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Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1. Subgroup analysis of the case-crossover design by CCI (0–1, 2–4, 5 or more). Supplementary Table 2. Sensitivity analysis of the case-crossover design with an additional washout period (control periods: 120–180 and 240–300 days prior to the index date).

본 연구는 병원 교육전담간호사가 신규간호사 교육 경험을 통해 인지한 필수 간호술기와 간호학 실습교육의 개선방안에 대해 포커스 그룹 인터뷰와 설문조사의 혼합연구방법을 이용하여 탐색하였다. 총 119개의 간호술기 중에서 교육전담간호사 전원이 매우 중요하다고 평가한 간호술기가 23개였다. 또한 교육전담간호사들은 신규간호사가 실무적응의 어려움을 보이는 원인을 무균술을 포함한 기본 원칙의 준수와 조작의 미숙, 대상자 상황 이해의 어려움, 낯선 상황에서의 미숙한 대처, 간호사로서 태도의 미흡으로 인식하고 있었다. 신규간호사의 임상실무역량을 높이기 위해서는 간호교육에서 간호전문직 의식을 고취시키기 위한 사고력 증진 교육 강화와 더불어 임상실무 역량을 향상시키기 위한 임상 실습의 교육 체계 개선과 프로그램 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구의 결과는 향후 임상의 요구와 대학의 현실을 반영하는 실습내용과 방법을 구성하는데 있어 유용한 기준으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대 한다.

Background Previous randomized trials of vitamin C, hydrocortisone, and thiamine on sepsis were limited by short-term vitamin C administration, heterogeneous populations, and the failure to evaluate each component’s effect. The purpose of this study was to determine whether vitamin C alone for ≥ 5 days or in combination with corticosteroids and/or thiamine was associated with decreased mortality across the sepsis population and subpopulation. Methods Nationwide population-based study conducted using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. A total of 384,282 adult patients with sepsis who were admitted to the intensive care unit were enrolled from January 2017 to December 2019. The primary outcome was hospital mortality, while the key secondary outcome was 90-day mortality. Results The mean [standard deviation] age was 69.0 [15.4] years; 57% were male; and 36,327 (9%) and 347,955 did and did not receive vitamin C, respectively. After propensity score matching, each group involved 36,327 patients. The hospital mortality was lower by − 0.9% in the treatment group (17.1% vs 18.0%; 95% confidence interval, − 1.3 to − 0.5%; p p Conclusions Intravenous vitamin C of ≥ 5 days was significantly associated with decreased hospital and 90-day mortality in sepsis patients. Vitamin C combined with corticosteroids and/or thiamine in specific sepsis subgroups warrants further study.

Additional file 1: Appendix 1. ICD-10 codes used for identification of infectious condition.

Additional file 2: Table S1. ICD-10-based classification of organ dysfunction. Table S2. Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes and charge codes for intravenous vitamin C, corticosteroids, and thiamine. Table S3. ICD-10 codes for different sites of infection. Table S4. Baseline patient characteristics in the unmatched cohort. Table S5. Primary and secondary outcomes according to ICU length of stay. Table S6. Secondary outcomes of patients who survived to hospital discharge. Table S7. Risk factors for hospital mortality. Table S8. Primary and secondary outcomes according to vitamin C duration. Table S9. Primary and secondary outcomes in patients who received vitamin C for ��� 5 days and in matched controls. Table S10. Primary and secondary outcomes according to ICU length of stay in patients who received vitamin C for ��� 5 days and in matched controls. Table S11. Primary and secondary outcomes by subpopulations. Table S12. Primary and secondary outcomes by subpopulation in patients who received vitamin C for ��� 5 days and in matched controls.

Additional file 3: Fig. S1. Survival from hospital admission to day 90 by subpopulations. Fig. S2. Survival from hospital admission to day 90 by sepsis subpopulations among patients who received vitamin C for ���5 days and matched controls. Fig. S3. Association between vitamin C monotherapy and hospital mortality compared with in combination with corticosteroids and/or thiamine in the sepsis subpopulations.

Additional file 2: Outcomes of the rapid response system activations based on the Charlson commodify index.

Additional file 1: Outcomes of the rapid response system activations based on the modified early warning score.

Background Immunotherapy is a new paradigm for the treatment of non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and targeting the PD‐1 or PD‐L1 pathway is a promising therapeutic option. Although PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors are more effective than standard chemotherapy in lung cancer, clinicians are afraid to actively use them because of hyperprogression and pseudoprogression. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors associated with tumor response and serious outcomes. Methods We retrospectively collected the medical records of 51 patients with advanced NSCLC who received PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors between January 2016 and February 2018. Results The mean patient age was 63.9 years, and 72.5% (37/51) were male. Most (92.2%, 47/51) had received previous systemic treatment. The overall response rate was 21.6% (11/51). The response rate was significantly lower in patients with pleural or pericardial metastasis than in patients without pleural or pericardial metastasis (4.3% vs. 35.7%; P = 0.007). Patients with pleural or pericardial metastasis had a significantly higher rate of adverse events of any grade (91.3% vs. 50.0%; P = 0.002) and grade 3–5 adverse events (52.2% vs. 25.0%; P = 0.046). Conclusion Pleural or pericardial metastasis is a significant factor affecting the efficacy and rate of adverse events in advanced NSCLC patients treated with PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors. Clinicians should pay attention to the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer patients with pleural or pericardial metastasis.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Study design. Table S1. Factors for early opioid use compared with opioid non-use in knee OA patients, Table S2. Factors associated with early opioid use compared with opioid non-use in knee OA patients without malignancies*, Table S3. Factors associated with regular opioid use (MPR â Ľ75%) compared with opioid non-use in knee OA patients*.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Sensitivity analysis for association between baseline BMI (2002–2003) and asthma incidence according to various lag time by sex. This analysis was performed to confirm the similarity of the associations between the risk factors and asthma when using different start dates.

In a simulation study evaluating the residual effects of taking a single night-time dose of hypnotics among health individuals on collision anticipation capacities in the next morning, investigators found no residual effect by having taken a capsule of zolpidem. In a real world, however, zolpidem is frequently consumed not only by sleep disorder patients without any other comorbidities, but also patients with multiple chronic diseases. A post-marketing study of zolpidem revealed the incidence of the residual daytime sedation being 3.7%, which was reported to be unlikely based on various experimental circumstances with selected participants demonstrating negligible impairments. In fact, several studies with real world settings have reported positive relationship between the zolpidem and the traffic accident. while evidence among Asian population is scant. Recent analysis of national health insurance data of Taiwan showed use of zolpidem at night of the previous day might be associated with an increased risk of motor vehicle collision (MVC) related hospitalization. The study used 1 million patient sample data of whole Taiwan population to identified hospitalized drivers with MVCs and prescription record of the zolpidem before the hospitalization. However, the inclusion of MVC leading to only hospitalization might have led to underrepresentation of fatal cases that had no admission record. Moreover, the study was limited by lack of control for important confounders, because no information on detailed context of MVCs or alcohol consumptions was available. We aimed to evaluate the risk of fatal MVCs by use of zolpidem considering the context of the MVCs.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of profess or trust on academic self-efficacy of nursing students. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used for this study. The collected data from 287 nursing students (junior 183, senior 104) were analyzed with t-test, ANOVA, scheffe 's test, pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression on SPSS Win 19.0. Results: The more professor trust nursing students had, the higher academic self-efficacy they showed. The factor of professor trust that influenced on academic self-effi cacy was teaching. Academic score, reasons for selecting nursing, nursing major satisfaction, and teaching were significant predictors to explain academic self-efficacy (20.8%). Conclusion: The results suggest that professors have an interest in the stu dents from the time of admission and must do the best in student teaching for improving academic self-efficacy.

An experiment tested whether groups lie more than individuals. Groups lied more than individuals when deception was guaranteed to maximize economic outcomes, but lied relatively less than individuals when honesty could be used strategically. These results suggest that groups are more strategic than individuals in that they will adopt whatever course of action best serves their economic interest.