), alumínio (Al) e níquel (Ni), evidenciando uma distribuição equitativa da ação antrópica em todo o curso do ribeirão. Estes resultados sugerem a necessidade da implantação de programas de monitoramento ambiental em águas superficiais nos rios do município.

Nos últimos anos tem sido observado um aumento elevado no número de cães de estimação e esse fato tem aumentando as atividades dos pet shops, como a tosa dos animais, contudo, este procedimento gera grande quantidade de pelos, classificados como resíduos queratinosos, com elevado potencial poluente. Pesquisadores têm investigado várias formas de tratamento e uso dos resíduos queratinosos, como penas de frango, lã e pelo bovino, contudo, pesquisas sobre a utilização de pelos de cachorros são escassas na literatura e, além disso, pautados na preocupação ambiental, alguns pesquisadores tem proposto o emprego de química verde no processo de hidrólise da α-queratina usando papaína. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer a melhor condição de hidrólise da α-queratina presente no pelo de cachorro e caracterizar os níveis de nitrogênio (N) e enxofre (S) no material hidrolisado, empregando extrato de mamão verde como fonte de papaína. Os ensaios foram realizados no Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Análise Químicas e Biológicas/ Unicesumar e foram utilizados 4 tipos de amostras de pelos de cães adultos: liso, enrolado, eriçado e pool de pelos, nas cores: preto, marrom e branco e pool de cores, submetidos à hidrólise com diferentes níveis de ureia, sulfito de sódio e fontes de papaína (extrato de mamão verde ou comercial), e tempos de hidrólise. Após a definição do melhor protocolo de hidrólise, o material hidrolisado foi analisado quanto às concentrações N e S. Os resultados mostraram quem o uso do extrato de mamão verde como fonte de papaína, independente do nível empregado e do tempo, resultou em baixo nível de hidrólise dos pelos. Contudo, foi possível hidrolisar os pelos, independente do tipo de pelo e/ou sua coloração, empregando-se papaína comercial. O material hidrolisado apresentou elevados níveis de N (15,15%), contudo, os níveis de S foram baixos (1,55%). Sugere-se que mais pesquisas sejam conduzidas a fim de se aprimorar, cada vez mais, o protocolo e testar o uso do material hidrolisado, sobretudo como bioferilizante, e assim, contribuir com a gestão dos resíduos queratinosos da cadeia pet.

In this study, cow's milk samples were used to determine the presence of residues substances (amitraz, fluazuron, eprinomectin, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and dichlorvos). The first stage was carried out to validate the QuEChERS (modified) method of extraction and the second stage involved characterization and quantification of the residues of these chemical substances contained in cow's milk from the Unicesumar experimental farm. The methodology was validated through the analysis of average recoveries greater than 90%, excellent precision (

The species Ocimum basilicum has many cultivars with different chemotypes. The basil cultivar ‘Albahaca Dante’ has great economic potential. Nevertheless, there is little data about the production of volatiles and the growth using elicitors. This study aims to evaluate growth, physiological disorders, enzymatic activity, biochemistry, stomatal analysis, and the volatile compounds of Ocimum basilicum L.' Albahaca Dante' cultivated in vitro under different concentrations of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) and methyl jasmonate (MeJa). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD). Five treatments were evaluated based on the combination of MeJa x Zinc Sulfate, using a Murashige and Skoog medium. The results demonstrate that MeJa reduced the formation of abnormal seedlings. Nevertheless, the growth and the number of leaves were not incremented compared in half without elicitors. The number of volatile compounds was lower in the treatment without elicitors and with 25µM ZnSO4 + 1µMMeja. Methyl chavicol was the main compound in both treatments. In this case, the seedlings had smaller stomata with higher density. The seedlings that were developed under unfavorable conditions (75µM ZnSO4 + 1µM MeJa and 75µM ZnSO4 + 5µM MeJa) produced compounds such as Eugenol, Linalool, Methyleugenol, α-Bergamotene, and showed a reduction in the stomatal density, but larger size. The elicitors influenced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, except for 75µM ZnSO4 + 1µM MeJa, which occasioned an acute decrease of all enzymes. The elicitors altered the volatile composition of this basil cultivar and its biochemical responses

Peppermint is a medicinal plant with great economic importance for its protective effects against biotic and abiotic factors. This study aimed to assess the vegetative growth, biochemistry and volatile production of peppermint plants under elicitation. Nodal segments were inoculated in flasks containing Murashige and Skoog medium with one of four treatments (50 µM salicylic acid, 200 mg L− 1 chitosan, 25 µM copper sulphate, and control) and maintained for 90 days in a controlled environment. Copper treatment increased shoot growth by 43% and 68% compared with salicylic acid and chitosan, respectively. Furthermore, copper elicitation reduced the oxidation rate to only 13% and produced plants with better architecture. Salicylic acid and chitosan treatments increased the total phenolic content by 38% and 40%, respectively, compared with the control. The ferric reducing assay showed that salicylic acid and chitosan treatments increased the plant’s antioxidant activity by 82% and 96%, respectively, compared with the control. However, β-carotene, flavonoids and anthocyanins decreased with these treatments. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity increased by 63% and 54% in shoots elicited with salicylic acid and chitosan, respectively. Elicitor treatment increased the number of volatile compounds detected (control = 29, salicylic acid = 32, copper = 37, chitosan = 38). Elicitation promoted significant changes in plant metabolism and chemical composition, evidenced mainly by differences in the levels of 2-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-3-cyclopenten-1-one, d-limonene, eucalyptol, caryophyllene and l-alanine ethylamide. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were the major class in control shoots, whereas oxygenated monoterpenes were the major compounds in elicited shoots.

Microbial contamination is a serious problem for food industries, potentially leading to foodborne diseases that affect human health. Petroselinum crispum, popularly known as parsley, can be used for the production of biologically active essential oil. Considering the demand for novel natural products to control microorganisms, this study aimed to analyze the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of P. crispum essential oil from organic cultivation. Essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation from the aerial part of P. crispum cv. plain (plain leaf type) at 70 days of age and analyzed for chemical composition by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antibacterial activity was evaluated against five bacterial pathogens by the broth microdilution method. The essential oil yield was 0.02% and the major compounds were apiol (61.94%) and myristicin (9.33%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of essential oil ranged from 1.70 to 10.00 mg mL−1, with the best activities against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. These results demonstrate that apiol-rich essential oil from organic P. crispum shows promise as an antibacterial agent in food and pharmaceutical industries

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is of great importance due to its medicinal properties and industrial uses. However, as in most plants, physiological and biochemical changes occur in turmeric plants subjected to saline conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the growth and antioxidant response of turmeric plants, and the yield and composition of turmeric essential oil under saline stress. The study was greenhouse-based, and 180 days old turmeric plants were treated with 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl solutions for 130 days. Plants grown under high NaCl concentrations showed significantly reduced shoot length and shoot and rhizome biomass accumulation. Large amounts of proline accumulated in the leaves at 150 mM NaCl. Lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde content increased with salinity in both leaves and rhizomes. Antioxidant enzymes showed greater activity in the leaves of plants exposed to high NaCl concentrations. Salinity altered the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil in the rhizomes. A total of 114 compounds were identified in the essential oil, with the main compounds from the sesquiterpenes class. Sesquiterpenes can constitute a secondary antioxidant system which can assist the primary antioxidant defense system to maintain the levels of hydrogen peroxide in cells at concentrations sub-lethal to turmeric plants. In addition, the presence of rhizomes has a mitigating effect on salt stress in this species due to the antioxidant activity of the essential oil present in the rhizomes.

Epidemiological evidence indicates that plant antioxidants activity can treat or help to prevent the development of various diseases. One species with great potential as an antioxidant is Curcuma longa. However, different extraction techniques can influence isolated chemical compounds. This study investigated chemical composition and antioxidant activity of two rhizome extracts of C. longa: hydroethanolic, obtained by exhaustion (HECLex); and dried by a spray dryer (HECLsd). The phytochemical composition was evaluated by GC/MS. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. Total phenolic compounds and soil analyses were performed. The main components of HECLex were ar-turmerone, γ-curcumene, α-turmerone, and β-sesquiphellandrene. The main components of HECLsd were 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3-bis([trimethylsilyl]oxy)propyl ester, verrucarol, and 1-monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether. HECLsd had significantly higher levels of phenolic compounds and higher antioxidant capacity compared with HECLex. In conclusion, processes of the preparation of C. longa rhizomes alter the chemical components and consequently their biological activity.

Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd (Lamiaceae) is a species native to the African continent and used as an insect repellent. The objective of the study was to evaluate the larvicidal potential of essential oils (EOs) from the leaves, flower buds, and stem of T. riparia, collected in winter against Aedes aegypti larvae. The EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation (3 h) and identified by GC/MS. The EOs were tested against larvae of A. aegypti at concentrations ranging from 12500 to 1.5 µg/mL for 24 h. The insecticide activity was evaluated by probit analysis, and the anticholinesterase activity was determined by bioautographic method. The results of the class projection indicated sesquiterpenes as the majority class, corresponding to 60.66% (leaves), 64.70% (flower buds) and 83.99% (stem), and the bioassays on A. aegypti larvae indicated LC50 of 1590, 675 and 665 µg/mL, respectively. The anticholinesterase activity indicated that the EO of the leaves inhibited the enzyme at a concentration of 780 µg/mL, and those from the flower buds and stem inhibited up to 1560 µg/mL. The results indicated weak activity of essential oils against A. aegypti larvae.

The present study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of the essential oil from Garcinia gardneriana (Planchon & Triana) Zappi leaves and fruits, and to determine its acaricidal activity on Rhipicephalus microplus by larval packet test and larvicidal action on Aedes aegypti by larval immersion test. The chemical analysis of the essential oil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes in bacupari leaves and fruits, and α-cedrene, α-chamigrene, α-trans-bergamotene, and β-curcumene as major compounds. Essential oil from leaves of G. gardneriana presented acaricidal activity on R. microplus (LC50 = 4.8 mg/mL; LC99 = 10.8 mg/mL) and larvicidal effect on A. aegypti (LC50 = 5.4 mg/mL; LC99 = 11.6 mg/mL), whereas essential oil from the fruits of G. gardneriana showed LC50 = 4.6 mg/mL and LC99 = 8.9 mg/mL against R. microplus and LC50 = 6.4 mg/mL and LC99 = 13.9 mg/mL against A. aegypti. These results thus demonstrate the potential acaricidal and larvicidal activity of essential oil of G. gardneriana, offering new perspectives for the realization of bioassays from this essential oil.

Turmeric or curcuma (Curcuma longa L.) is a Zingiberaceae whose essential oil and coloring pigments obtained from the rhizome have been widely used in the food industry and medicine. This study aimed to extract and identify the chemical compounds found in C. longa essential oil from rhizomes collected in six different locations of Brazil. The oil extraction was carried out by hydrodistillation technique, using a Clevenger- type apparatus. The chemical constituents were identified by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The principal component analysis (PCA) and the hierarchical cluster analysis (cluster)were done for the obtained data; and the composition of the studied accesses was verified. Three groups of chemotypes were obtained: group I was formed by the accesses of Campo Grande / Indígena-MS, Mara Rosa-GO, Campo Grande-MS and Perobal-PR, and had Ar-turmerone as its main compound; group II, formed by the access of Santa Tereza do Oeste-PR, presented α-costol and α-Phellandrene as the predominant compounds; and group III, the access of Holambra-SP, differed from the others regarding its essential oil chemical composition whose main agents were Curlone, Zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, Humulene epoxide II, cis-α-trans-Bergamotol. The predominant chemical class in all accesses was hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes (Santa Tereza do Oeste-PR and Holambra-SP) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (the others). This study evidenced the formation of three chemotypes

This study was to evaluate the biological activity of the extract of Botryosphaeria fabicerciana isolated from leaves of Morus nigra. The volatile compounds from the crude extract were analysed by GC-MS which demonstrate that mellein and β-orcinaldehyde were are the major compounds. The best minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract was observed against Gram-positive bacteria, with a MIC of 15.6 μg/mL towards B. cereus and MIC of 62.5 μg/mL towards S. aureus and B. subtilis. MBC values of 31.25 μg/mL, 62.5 μg/mL, and 250 μg/mL were observed towards B. cereus, B. subtilis, and S. aureus, respectively. The cytotoxicity analyses showed CC50 of 115 μg/mL. The crude extract showed antioxidant activity by the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Therefore, the extract of the endophytic fungus presented biotechnological potential as an antibacterial and antioxidant agent.

Beneficial effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains have been widely reported. Knowing that the effects of probiotic bacteria are strain-dependent, this study aimed to characterize the probiotic properties and investigate the gastrointestinal protective effects of nine novel L. plantarum strains isolated from Bahia, Brazil. The probiotic functionality was first evaluated in vitro by characterizing bile salt and acidic tolerance, antibacterial activity, and adhesion to Caco-2 cells. Antibiotic resistance profile, mucin degradation, and hemolytic activity assays were also performed to evaluate safety features. In vivo analyses were conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the strains on a mouse model of 5-Fluorouracil-induced mucositis. Our results suggest that the used L. plantarum strains have good tolerance to bile salts and low pH and can inhibit commonly gastrointestinal pathogens. Lp2 and Lpl1 strains also exhibited high adhesion rates to Caco-2 cells (13.64 and 9.05%, respectively). Phenotypical resistance to aminoglycosides, vancomycin, and tetracycline was observed for most strains. No strain showed hemolytic or mucolytic activity. Seven strains had a protective effect against histopathological and inflammatory damage induced by 5-FU. Gene expression analysis of inflammatory markers showed that five strains upregulated interleukin 10 (Il10), while four downregulated both interleukin 6 (Il6) and interleukin 1b (Il1b). Additionally, all strains reduced eosinophilic and neutrophilic infiltration; however, they could not prevent weight loss or reduced liquid/ food intake. Altogether, our study suggests these Brazilian L. plantarum strains present good probiotic characteristics and safety levels for future applications and can be therapeutically adjuvant alternatives to prevent/treat intestinal mucositis.

Zingiber officinale Roscoe has been widely used for hundreds of years, whether for its analgesic, antipyretic, or antimicrobial potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the composition and the ranges of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of aqueous rhizome and leaf extracts of Z. officinale and synergism of these extracts with antibiotics against six isolates of Staphylococcus spp. The chemical composition of the crude extract from the rhizome of Z. officinale cultivated in the region of Umuarama (Brazil) was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer and detected Zingerone (47.65%), α-Zingiberene (14.92%), β-Sesquiphellandrene- (6.16%), α-Curcumene (4.49%), Methyl 10-trans, 12-cis-octadecadienoate (4.42) and Gingerol (4.37). Six samples of Staphylococcus spp. from Veterinary Students’ nasal swabs were collected for antimicrobial susceptibility tests. The antibacterial activities of the aqueous extracts of ginger rhizome and leaves were evaluated with broth microdilution, and then synergism of the rhizome extract with the antimicrobials was verified to calculate the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). All the Staphylococcus spp. samples showed resistance to ampicillin and penicillin, 66.67% to erythromycin, and 33.33% to tetracycline. The MIC90% of each extract was estimated to be 235 mg/mL and 13.27 mg/mL for the leaf and rhizome, respectively. With the aqueous leaf extract, none of the samples presented MBC within the studied concentration range. On the other hand, the MBC obtained by the aqueous rhizome extract was 7.81 mg/mL for 50% of the samples. Calculation of the FICI showed that ½ MIC yielded the best result, with two synergistic relationships when combined with ampicillin. This research shows a potential use for the aqueous extract of ginger as an alternative or auxiliary therapy against resistant microorganisms

The chemical composition of Gallesia integrifolia fruits essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation using a modified Clevenger apparatus was investigated by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In addition, the cytotoxicity activity against human tumor cell lines MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), NCI-H460 (large cell lung carcinoma), HeLa (cervical carcinoma), and HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma), and non-tumor PLP2 (porcine liver primary cells) as well as the anti-inflammatory action was proposal. The compounds were predominantly organosulfates (2,8-dithianonane, dimethyl trisulfide, and lenthionine). Anti-inflammatory activity that provides 50% inhibition of nitric oxide production (55 µg/mL) of essential oil of the fruits. It also presents cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 (GI50 = 66 µg/mL), NCI-H-460 (GI50 = 147 µg/mL), HeLa (GI50 = 182 µg/mL) and HepG2 (GI50 = 240 µg/mL). The essential oil is more active in tumor cells than in non-tumor cells and the GI50 values for essential oil reported in our work support future studies. The authors thank Universidade Paranaense, UniCesumar, Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UID/AGR/00690/2019) and to national funding by FCT, P.I., through the institutional scientific employment program-contract for R.C. Calhelhas contract, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brazil (CAPES) -finance code 001-, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), and Fundação Araucária for the financial support and the fellowship. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Myrcianthes pungens (Myrtaceae) is a native tree to Brazil known as guabijú. In our study, we described the chemical composition of the essential oil from M. pungens dried leaves, the antioxidant activity by different methods and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The chemical identification was done by gas chromatograph coupled to mass spectrometer and antibacterial activity was evaluated by broth microdilution method. The leaf essential oil presented hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes (42.6%) as its main chemical class whose major compounds were β-caryophyllene (11.7%) and 1,8-cineole (10.1%). The best antioxidant protection was from 57.5 to 63.3% of β-carotene. The highest antibacterial activity was against S. aureus (MIC of 78.12 µg/mL). This value was 2.56-fold lower than the positive streptomycin control. M. pungens is a promising source of natural molecules with potential study for the development of pharmacological, cosmetic and food products.

Latex from Tabernaemontana catharinensis contains synthesized bioactive compounds known as monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs). Such compounds have several biological activities, including as cholinesterase inhibitors, and have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, antileishmanial, antitumoral andestrogenic properties, as well as acting as stimulants and depressants of the central nervous system. The objective of the present study was to perform the metabolite profiling of alkaloidal extracts from T. catharinensis latex. The alkaloidal fraction obtained from T. catharinensis latex was analyzed by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). The T. catharinensis latex was obtained after cutting the stem and allowing it to flow into tap water that was submitted to an acid-basic procedure for total MIA extraction, which was then analyzed by GC–MS. The total MIA extract was directly subjected to GC–MS without a derivatization step, allowing the detection and identification of ten known and three unknown MIAs. The described method resulted in effective separation and analysis by GC-EI-MS, which permitted the identification of known bioactive MIAs, as well as the structural elucidation of new MIAs with potential biological activities.

The seasonal factors have influence upon the secondary metabolism of plants in adaptive response to the environmental variation, leading to the biosynthesis of different compounds. Thus, the aim of the present paper was to characterize the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) from leaves of Garcinia gardneriana (Clusiaceae), in function of the seasonality, in the period throughout the year (from January to December of 2016). The EO was obtained from fresh leaves by hydrodistillation in a modified Clevenger apparatus and analyzed using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. Thereafter, the chemical constituents of the EO were evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The EO yield varied differently throughout the year with the highest yield in January (0.38%) and the lowest one in August (0.19%). The EO composition was sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (84.78 - 99.07%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (0.45 - 13.80%). The major compounds found were α-cedrene, for the months of January to November, and α-trans-bergamotene for December. PCA and HCA analyses showed that the development stage of the plant may have altered the chemical composition of the EO, since in the flowering period the compounds α-trans-bergamotene and γ-muurolene were higher, which are responsible for attracting pollinators and for the plant’s defense. Moreover, in the fructification period, the production of compounds of the oxygenated sesquiterpenes class, namely (Z)-caryophyllene, spathulenol and caryophyllene oxide increased, what is probably related to the protection of the fruit. Thus, the EO of “bacupari” leaves had high chemical variability, which is likely related to the developmental cycle of the plant

This study evaluated the insecticidal activity of Gallesia integrifoliaessential oil from fruits, leaves, and flowers against Aedes aegyptilarvae and pupae. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sulfur compounds represented 95 to 99% of the essential oil from fruits, leaves, and flowers. Essential oil major compounds were 2,8-dithianonane (52.6%) in fruits, 3,5-dithiahexanol-5,5-dioxide (38.9%) in leaves, and methionine ethyl ester (45.3%) in flowers. The essential oils showed high activity against larvae, and low for pupae withLC99.9of 5.87 and 1476.67μg/mL from fruits; 0.0096 and 348.33 μg/mL from leaves and 0.021and 342.84 μg/mL from flowers, respectively. The main compound with insecticide activity is probably n-ethyl-1,3-dithioisoindole, from isoindole organothiophosphate class, found in greater amount in flower and leaf essential oil. The great insecticide activity of G. integrifoliaessential oil suggests that this product is a natural insecticide.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:45:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-09-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) In this work, the sustainability indicators from a sewage treatment plant in a Southern Brazilian city, with a combined system of anaerobic treatment by upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and aerobic treatment with a percolating biological filter (PBF), were assessed. The need for the process of recirculation and anaerobic digestion of excess sludge in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion (UASB) reactors and the influence of this procedure on the efficiency of each treatment step were evaluated. The production and volume of sludge produced in the treatment units were also calculated for periods with and without the recirculation of the sludge. The sludge characterization results showed values of 4.7% for total solids (TS) and 65% for total volatile solids (TVS) for the UASB reactor sludge, and 2.9% TS and 69% TVS for the PBF sludge. The efficiency of the effluent treatment by the combined system UASB + PBF + desiccator remained stable for both periods analyzed and was 85% for chemical oxygen demand, 88% for biological oxygen demand and 89% for total suspended solids. Finally, it was shown that these results are similar to those obtained for the activated sludge system, but the combined system has the advantage of being more sustainable. Universidade Cesumar – UniCesumar – Mestrado em Tecnologias Limpas – Ciências Ambientais, Av. Guedner, 1610 Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho – UNESP – FCL Assis SP. Department of Biotechnology, Av. Dom Antônio 2100 Instituto Cesumar de Ciência Tecnologia e Inovação – ICETI UniCesumar, Av. Guedner, 1610 Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia Ictiologia, Av. Colombo 5790 Aquicultura – NUPELIA Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais – PEA, Av. Colombo 5790 Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho – UNESP – FCL Assis SP. Department of Biotechnology, Av. Dom Antônio 2100

Ora-pro-nobis has its center of origin in tropical America. It is found in Brazil, from the Northeast to Rio Grande do Sul. The plant belongs to the Cactaceae family, Pereskia genus. Its leaves and fruits contain bioactive compounds that may have expectorant properties and can be used to alleviate inflammatory processes in traditional medicine. Despite its richness, the plant is still little used by the general population and the food and pharmaceutical industries. Some extraction methods are used to obtain bioactive compounds from crude plant extracts, such as maceration, supercritical fluid, and ultrasound-assisted extraction, which have stood out for meeting the principles of green chemistry. The chemical characterization of the extracts obtained through chromatographic analysis by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS proves to be extremely effective, as it allows quantifying the various chemical species present in the extract, making it possible to evaluate and compare the results generated in each chosen extraction condition. The objective of this research is to conduct a review study about the Pereskia aculeata Miller plant. To this end, an exploratory study was carried out, by means of theoretical surveys through Science direct, Capes, Scielo and Pubmed databases. Extracting from plants using different methods is an important step for the industry, ensuring improvement in the quality of products, especially in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. In this sense, no comparative study was found in the literature employing different extraction methods for ora-pro-nobis in the sense of identifying the best method, one with better yield and greater amount of bioactive compounds. The search for different extraction strategies integrated with processes and products that can extract intelligently, minimizing waste, shows an innovative potential in future research. La ora-pro-nóbis tiene su origen en la América tropical. Se encuentra en Brasil desde el noreste hasta Rio Grande do Sul. La planta pertenece a la familia Cactaceae, al género Pereskia. Sus hojas y frutos contienen compuestos bioactivos que pueden tener propiedades expectorantes y pueden usarse para mitigar procesos inflamatorios en la medicina tradicional. A pesar de su riqueza, la planta todavía es poco utilizada por la población en general y las industrias alimentaria y farmacéutica. Se utilizan algunos métodos de extracción para obtener compuestos bioactivos a partir del extracto crudo de plantas, como la maceración, el fluido supercrítico y la extracción asistida por ultrasonidos que se han destacado por cumplir con los principios de la química verde. La caracterización química de los extractos obtenidos mediante análisis cromatográfico por CG-MS / MS y LC-MS / MS resulta sumamente eficaz, ya que permite la cuantificación de las distintas especies químicas presentes en el extracto, permitiendo la evaluación y comparación de los resultados generados en cada condición de extracción elegida. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar un estudio de revisión sobre la planta Pereskia aculeata Miller. Para ello, se realizó un estudio exploratorio, a través de un relevamiento teórico en la base de datos Science direct, Capes, Scielo, Pubmed. Se concluye que la extracción de plantas por diferentes métodos es un paso importante en las industrias, asegurando la mejora en la calidad de los productos, así como no existe un estudio comparativo de diferentes métodos de extracción de ora-pro-nóbis, identificando un mejor método con óptimas Producir. La búsqueda de diferentes estrategias de extracción, que se integren con procesos y productos que puedan extraer de manera inteligente, minimizando los residuos, demuestra un potencial innovador en futuras investigaciones. A ora-pro-nóbis tem o seu centro de origem a América tropical. Encontra-se no Brasil desde o Nordeste até o Rio grande do Sul. A planta pertence à família Cactaceae, ao gênero Pereskia. Suas folhas e frutos contem compostos bioativos que podem apresentar propriedades expectorantes e podem ser utilizados no abrandamento de processos inflamatórios na medicina tradicional. Apesar de sua riqueza, a planta ainda é pouco utilizada pela população geral e indústrias alimentícia e farmacêutica. Alguns métodos de extração são utilizados para obter compostos bioatvos do extrato bruto de plantas, tais como, maceração, fluído supercrítico e extração assistida por ultrassom que têm se destacado por atenderem aos princípios da química verde. A caracterização química dos extratos obtidos através da análise cromatográfica por CG-MS/MS e LC-MS/MS prova-se extremamente eficaz, pois, possibilita a quantificação das variadas espécies químicas presente no extrato, permitindo avaliar e comparar os resultados gerados em cada condição de extração escolhida. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar um estudo de revisão acerca da planta Pereskia aculeata Miller. Para isto, foi realizado um estudo exploratório, por meio de levantamento teóricos em base de dados Science direct, Capes, Scielo, Pubmed. Realizar a extração de plantas por diferentes métodos, é um passo importante para a indústria, assegurando melhoria na qualidade de produtos, principalmente no setor alimentício e farmacêutico. Neste sentido, não foi encontrado na literatura estudo comparativo de diferentes métodos de extração da ora-pro-nóbis, identificando melhor método, com melhor rendimento e maior quantidade de compostos biotivos. A busca de estratégia de extrações diferentes, que estejam integradas a processos e produtos que consigam extrair de forma inteligente, minimizando desperdícios, demonstra um potencial inovador em pesquisas futuras.

Several studies have shown the probiotic potential of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains. However, the efficacy of this strain in treating intestinal mucositis is little explored. Here, we investigated the gastrointestinal protective effects of nine novel L. plantarum strains isolated from Bahia, Brazil. The probiotic functionality was first evaluated, in vitro, by characterization of bile salt and low pH tolerance, antibacterial activity, and adhesion to Caco-2 cells. Antibiotic resistance profile, mucin degradation, and haemolytic activity assays were also carried out to evaluate safety features. In vivo analyses were conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the strains using a mouse model of 5-FU-induced mucositis. Our results suggest that the used L. plantarum strains have good tolerance to bile salts and low pH and are able to inhibit commonly gastrointestinal pathogens. Additionally, Lp11 and Lpl2 strains exhibit high adhesion rates to Caco-2 cells (9.05 and 13.64% respectively) and no strain show haemolytic or mucolytic activity. Phenotypical resistance to aminoglycosides, vancomycin, and tetracycline is observed for most strains. Seven strains can protect against histopathological damage in a mouse model of mucositis. Gene expression analysis of immune response markers shows that five strains upregulate Il10, while four downregulate both Il6 and Il1b to inhibit mucositis. Additionally, all strains were found to reduce eosinophilic and neutrophilic infiltration; however, they are not able to prevent weight loss or reduced liquid/ food intake. Taken together, our study suggests these Brazilian L. plantarum strains are safe for human use and are potential alternatives to treat intestinal mucositis.

The leaves, bark, and roots of Gallesia integrifolia are consumed in folk medicine through infusion, decoction, and topical preparation by crushing because of its pharmacological properties in several peripheral system disorders, including microbial infections. The presence of various molecules in different parts of the plant likely confers this species' fungicidal action, but scientific evidence is lacking. Vulvovaginal candidiasis mainly affects women of reproductive age. When left untreated, it can cause pregnancy complications. Currently available antifungals often cause undesirable side effects. New alternative therapeutic strategies based on medicinal plants have been proposed.To investigate the antifungal activity of G. integrifolia against vulvovaginal candidiasis secretion in pregnant women.Antifungal activity was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), determined by broth microdilution method using Candida spp (NEWP1210), C. albicans (CCCD-CC001), C. tropicalis (CCCD-CC002) standard and clinical isolates from pregnant women with vulvovaginal candidiasis. Nystatin and fluconazole were used as positive controls. The chemical composition of essential oils that were extracted from leaves, flowers, and fruits of G. integrifolia was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Reverse docking was used to suggest a possible target in Candida. Conventional docking was used to identify the most probable compound that inhibits fungal growth.A total of 24 compounds were identified, accounting for ∼99% of volatile constituents in the essential oils. Leaves of G. integrifolia contained 3,5-dithiahexanol-5,5-dioxide (40.93%), flowers contained methionine ethyl ester (46.78%), and fruits contained 2,8-dithianonane (54.01%) as the most abundant compounds. The MICs of essential oils of leaves, flowers, and fruits of G. integrifolia against standard strains of Candida spp, C. albicans, and C. tropicalis ranged from 13.01 to 625.00 μg/mL. The essential oil of flowers more effectively inhibited Candida spp. Essential oils of leaves and flowers were similar to fluconazole against C. albicans. Essential oils of flowers and fruits were similar to fluconazole against C. tropocalis. In Candida yeast species that were isolated from vaginal secretion samples from pregnant patients, the MICs of leaves and flowers ranged from 52.08 to 5000.00 μg/mL. The essential oil of leaves (277.77 μg/mL) was the most active against C. albicans. No significant differences were found between the essential oils of leaves and flowers against C. glabrata. Docking simulations suggested that phytol in leaves and flowers was responsible for the antimicrobial effect.The present results suggest the potential therapeutic use of G. integrifolia, especially its leaves and flowers, against Candida and vulvovaginal candidiasis.

The search for natural sources to control microorganisms is of interest in food production. This study evaluated the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Psidium cattleianum leaves. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, and identified by GC-MS. The predominant class of compounds was sesquiterpenes (47.6%) and the major compounds were trans-β-caryophyllene (14.7%), 1,8-cineole (11.7%) and ɣ-muurolene (5.6%). The antimicrobial activity was carried out by microdillution technique against eight fungi and eight bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 0.17 to 11.25 mg mL-1 for fungi, and from 1.40 to 16.87 mg mL-1 for bacteria. The highest activities were against fungi Aspergillus fumigatus (ATCC 1022), Aspergillus ochraceus (ATCC 12066), Aspergillus versicolor (ATCC 11730), and Trichoderma viride (IAM 5061), and bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Bacillus cereus (clinical isolate), and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) with potential to prevent foodborne diseases.

The endophytic fungi live inside plant tissues and do not develop any disease to their hosts. These microorganisms can produce bioactive compounds. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the leaf endophytic fungi microbiota from J. brandegeana using the culture-dependent method and multilocus sequence analysis. The endophyte's isolation was performed by the fragmentation method and the MLSA phylogeny was made using ITS, elongation factor 1-α, β-tubulin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and, actin genes. For the screening selection, agar piece test was performed and, amongst the strains, JB06 isolate was chosen for metabolic extraction from the fermented culture and the evaluation of the antibacterial, antioxidant, antiproliferative activities and, phenolic compounds assay. Through the MLSA analysis, there were five genera of fungi identified, with Colletotrichum the higher isolated. For the antioxidant assay using the fungal extract obtained from Mycoleptodiscus indicus (JB06), the best results were obtained with the ABTS method. Antiproliferative effects by the crude extract of the endophyte against the tumor hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2/C3A) were found. In summary, our findings revealed highly diverse endophytic fungi associated with J. brandegeana, with the bioprospection of the endophyte M. indicus with biotechnological potential for the health field.

Cereus hildmannianus is a cactus exhibiting morphological and physiological adaptation of its cladodes which ensuring growth in climatic and soil conditions unfavourable for many plant species. Currently, limited water resources and increasing demand for renewable energy make cacti a biomass source for the production of biofuels. Somaclones regenerated from callus in vitro can be a source of new raw material in useful plants. The objective of this work was to determine if the regenerated plants showing two different morphologies present polysaccharide composition different from the wild plant. Somaclones aqueous extraction shows the absence of soluble polysaccharides as mucilage. The alkaline extraction of in vivo cultivated plant showed the presence of starch, type I arabinogalactan, and arabinoxylan and the somaclones showed type I arabinogalactan and arabinoxylan in both morphologies. Hemicelluloses found in the somaclones are not different from in vivo cultivated plants, but somaclones not almost biosynthesize mucilage and starch.

The ectoparasite Rhipicephalus microplus has caused huge economic losses in livestock, and its synthetic chemical control resulted in acaricidal resistant ticks, environmental damages and residues ...

The development of more efficient and environmentally friendly analytical methods represents a current focus for the fine chemical industry. In particular, microscale methodologies that are free of solvents/reagents. The headspace-GC/MS (HS-GC) methodology was employed in this study as a tool for monitoring a biocatalysed reaction of (4S)-(+)-carvone using Phoma sp., a filamentous fungus from human skin. Biocatalysis provides some advantages, such as high efficiency, high degrees of regioselectivity, chemoselectivity, and enantioselectivity. In order to optimize the small scale biocatalytic reaction of the (4S)-(+)-carvone by the filamentous fungus Phoma sp. was used headspace GC/MS methodology, factorial design of experiments and the response surface methodology (RSM) was performed using the biomass of the fungus, substrate mass and pH as parameters. It was observed that for all reactions conditions tested, forming the products (1 R,4S)-dihydrocarvone and (1S,4S)-dihydrocarvone. The most influential factor was pH, with the highest conversion rate (>95%) and diastereomeric excess (d.e.) (>80%) obtained at pH 5.0. Thus, it was demonstrated that human skin Phoma sp. fungus showed significant bioreduction activity and that headspace GC/MS is an efficient approach for real-time monitoring the biocatalysed reactions.

This review presents the main aspects related to pharmacokinetic properties, which are essential for the efficacy and safety of drugs. This topic is very important because the analysis of pharmacokinetic aspects in the initial design stages of drug candidates can increase the chances of success for the entire process. In this scenario, experimental and in silico techniques have been widely used. Due to the difficulties encountered with the use of some experimental tests to determine pharmacokinetic properties, several in silico tools have been developed and have shown promising results. Therefore, in this review, we address the main free tools/servers that have been used in this area, as well as some cases of application. Finally, we present some studies that employ a multidisciplinary approach with synergy between in silico, in vitro, and in vivo techniques to assess ADME properties of bioactive substances, achieving successful results in drug discovery and design.

Piper methysticum G. Forst, popularly known as kava, is a traditional medicinal plant native from South Pacific islands and widely used to treat anxiety, depression and stress. The psychoactive properties are related to the kavalactones, mainly kavain.To evaluate the biopharmaceutical properties of synthetic kavain and when present in kava dried extracts by means of equilibrium solubility and intestinal permeability studies in the Caco-2 cell model.The equilibrium solubility of kavain was performed using a shake flask incubator at 37 °C in different media at physiological pH range (1.2-6.8). The intestinal permeability of kavain evaluated in Caco-2 cells in the presence and absence of the P-glycoprotein inhibitor verapamil. Kavain concentrations were determined by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).HPLC methods were developed and fully validated for kavain quantitation. Kavain demonstrated low solubility and the pH of the aqueous media did not affect its solubility. Kavain was found to be highly permeable and efflux of kavain mediated by P-glycoprotein was not significant during intestinal permeation.The results of biopharmaceutical studies provided useful information for predicting availability of kavain from the gastrointestinal tract and this compound was ranked as BCS Class II, exhibiting dissolution rate-limited absorption.

In this study, the effect of sucrose on the neutral lipid profile of adventitious root cultures of Stevia rebaudiana was evaluated. The cultures were obtained employing a roller bottle system. In this system, Schott-type flasks were used, which contained Murashige and Skoog liquid medium at 33.3% strength (MS/3) supplemented with 30, 60, and 80 g L-1 of sucrose, respectively, and 10.7 mM 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The spectroscopic analyzes showed that the portion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was highest in roots treated with 30 g L-1 of sucrose. The spectrometric analyzes showed that the palmitic acid was found to be present in relatively higher amounts in the roots submitted to the MS/3-30 g L-1 (31.9%) and MS/3-60 g L-1 (29.5%) sucrose treatments, and lower in the treatment with MS/3-80 g L-1 (28.8%) of sucrose. Also, the treatment using 30 g L-1 of sucrose was the best for obtaining unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) in the culture, with a relative percentage of 62.9%. Our results indicate that the MS medium that received 30 g L-1 of sucrose induced a lesser abiotic stress condition, which favored PUFAs production in the adventitious root cultures of S. rebaudiana. En este estudio, se evaluó el efecto de la sacarosa sobre el perfil de lípidos neutros de cultivos de raíces adventicias de Stevia rebaudiana. Los cultivos se obtuvieron utilizando un sistema de botella giratoria. En este sistema se utilizaron matraces tipo Schott (con tapón), que contenían medio líquido Murashige y Skoog al 33,3% de fuerza (MS/3) suplementado con 30, 60 y 80 g L-1 de sacarosa, respectivamente, y 10,7 mM ácido de 1-naftalenoacético (ANA). Los análisis espectroscópicos de los extractos de raíces mostraron que la porción de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGP) fue mayor en las raíces tratadas con 30 g L-1 de sacarosa. Los análisis espectrométricos mostraron que el ácido palmítico estaba presente en cantidades relativamente mayores en las raíces sometidas a los tratamientos con sacarosa MS/3-30 g L-1 (31.9%) y MS/3-60 g L-1 (29.5%), y menor en el tratamiento con MS/3-80 g L-1 (28,8%) de sacarosa. En el tratamiento con MS/3-80 g L-1 de sacarosa, el ácido esteárico fue el ácido graso predominante (56,8%). Además, el tratamiento con 30 g L-1 de sacarosa fue el mejor para la obtención de ácidos grasos insaturados (HUFA) en el cultivo, con un porcentaje relativo de 62,9%. Nuestros resultados indicaron que el medio MS que recibió 30 g L-1 de sacarosa indujo una condición de menor estrés abiótico, lo que favoreció la producción de HUFAs en los cultivos de raíces adventicias de S. rebaudiana. Neste estudo, o efeito da sacarose no perfil lipídico neutro de culturas de raízes adventícias de Stevia rebaudiana foi avaliado. As culturas foram obtidas usando um sistema de garrafa giratória. Neste sistema, foram utilizados frascos do tipo Schott que continham meio líquido de Murashige e Skoog de 33,3% de força (MS/3), suplementado com 30, 60 e 80 g L-1 de sacarose, respectivamente, e 10.7 mM de ácido 1-naftalenoacético (ANA). As análises espectroscópicas dos extratos das raízes demonstraram que a porção de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (AGPIs) foi mais alta nas raízes tratadas com 30 g L-1 de sacarose. As análises espectrométricas mostraram que o ácido palmítico estava presente em quantidades relativamente maiores nas raízes submetidas com tratamento de sacarose de MS/3-30 g L-1 (31.9%) e MS/3-60 g L-1 (29.5%), e em quantidades menores no tratamento de sacarose de MS/3-80 g L-1 (28.8%). No tratamento de sacarose de MS/3-80 g L-1, o ácidos esteárico foi o ácido graxo prevalente (56.8%). Além disso, o tratamento usando 30 g L-1 de sacarose foi o melhor para obtenção de ácidos graxos insaturados nas culturas com porcentagem relativa de 62,9%. Nossos resultados indicaram que o meio MS que recebeu 30 g L-1 de sacarose induziu uma condição de menor estresse abiótico o que favoreceu a produção de AGPIs nas culturas de raízes adventícias de S. rebaudiana.

Com o intuito de mitigar a posição desvantajosa da União Europeia no mercado das baterias de iões de lítio de veículos elétricos e o impacto ambiental futuro que o crescimento do mesmo implica, o presente trabalho pretende analisar a reutilização das mesmas em contexto habitacional. Para tal, foi utilizado o software Homer Pro, que permite facilmente definir e simular esquemas e componentes elétricos. Em todas as simulações efetuadas foi possibilitada a instalação de painéis fotovoltaicos e de 1 de 4 baterias definidas e estudadas, existindo também uma ligação à rede elétrica, de forma a garantir a satisfação do consumo fixado. De maneira a retirar conclusões vastas, relativas ao problema proposto, foram efetuados 4 grupos distintos de simulações: o 1º para garantir a viabilidade teórica da reutilização das baterias no contexto pretendido; o 2º para estudar a competitividade económica que esse processo terá em comparação às bateria vendidas originalmente para o contexto estudado, para o consumo elétrico médio de um agregado familiar em Portugal; o 3º grupo permitiu testar qual a influência da tarifa de venda de eletricidade à rede, na viabilidade económica do processo de reutilização; o 4º grupo para averiguar qual o efeito do aumento do consumo que, apesar de inicialmente estabelecido como o consumo elétrico médio de um agregado familiar em Portugal, neste grupo de simulações passa a valer o dobro, o quádruplo e o óctuplo desse valor. Deste estudo foi concluído que a viabilidade teórica do processo em questão é evidente, sendo a viabilidade prática limitada pelo custo por kWh das baterias reutilizadas. Ainda, concluiu-se que, apesar de limitada pelo custo por kWh das baterias reutilizadas, a viabilidade prática deste processo é favorecida pela aplicação destes equipamentos em sistemas com maior consumo elétrico associado. Quanto à influência da tarifa de venda de eletricidade à rede, a mesma verificou-se ser nula ou desprezável. Tendo em conta os resultados obtidos e as tendências observadas, com estas conclusões tiradas, a reutilização das baterias pode realmente ser um processo viável para responder aos problemas motivadores da elaboração deste trabalho. In order to mitigate the disadvantageous position of the European Union in the lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles market and the future environmental impact that its growth implies, this work intends to analyze their reuse in a household context. For this purpose, the Homer Pro software was used, which allows you to easily define and simulate electrical schematics and components. In all the simulations carried out, it was possible to install photovoltaic panels and 1 of the 4 batteries defined and studied, and there was also a connection to the electricity network, in order to guarantee the satisfaction of the defined consumption. In order to draw broad conclusions regarding the proposed problem, 4 different groups of simulations were carried out: the 1st to guarantee the theoretical feasibility of reusing the batteries in the intended context; the 2nd to study the economic competitiveness that this process will have compared to batteries originally sold for the context studied, for the average electrical consumption of a household in Portugal; the 3rd group allowed to test the influence of the electricity sale tariff to the grid on the economic viability of the reuse process; the 4th group to investigate the effect of the increase in consumption which, despite initially being established as the average electrical consumption of a household in Portugal, in this group of simulations becomes worth double, quadruple and eightfold of that value. From this study it was concluded that the theoretical feasibility of the process in question is evident, but the practical feasibility is limited by the cost per kWh of the reused batteries. Furthermore, it was concluded that, despite being limited by the cost per kWh of reused batteries, the practical feasibility of this process is favored by the application of this equipment in systems with higher associated electrical consumption. As for the influence of the electricity sale tariff to the grid, it was found to be null or negligible. Taking into account the results obtained and the trends observed, with these conclusions drawn, the reuse of batteries can really be a viable process to respond to the problems that motivated the elaboration of this work. Mestrado em Engenharia Mecânica

This study was to evaluate the biological activity of the extract of

Sao produzidos em media 76,3 milhoes de toneladas de residuos solidos urbanos por ano no Brasil. Cada pessoa gera em torno de um Kg de lixo por dia, sendo representada a maior parte por lixo orgânico. Um meio de evitar este desperdicio e o Aproveitamento Integral dos Alimentos (AIA). O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a composicao quimica das cascas das hortalicas visando o AIA, promovendo a sustentabilidade e a saude. Foram selecionados para o estudo os seguintes alimentos: Abobora Cabotian ( Cucurbita Maxima ), Abobora Paulista ( Cucurbita moschata ), Banana Prata ( Musa spp), Berinjela ( Solanum melongena ), Cenoura ( Daucus carota L.), Chuchu ( Sechium edule ), Jilo ( Solanum aethiopicum ), Pepino ( Cucumis sativus ), das quais foram separadas as cascas. Foram analisados Calcio, Potassio, Sodio, Ferro, Fosforo, Magnesio, Fibras, Vitamina A e Vitamina C provenientes das cascas, em seguida esses alimentos foram classificados em fontes ou alto conteudo de nutrientes. Em todos os alimentos estudados foram encontradas quantidades importantes de minerais, sendo que a vitamina C variou entre 2,1 - 8,8 mg/100g de alimento, onde a abobora cabotian apresentou a maior quantidade, classificada como fonte. Ja a Vitamina A foi de 5 - 833 μ g/100 g de alimento, a cenoura apresentou a maior quantidade, sendo classificada como alto conteudo. Assim, conclui-se que atraves das analises quimicas, as cascas dos alimentos apresentaram bons teores de vitaminas e minerais, sendo considerada uma fonte alternativa de nutrientes, promovendo o AIA, evitando desperdicios, podendo assim, auxiliar no tratamento e prevencao de doencas e visando na promocao da saude.

Brazil has one of the largest commercial cattle herds in the world, which naturally coexist with an enormous number of parasitic species. Southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, is among these species, interfering with animal productivity and causing losses to the beef and dairy cattle sector. The use of chemical acaricides in the control of this mite has resulted in the emergence of resistant populations. In this sense, alternative control measures using plants as sources of botanical acaricides have shown to be effective. Eugenia pyriformis Cambess is a Brazilian plant with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity; however, there are no reports on its acaricidal activity in the literature. The present study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal and larvicidal potential of E. pyriformis leaf essential oil (EO) on southern cattle tick at different stages of the reproductive cycle. E. pyriformis leaves were collected and dried, and had their EO extracted by hydrodistillation (3h) using a modified Clevenger apparatus. Chemical analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and 32 compounds belonging to the sesquiterpene class were identified: hydrocarbons (17.98%) and oxygenated forms (81.96%), with spathulenol (43.65%) and caryophyllene oxide (12.17%) as the most common. The EO was evaluated by the Adult Immersion Test at the concentrations (500.00 to 3.12mg/mL) in which the following parameters were measured: mortality of females (%), hatchability of eggs (%), and product efficiency (%). Larvae were assessed by the Larval Packet Test at concentrations ranging from 25.00 to 0.00004mg/mL. Lethal concentrations (LC) required for killing 50 and 99.9% of adult females and larvae were determined using Probit analysis. LC50 and LC99.9 of EO were 0.06 and 24.60mg/mL and 1,208.80 and 2,538mg/mL for larvae and adult females, respectively. Action of the EO in the free-living cycle of R. (B.) microplus larvae was another parameter assessed. To this end, the larvae were deposited in pots containing Brachiaria decumbens and, after migration to the leaf apex, a solution containing LC99.9 (24.60mg/mL) of the EO was sprayed. After 24h, 72.25% of the larvae had died, indicating stability of the EO when subjected to uncontrolled temperature and humidity conditions. The mechanism of action through which the EO killed the larvae and adult females was investigated by the Bioautographic Method, which showed inhibition of 3.15mg/mL of the EO on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. The results found in the present experiment indicate that E. pyriformis essential oil is an alternative in the control of southern cattle tick in the larval (parasitic) and free-living cycle (non-parasitic) stages under field conditions. RESUMO: O Brasil dispõe de um dos maiores rebanhos bovinos comerciais do mundo, sendo natural que junto a esse rebanho, coexista uma enorme quantidade de espécies parasitárias; dentre estes o carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus que interfere na produtividade animal, causando prejuízos à pecuária de corte e leite. A utilização de acaricidas químicos no controle deste ácaro tem causado o surgimento de populações resistentes e neste sentido, controles alternativos utilizando plantas como fontes de acaricidas botânicos têm se mostrado eficazes. Eugenia pyriformis Cambess é uma planta brasileira com atividades antioxidante e antimicrobiana, entretanto não há relatos da atividade acaricida. O objetivo do presente estudo consistiu na avaliação do potencial acaricida e larvicida do óleo essencial das folhas de E. pyriformis sobre o carrapato bovino nos diferentes estágios do ciclo reprodutivo. As folhas foram coletadas, secas e o OE extraído por hidrodestilação (3 horas) em aparelho Clevenger modificado. A análise química foi realizada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG/EM) sendo identificados 32 compostos, pertencentes à classe sesquiterpenos: hidrocarbonetos (17.98%) e oxigenados (81.96%); tendo como majoritários o spathulenol (43,65%) e caryophylene oxide (12,17%). O OE foi avaliado pelo teste de imersão de adultos nas concentrações (500,00 a 3,12mg/mL) onde foram mensurados os parâmetros: mortalidade das fêmeas (%), eclodibilidade dos ovos (%) e eficiência do produto (%). As larvas foram avaliadas pelo teste de imersão larval (Larval Packet Test) nas concentrações que variaram de 25,00 a 0,00004mg/mL. Foram determinadas as concentrações letais (CLs) necessárias para matar 50 e 99,9% das fêmeas adultas e das larvas utilizando a análise de Probitos. As CL50 e CL99,9 do OE foram (0,06 e 24,60mg/mL) para as larvas e (1.208,80 e 2.538mg/mL) para as fêmeas adultas, respectivamente. Outro parâmetro avaliado em nossa pesquisa foi mensurar a ação do OE no ciclo de vida livre das larvas de R.(B.) microplus; onde as larvas foram depositadas em vasos com Brachiaria decumbens e após migração destas para o ápice das folhas, foi aspergido solução contendo a CL99,9 (24,60mg/mL) do OE. Após 24 horas, 72,25% das larvas morreram indicando que houve estabilidade do OE quando submetido a condições de temperatura e umidade não controladas. O mecanismo de ação pelo qual o OE matou as larvas e fêmeas adultas foi investigado pelo método bioautográfico, indicando uma inibição de 3,15mg/mL do óleo essencial sobre a enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE). Os resultados encontrados no presente experimento indicaram que o óleo essencial de E. pyriformis é uma alternativa no controle do carrapato bovino no estágio larval (parasitário) e no ciclo de vida livre (estágio não parasitário) em condições de campo.

Bovine tick has caused losses in livestock production profitability in Brazil. However, tick control has caused resistance of these ectoparasites against utilized acaricides. Alternative tick controls have been utilizing plants as sources of effective botanical acaricides. Brunfelsia uniflora is a Brazilian plant with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity; however, there are no reports on its acaricidal activity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of B. uniflora leaf ethanolic extract and its efficiency to control bovine tick in vitro and free-living stage ex situ. The crude leaf extract was analyzed by gas chromatographer coupled to mass spectrometer (GC-MS) with identification of 17 compounds. The major compounds were phytol (22.96%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester (Z,Z,Z) (21.18%), hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (12.74%) and vitamin E (8.77%). The crude extract presented acaricidal activity in vitro against ingurgitated adult females, larvae and eggs of bovine tick. The LC99.9 for larvae was 103.21 mg mL-1 in in vitro tests and was 100% efficient for ex situ larva test (free-living stage). B. uniflora leaf extract is an alternative for the control of the bovine tick cycle, mainly in the free-living stage (non-parasitic stage) under field conditions.

O Rio do Campo é responsável por 80% do abastecimento público do município de Campo Mourão (PR). Sua área compreende, aproximadamente, 170km². O uso do solo no entorno da bacia é predominado pela agricultura, com culturas anuais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a qualidade da água por meio dos parâmetros físicos, químicos, microbiológicos e determinação dos índices de qualidade da água (IQA) e estado trófico (IET), da bacia do rio do Campo, além da identificação e quantificação de agroquímicos por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG/EM). Foram selecionados 3 pontos de coleta a montante da captação, um ponto no perímetro urbano e dois a jusante. Os resultados obtidos nas análises físico, químico, microbiológico, DBO, nitrogênio e fósforo totais, classificou a água bruta do rio do Campo (na extensão analisada) em função do IQA como ruim e IET como mesotrófico. As análises de 29 agroquímicos por CG/EM, para as amostras de águas coletadas nos seis pontos, mostraram a presença desses analitos em 16 amostras das 30 analisadas, sendo que 17 agroquímicos foram detectados abaixo da faixa de concentração mínima 0,01μg/L-1 (Alaclor, Aldrin, Atrazina, Clordano, DDD, DDE, DDT, Diedrin, Endrin, Endossulfan α, Endossulfan β, Heptacloro, Heptacloro epóxido, Lindano, Metalocloro, Pendimetalina e Permetrina) e 10 quantificados (Aldrin, DDD, DDE, Diedrin, Endossulfan α, Endrin, Heptacloro, Heptacloro epóxido, Metalocloro e Permetrina). A presença destes agroquímicos na bacia do rio do Campo podem comprometer a vida aquática e afetar a saúde humana, uma vez que estes compostos são considerados poluentes orgânicos persistentes com elevado tempo de degradação. Assim, um monitoramento frequente da qualidade da água e das atividades desenvolvidas no entorno devem ser realizadas, para possibilitar maior conservação hídrica.

Alpha-Bisabolol is an optically active sesquiterpene applied in various commercial products and obtained at high concentration in essential oil extracted from candeia (Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) Macleish) wood. In this study, the non-conventional pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) methods were employed to evaluate candeia oil quality in terms of yield and α-bisabolol content in comparison with Soxhlet and hydrodistillation techniques. The extractions with n-hexane, ethanol, and ethyl acetate (Soxhlet and PLE) showed the affinity of the compounds for polar solvents and the positive effect of temperature on the yield. However, the highest purity in terms of α-bisabolol was obtained with the apolar solvent n-hexane (up to 64.23%). Besides the α-bisabolol, α-bisabolol B, and isovaleric acid were found in the composition of the essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation, while the oil extracted with n-hexane also presented the sesquiterpenes eremanthin and costunolide. The UAE was performed using a Box-Behnken experimental design to evaluate the effect of the variables temperature, volume of n-hexane to wood mass ratio, and amplitude percentage on the yield of oil. In 7 min of extraction, up to 83% of the yield obtained in the conventional technique in Soxhlet (360 min) were obtained, with a solvent volume 2.5 times smaller, as well as a high yield of α-bisabolol (up to 8.90 gα-bisabolol kgwood−1).