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Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites have become widely used in the last few years. Environmental concerns have forced academics to focus on developing "green composites," which has led to an increase in the usage of jute fiber as reinforcement. This review article seeks to give a thorough analysis of the most effective and widely used natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites (NFPC). It also provides a summary of distinct qualities and their uses in various sectors. The jute fiber composites involving basic types of polymer-based composites and their mechanical properties were reported. The uses of NFPCs were constrained by a variety of shortcomings, including higher water absorption, less fire resistance, and lower mechanical properties.The applications of NFPCs in the building, packaging, automobile, aerospace and sports industries were also investigated. As a result of their low cost, low density, rigidity, accessibilityand low production energy, jute fiber-reinforced composites offer an advantage.

Concrete is a widely utilized construction material globally; however, it is characterized by a fundamental deficiency in its tensile strength when it is not reinforced. The incorporation of diverse novel materials into concrete is being pursued with the aim of mitigating its limitations while concurrently enhancing its reliability and sustainability. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that concrete embodies a significant quantity of carbon. The primary cause of this phenomenon can be attributed to the utilization of cement as the principal binding component in concrete. Recent advancements in research have indicated that jute fiber, commonly referred to as JF, exhibits considerable potential as a novel material for enhancing the mechanical robustness of concrete. Although there is a significant body of literature on the application of jute fiber in concrete, there has been a dearth of research on the capacity of jute fiber (JF) to improve the mechanical strength of concrete and mitigate its carbon emissions. This study aims to cover a gap in the existing literature by analyzing and enhancing the application of JF in relation to its mechanical properties and environmental impact. The study involved conducting experiments wherein JF was added at varying weight percentages, specifically at 0%, 0.10%, 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75%. The investigation encompassed a number of examinations of both the fresh and hardened states of concrete, in addition to assessments of its durability. The fresh concrete tests included the slump test, while the hardened concrete tests involved measuring compressive strength (CS), split tensile strength (STS), and flexural strength (FS). Additionally, the durability tests focused on water absorption (WA). The study involved the computation of embodied carbon (EC) ratios for various mix combinations. The findings suggest that incorporating JF into concrete results in a decrease in environmental impact relative to alternative fiber types, as demonstrated by a rise in eco-strength efficiency (ESE). Based on the findings of the conducted tests, an optimal proportion of 0.10% JF has been determined to be conducive to enhancing the CS, STS, and FS by 6.77%, 6.91%, and 9.63%, respectively. The aforementioned deduction can be inferred from the results of the examinations. Using data obtained from extensive experimentation, the RSM (Response Surface Methodology) was used to construct a model. The model was optimized, resulting in the establishment of definitive equations that can be used to evaluate the effects of incorporating JF into concrete. Potential benefits have been identified for the advancement of concrete in the future through the utilization of JF.

En aquest projecte s’ha estudiat un tractament de deslignificació a una planta pilot de tres tipus de sacs de jute diferents, obtinguts a partir de la importació del cafè al port de Barcelona, per a l’obtenció de fils a partir de mescles amb liocel. Per al procés químic, s’ha fet un estudi per la utilització d’un agent segrestant que ha permès fer els tractaments dels sacs de jute amb hidròxid sòdic, amb peròxid d’hidrogen i la neutralització final amb aigua de xarxa urbana. S’ha utilitzat una planta pilot per a deslignificar els sacs de jute i, mitjançant espectrofotometria FTIR-ATR s’ha demostrat la disminució de la quantitat de lignina i hemicel·lulosa. La matèria tractada ha estat desfibrada i s’han preparat quatre fils diferents, 100% liocel (CLY) i tres fils de barreja liocel/jute (CLY/JU) amb una composició igual (75% CLY 25% JU ), on la variable és el tipus de jute utilitzat (Vietnam, Ruanda i Hondures). Els fils han estat caracteritzats mitjançant dinamometria donant resultats que, encara que inferiors a les de liocel 100% tenen valors òptims per a la seva utilització. S’ha determinat la composició final dels fils ja que, durant el procés, hi ha hagut pèrdues considerables. La composició final dels fils determinada tant per les pèrdues mecàniques, com químicament és de 82/18 CLY/JU i 83/17 CLY/JU, respectivament. Finalment, l’anàlisi del tacte dels teixits obtinguts amb aquests fils ha resultat que la mostra amb jute de Ruanda té la pitjor suavitat de totes les mostres, seguida per la mostra amb jute d’Hondures i, tenint un tacte similar però lleugerament inferior a les mostres de 100% CLY, es troba el teixit realitzat amb el jute de Vietnam

Micaceous soils are common in many tropical countries and regions, and in some locations with moderate climate. The soils are spongy and unstable when loaded and are not considered suitable as construction material in earth structures. To resolve the issue, this work examined performance of micaceous soil reinforced with a combination of jute fibers, hydrated lime or slag-lime. A total of 28 sample sets were prepared at various dosages. Unconfined compression tests were conducted on the samples cured for 7 d and 28 d, respectively. The test results suggested that the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and material stiffness were increased with the inclusion of up to 1% fiber and decreased if additional fibers were used. The ductility was improved consistently with up to 1.5% fiber content. The inclusions of fibers combined with hydrated lime or slag-lime further enhanced strength and stiffness of micaceous soil, and the improvement depended on the dosages used. For the dosages examined, jute fibers outweighed lime and slag in gaining ductility, and the optimal fiber content was 1% where strength and ductility were considered.

The release of GHG, radioactive metals and other chemicals is detrimental to the environmental impact of cement manufacturing. The use of natural pozzolan (raw rice husk) as a partial substitute of cement in concrete may not only serve to increase compressive strength but also be environmentally sustainable. This paper manages the idea of utilizing Rice Husk as a partial substitution of cement and non-metallic natural fibers (Jute fiber) in concrete to develop an FRC material to study the possible improvement in the 28-day strength and also to reduce the plastic shrinkage crack. Different compositions of 13mm jute fiber (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) and Rice Husk (5%, 10%, and 15%) were added to concrete with a water-cement ratio of 0.38 in this study. It depicts that the compressive strength improves by up to 2.03% relative to plain concrete after using both jute fibers and rice husk. Further addition of fiber and rice husk prompts a diminishing pattern in strength as the two substances increased, the compressive strength gets diminished, causing low workability of concrete. Moreover, Shrinkage tests were performed to assess the existence of shrinkage cracks; it indicates that when applying jute fiber, the shrinkage crack region decreases. The optimum content of jute fiber is 0.2% (13mm) and rice husk is 10% for the maximum increment of compressive strength. However, the incorporation of 0.3% jute fibers with 13 mm length was found to be very effective in suppressing shrinkage cracks to near zero

Natural fibers such as jute, cotton, and bamboo composites are becoming alternative materials to synthetic fiber composites, as their use raises awareness of environmental protection. Among natural fibers, jute and cotton fibers were used in this research to fabricate six-layered composites reinforced by spent tea leaves. Varying amounts (0, 5, 10, and 15 g) of spent tea leaf powder were incorporated as reinforcement with resin to improve and observe properties and determine usability. The prepared composites were investigated comparatively in terms of mechanical, microstructural, morphological, and thermal properties. As regards mechanical characterization, tensile, compression, and bending properties were tested in this research to compare the obtained data with the data available in the literature to show its practical application. The results indicated that significant improvements in mechanical properties were obtained from the composites up to a certain proportion of reinforcement. The addition of 10 g reinforcement of spent tea leaves improved tensile strength by 33.46% and compressive strength by 38.86%. In terms of microstructural, morphological, and thermal characterization, in-depth SEM, EDS, XRD, UV, FTIR, TGA, and DSC analyses were performed. The results revealed that advanced microstructural, morphological, and thermal properties were improved with a certain proportion of spent tea leaf reinforcement.

Natural fiber composite is the novel materials in recent decades having a high strength to weight ratio and light in weight are widely used for structural and unstructured applications. Jute fiber is one of the most common biodegradable natural fibers which successfully replaced the synthetic fibers composite and also replaced glass fiber where the high strength is not obliged. Jute is grown in tropical countries and is one of the strongest bast fibers with low cost. Jute fiber composite has several attractive advantages over synthetic and glass fiber like as low processing cost, low density, stiffness and excellent mechanical properties. This advantage makes the jute a very attractive reinforced fiber for composites and increased attention in construction, automotive, aerospace and many others. This paper presented an overview on different jute fiber reinforced based polymer composites with mechanical characterization and their applications. The jute composites involving various thermoset, thermoplastics polymers, bio-based resins, jute hybrid composites and their mechanical properties are elucidated.

Hypothesis: Fiber metal laminates (FMLs) are made up of fibrous composites layers and metal sheets that are stacked alternatively and joined together with polymeric resin. The purpose of this study is to investigate the flexural properties of environmental friendly and cost-effective fiber metal laminates. In recent decades, natural fiber composites have become popular due to their recyclability, renewability and low cost, and their applications in various industries are growing. Combining natural composites with aluminum layers and manufacturing fiber metal laminates led to improved mechanical properties and increased resistance to environmental factors such as moisture, heat and sunlight.Methods: Jute fiber-based fiber metal laminates and composites containing jute fibers were made using epoxy and vinyl ester resins by hand lay-up method. The flexural properties of composites and fiber metal laminates were investigated using a three-point bending test. After performing mechanical tests, scanning electron microscopy images were prepared to check the fracture surface. For comparison, similar samples were made and tested using glass fibers.Findings: The results of the tests showed that the use of aluminum layers along with composites containing jute fibers increases the flexural modulus and the ultimate strength of the samples. Samples made with vinyl ester resin had better bending properties than epoxy matrix composites due to proper bonding between jute fibers and vinyl ester. The vinyl ester resin could penetrate into the void space inside the jute fibers. In addition, scanning electron microscopy images showed that due to the rough surface and special form of jute fibers, better adhesion was created between the jute fibers with vinyl ester resin and epoxy in comparison with glass fibers.

In this study, effects of natural fiber reinforcement on mechanical properties of polyolefin based hybrid composites widely used different industrial areas were investigated. in this context, jute - PP composites having different jute ratios are produced in twin screw extruder on first stage of production. in the second stage, the films are produced at 450 µm thickness of PP material with different jute ratios are placed between HDPE (S 0464) plates with a thickness of 1 mm and are pressed under a pressure of 8.163 bar and temperature of 190 °C and consequently hybrid polyolefin composite sheets are obtained. the improvement of mechanical strength of hybrid composite material is realized 8.6 % ratio as 18.41 MPa in 5% jute reinforced hybrid composite. As a result of FTIR characterization, it is observed that the interface agents affecting the mechanical strength positively are significant. When SEM analysis of fracture surfaces formed after tensile test is performed, it is determined that an effective interface is formed between the fiber and the polymer, wheras the fibers that change direction due to production methods adversely affected the mechanical strength.

Chopped jute fiber (JF) surfaces were modified using alkaline, silane and eco-grade epoxy resin. Surface characteristics of jute fibers were confirmed by FTIR and EDX analyses. JF filled polyurethane elastomer (TPU) composites were prepared via extrusion process. The effect of surface modifications of JF on mechanical, thermo-mechanical, melt-flow, water uptake and morphological properties of TPU-based eco-composites were investigated by tensile and hardness tests, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), melt flow index (MFI) test, water absorption measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques, respectively. Mechanical test results showed that silane and epoxy treated JF additions led to increase in tensile strength, modulus and hardness of TPU. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of TPU rose up to higher values after JF inclusions regardless of treatment type. Si-JF filled TPU exhibited the lowest water absorption among composites. Surface treated JFs displayed homogeneous dispersion into TPU and their surface were covered by TPU according to SEM micro-photographs.

For the last twenty to thirty years, interest in the use of hybrid fiber-reinforced composites has gradually increased due to their potential for various applications. The balanced strength and stiffness properties of hybrid composites, along with the advantages of lighter weight and lower cost, have made them an important step toward replacing traditional materials. In this study, a hybrid composite was made from a combination of Jute fabric from natural fibers, Aramid fabric from synthetic fibers, and two different resins (polyester and vinylester). This type of study was proposed because there is little research in the literature on how the use of polyester and vinyl ester resins affects the mechanical properties of homogeneous composites and hybrid composites. The vacuum assisted resin transfer molding process was used for the fabrication. The mechanical properties of the manufactured products were determined by tensile and hardness tests, and their morphological structures were examined by taking scanning electron microscope images. The results indicate that the value of tensile strength of the Jute/Aramid hybrid samples in the productions prepared with polyester resin is 37.6% higher than in those made with vinyl ester resin. When comparing the values for microhardness, the results of the Jute/Aramid hybrid specimens produced with polyester resin were 1.20 times higher than those produced with vinyl ester resin. Scanning Electron Microscopy images of the specimens also support the test results morphologically by providing the opportunity to examine the structures of the fracture mechanisms after the tensile test.

Nowadays, researchers are striving forward to find an alternative sustainable material for harmful man-made fibers. In line with this, natural fibers are more recommended as sustainable reinforcements because of their specific properties suited for diverse applications. The present work deals with the inclusive characterization of thermal, mechanical and microstructural properties of alkali treated jute fiber polymer composites with special emphasis on fiber length. Composite samples are fabricated via compression molding technique by a constant weight proportion of 60 ​wt% isopthalic polyester (IP) and 40 ​wt% chopped alkali treated jute fiber (ATJF) of various lengths (5 ​mm, 10 ​mm, 15 ​mm, 20 ​mm and 25 ​mm). The mechanical performance of fabricated composites is assessed by doing tensile, impact and flexural tests and found better composite properties for 20 ​mm fiber length. Also, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) as well as Differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTA) confirmed better thermal stability (approx. 280 ​°C) for the fabricated composite. In addition, the Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) describes the functional groups, estimated average grain size 13.0789675 ​Å and morphological features of developed composites respectively. As a result, the above assessment promotes a better impact to polymer industries by employing the fabricated sustainable composites in divergent lightweight and high strength applications.

In this study, we synthesized a SiO2-APTES core-shell microsphere (Si-NH2-MS) flame retarding material (FRM) as a heat shielding layer on natural fabrics, such as jute, cotton, and flax(cellulose) fibers. This integration was made to improve the flame retardancy property of pure jute, pure cotton, and pure flax fibers by dip-coating deposition of charged anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes to create thin multilayer coatings on the surface of the fabrics via electrostatic interactions. Additionally, through interionic interactions, a strong gluing mechanism occurs between the fabric surface and Si-NH2-MS. Pure jute, pure cotton, and pure flax burned completely within 14, 12, and 10 s, respectively, whereas 2 wt% Si-NH2-MS treated jute, cotton, and flax fibers showed delayed burning times of 21, 18, and 15 s, respectively. Furthermore, 5 wt% Si-NH2-MS treated jute, cotton, and flax fibers showed delayed burning times of 48, 41, and 23 s, respectively, due to the thermal insulation layers developed by the proposed Si-NH2-MS, which were coated uniformly on the surface of the fibers with the help of covalent bonds. Moreover, ignition resistance and self-extinguishing competencies have been observed on fabrics coated with 5 wt% of Si-NH2-MS, which could be a great advantage for indoor fire quenching applications.

This work investigated the effect of superheated steam (SHS) jute fiber and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) having a weight proportion of 30:70 which were synthesized using the melt blending method. The goal of this treatment was to boost up the fiber-polymer interfacial linkage. The action was conducted in a superheated steam oven at various times (30–120 min) and temperatures (170–220 °C). The biocomposites were assessed in terms of mechanical characteristics, dimensional stability and morphological properties. Compared to different treatment temperatures, the results showed that treatment at 210 °C for 60 min offered the best tensile characteristics. Because of the presence of SHS-Jute, the tensile, impact, bending and dimensional stability of the bio-composites have been improved. The FTIR and SEM study revealed progress in the interfacial linkage between SHS-Jute and PLA. This interfacial link improves the bending strength of SHS-Jute-PLA biocomposites by about 15.64%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigation also showed an elevation in the crystalline structure with the incorporation of SHS-Jute. The degradation tests of the biocomposite were carried out in deionized water. SHS treatment reduces hemicellulose contents in jute fiber which causes water uptake% reduction is 54% in SHS-Jute-PLA. The SHS-Jute-PLA biocomposite appeared with promising characteristics for utilization as a green and ecological substitute particle board material.

Cellulose-fiber-reinforced plain weave composites absorb lots of water from humid environments because of their inherent susceptibility to moisture. Moisture absorption experiments with cellulose fiber plain weave composites have been reported by some researchers, however, few theoretical studies have been performed to date to predict their moisture diffusion behavior. In this paper, the moisture diffusion behavior of cellulose-fiber-reinforced plain weave composite is predicted using a novel superposition method considering its microweave pattern. The overall moisture uptake of the composite is treated as moisture absorption superposition of the fiber bundles part, resin part, undulated fiber bundles and resin-rich part in the unit cell. The moisture diffusion of the undulated fiber bundles and resin-rich part is more complicated than the other parts, thus, a solution for a unique three-phase diffusion problem is used to solve this special moisture diffusion issue. Both finite element analysis and experiments are carried out to validate the proposed approach, with the results showing that the predictions can effectively characterize the moisture diffusion behavior of cellulose-fiber-reinforced plain weave composites.

Jute is the golden fiber of Bangladesh, but its production is declining due to the involvement of higher production and processing costs, where a major portion of the cost is needed for fiber extraction. Labor unavailability and increasing labor cost have led to higher jute fiber production cost. To address these issues, this study looks at the development of a power-operated and cost-effective fiber extraction machine aiming at reducing the production cost. The study was conducted at the Rangpur regional office premises of Practical Action in Bangladesh, and the developed machine was branded as “Aashkol”, which had the following major parts: a feeding tray, a primary extraction roller, a secondary extraction roller, grabbing rollers, fiber collection stand, base frame, protection cover, and a spring-loaded tray under the primary extraction roller. The Aashkol can extract green ribbon from the jute stem, but jute sticks were broken down into smaller pieces (3–6 cm). The performance evaluation of the machine was conducted using different types of jute (Deshi, Kenaf, and Tossa) and compared with another jute extraction machine (KP model, introduced by Karupannya Rangpur Ltd.). The Aashkol-based extraction and improved retting systems were also evaluated and compared with traditional jute extraction systems. The jute stem input capacity (4.99 t h−1) of the Aashkol was 47.6% higher than the KP model (3.38 t h−1). Compared with the traditional system, across jute types, the Aashkol produced a 9% higher fiber yield and saved 46% retting time. Overall, the Aashkol reduced 90% of the labor requirement and saved 11.6 USD t−1 in jute fiber extraction and retting than the traditional method.

Polymer-based composites have an exceptional perspective to replace traditional structural materials like steel and aluminium, owing to their low weight, high strength, and outstanding performance at elevated temperatures. However, the utilization of natural reinforcements for functional polymer composites is still in infancy. In this study, the tensile properties of natural and synthetic fiber-reinforced hybrid composites are reported. Glass-jute hybrid composites, prepared through hand layup technique, were used with different glass and jute fiber stacking sequences. The experimental results stipulate that the tensile properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) were merely affected at lower jute fiber concentration. The strength of composites consisting of single jute fabric lamina and four glass-fiber laminas were comparable with five-laminas GFRP composites. For validation of the experimental tensile testing results, a numerical simulation was also executed. Errors between experimental and numerical simulations were found for different stacking sequences due to non-uniformity in jute fiber diameter and the manufacturing process adopted for these hybrid composites. Fractographic analysis revealed the micro voids and adhesive failure at different joining layers of fibers as the primary cause of delamination.

This study describes the properties of geopolymer composites reinforced with bidirectional jute fibers. Their flexural strength is 12 MPa, four times higher than the strength of non-reinforced reference geopolymers. The bidirectional jute-reinforced geopolymer composite (JGC) is characterized by ductility and high elongation as well as strain hardening with a modulus of 66 MPa. It is found that the introduction of bidirectional jute fibers in the geopolymer matrix increases the adsorption capacity of Cr ions from 2.7 to 6.4 mg/g (pH = 5). The JGC can be recycled by grinding the material, and then using both the geopolymer material and the jute micro-fibers as filler and reinforcement for a new geopolymer matrix. The micro-fiber jute-reinforced composite obtained showed noteworthy mechanical properties, with strength three times higher than that of the reference material, when 2.5 wt% filler was added. Moreover, the ductility of the composite can be substantially enhanced by increasing (up to 10 wt%) the proportion of recycled jute-based geopolymer filler. These composites are therefore proposed as candidate materials for applications in the context of a circular economy.

In the backdrop of an abundance of lignin in jute, the main focus of the present study was to conduct a quality assessment of four delignified jute lines (in which four lignin biosynthetic genes were individually downregulated) across advanced generations for industrial applications. To this end, the transgenic lines were advanced to 7th (COMT and C4H lines) and 5th (C3H and F5H lines) transformed generations. The results exhibit approximately 16–25% reduction in acid-insoluble lignin for the whole stem and 13–14% reduction in fiber lignin content for all four transgenic lines compared to the control. The altered lignin composition led to a 3–6% increase in the cellulose content and a small improvement in the enzymatic release of glucose. Lignin reduction led to an exposure of the underlying fibrils in transgenic lines as observed through a scanning electron microscope whereas, it was undiscernible in the control fiber. Furthermore, an analysis of the mechanical properties appears almost similar to that of the control with no morphological deformities. Jute fibers from the transgenic lines offer tremendous cost-effective implications from an economic perspective., Jute, lignocellulose, lignin biosynthetic genes, tensile strength, jute fiber.

The use of metallic materials in automotive industry leads to increasing fuel consumption and cost, so trends are starting to use lighter and cheaper materials. In automotive applications, fibers are used in composites because they are stronger, stiffer, and lighter than bulk materials, and they can achieve higher energy absorbing compared to metallic materials. The purpose of this work is to study the potential utilization of natural fibers in the crash energy absorbing applications. The experimental procedures (the principle of a combination of manual layup and vacuum bladder technique) were applied to search the influence of utilizing jute fiber mat on crashworthiness parameters of composite materials with other kinds of fibers such as woven glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites. The study involved corrugated composite tubes with three layers of jute and hybrid glass-jute/epoxy material have been tested in uniaxial quasi-static crush conditions at the speed 10 mm/min. The results exhibit that the tube of jute fiber was somewhat lower than synthetic fibers, but the substitution of one layer of jute fiber with one layer of glass fiber resulted in an improvement in the crashworthiness parameters. As hybrid jute-glass was used, the best result was obtained, where energy absorption and specific energy absorption are improved by 17.75% and 25.122%, respectively.

In this work, the hydrophobization of lignocellulosic jute fibers was achieved via the laccase/TEMPO-mediated grafting of octadecylamine (OA) on their surface, with the aim to improve the interfacial compatibility with nonpolar polylactic acid (PLA) resins in fiber-reinforced composites. The modified jute fibers were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The characteristic vibrations of methylene groups and the increase in the surface C/O ratio of the jute fibers after the enzymatic treatment indicated that OA molecules were successfully grafted onto the jute fiber surface mediated by the laccase/TEMPO system. It was shown that the grafted jute fibers had increased surface hydrophobicity and reduced polarity with water contact angle of 124.2 °, diiodomethane contact angle of 94.1 ° and surface free energy of 11.44 mJ/m2, which were attributed to the presence of the OA nonpolar alkyl chains on their surface. The tensile, bending, and dynamic mechanical properties of the hydrophobized jute/PLA composites were enhanced, which suggested stronger interfacial adhesion between the jute fibers and the PLA matrix. The mechanical stability was investigated by water immersion measurements and it was found that the modified jute/PLA composites were better in this regards than the control jute/PLA composites. Therefore, this enzymatic hydrophobic modification could be used as an effective and eco-friendly method to produce natural lignocellulosic fiber-reinforced composites with excellent performance.

In this work, Adenine is proposed, for the first time, as a cross-linker for epoxy resins. Adenine is an amino-substituted purine with heterocyclic aromatic structure showing both proton donors, and hydrogen bonding ability. DSC studies show that adenine is able to positively cross-link a biobased DGEBA-like commercial epoxy precursor with good thermal performance and a reaction mechanism based on a 1H NMR investigation has been proposed. The use of such a formulation to produce composite with recycled short carbon fibers (and virgin ones for the sake of comparison), as well as jute and linen natural fibers as sustainable reinforcements, leads to materials with high compaction and fiber content. The curing cycle was optimized for both carbon fiber and natural fiber reinforced materials, with the aim to achieve the better final properties. All composites produced display good thermal and mechanical properties with glass transition in the range of HT resins (Tg &gt, 150 &deg, C, E&rsquo, =26 GPa) for the carbon fiber-based composites. The natural fiber-based composites display slightly lower performance that is nonetheless good compared with standard composite performance (Tg about 115&ndash, 120 &deg, = 7&ndash, 9 GPa). The present results thus pave the way to the application of adenine as hardener system for composites production.

In recent years, natural fibers, such as jute has gained significant research interest in order to fabricate fiber reinforced polymer composites. Chemical treatments are generally carried out on the raw fibers for making composites with improved properties. From a composite manufacturing point of view, it is important to understand how the treatments can affect the thermal properties of the jute fiber. In the present research, the effects of rot-retardant, fire-retardant and water-retardant treatments on thermal properties of the jute fiber were investigated. Fiber samples were collected from the middle portion of whole jute fiber. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis were subsequently conducted on the jute fiber for thermal characterization. The results demonstrated a lower thermal decomposition temperature in the case of fire-retardant treated jute fiber but higher residue at above 400 &deg, C, as compared to the raw and other treated fibers. In general, it was found that chemically treated fibers absorbed less heat, in contrast to the raw jute fiber and heat flow became negative in all cases of the treated fibers. This study provides important information about the thermal properties of the treated jute fibers for manufacturing polymer-based composite materials.

Research that produces environmentally friendly products continues to be developing. Research related to the natural fiber jute material and epoxy matrix has done. Epoxy composite jute empowered do with the preparation of symmetry with four layers of fiber volume fraction of 27.89% and composite epoxy e-glass Fiber empowered four balance with 28.86% fiber volume fraction. Mechanical testing is done via Drag test to determine the tensile strength and stretch. From the analysis, it's finding that the tensile strength of the symmetry jute fiber reinforced epoxy tensile strength was 48,378 MPa, and the strain was 11,998%. Meanwhile, the tensile strength and pressure in empowered epoxy e-glass fiber symmetry of four layers, each for 95.516 MPa and 7.7032%. Characterization has also been carried out through SEM testing. The results show that e-glass fiber fractures can still be seen as regular and tend to be straight and flat rods compared to symmetrical fiber-reinforced jute composite epoxy composites whose fibers are irregular. So that shows that the strength of the epoxy composite reinforced e-glass fiber is very large compared to the strength of the four-layer jute fiber-reinforced epoxy composite symmetry.

Doğallif takviyeli kompozit malzemeler çevre dostu, ucuz ve sürdürülebilirmalzemeler olması bakımından endüstride pek çok kullanım alanı bulmaktadır. Buçalışmada jüt lifi takviyeli ve mantar esaslı sandviç kompozitler üretilerekviskoelastik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla öncelikle jütlifi/polipropilen (PP) karışımı dokusuz yüzey (nonwoven) kumaşlar ve PP granülkullanılarak ince jüt/PP kompozit plakalar üretilmiştir. Üretilen bu plakalarbir adet mantar levhanın alt ve üst yüzeyine konumlandırılarak basınç altındabirleştirilmiş ve sandviç yapılar oluşturulmuştur. Üretilen sandviç yapılarınviskoelastik özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla dinamik mekanik analiz (DMA)testi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kompozit üretiminden önce liflere uygulanan sodyumhidroksit (NaOH) işleminin kompozit mekanik özelliklerini geliştirdiğigözlemlenmiştir. Üretilen sandviç kompozitlerin inşaat sektöründe yalıtımmalzemesi olarak ve ofis alan ayırma panellerinde, aynı zamanda otomotivendüstrisinde kullanımı amaçlanmaktadır., Naturalfiber reinforced composite materials have found many applications in variousindustries due to the fact that they are nature-friendly, low-cost andsustainable materials. In this study, jute fiber reinforced and cork basedsandwich composites were produced and their viscoelastic properties wereinvestigated. First, thin jute/polypropylene (PP) composite plates wereproduced by using jute/PP nonwoven fabrics and PP granules. Then these plateswere placed on top and bottom faces of a cork plate and consolidated underpressure to produce sandwich composites. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) wasperformed to determine the viscoelastic properties of the produced samples. Itwas found that sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment of fibers before compositepreparation lead to higher mechanical properties of the composites. Theproduced sandwich composites can be used in construction industry as insulationmaterials and office partition panels as well as in automotive industry.

In this study, two bast fibers such as okra and jute were selected to manufacture composites taking polypropylene (PP) as matrix material by means of compression molding technique with maintaining 40% fiber content on the total weight of the composites. Investigation was done on tensile properties such as tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TM), elongation at break (EB%), bending properties such as bending strength (BS), bending modulus (BM) and impact properties like impact strength (IS) and hardness (Shore-A) of the composites. From analyzed data, it was found that Okra/PP composites showed very competitive mechanical properties to Jute/PP composites. Non-irradiated okra composite showed the value of TS, TM, BS, BM, IS and hardness to be 32.2 MPa, 602 MPa, 55.6 MPa, 3.6 GPa, 19.54 kJ/m2 and 95 (Shore-A), respectively, whereas that value for non-irradiated jute composite was 35.5 MPa, 629 MPa, 71.5 MPa, 4.5 GPa, 21.48 kJ/m2 and 96 (Shore-A), respectively. The composite samples were exposed to different intensities of gamma radiation (250‒1000 krad) at a dose rate of 330 krad/h and changes in mechanical properties were examined. Both irradiated composites (500 krad) showed significant improvement of mechanical properties compared to that of the non-irradiated composites. Maximum TS, TM, BS, BM and IS value were found to be 41.9 MPa, 685 MPa, 72 MPa, 4.7 GPa and 22.6 kJ/m2, respectively for irradiated okra composite and 45.3 MPa, 717 MPa, 88 MPa, 6.7 GPa and 24.3 kJ/m2, respectively for irradiated jute composite. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to identify the surface groups of the composites. Water absorption, degradation behavior of the composites under soil and heat medium were also performed. Degradation tests revealed that okra composite retained its original mechanical properties higher than that of jute composite. The morphology of the composites was inspected by scanning electron microscope.

The use of synthetic fiber and natural fiber for concrete production has been continuously investigated. Most of the materials have become popular for their higher flexibility, durability, and strength. However, the current study explores the engineering properties of cement concrete reinforced with nylon and jute fibers together. Varying proportions and lengths of nylon and jute fibers were utilized in the concrete mixture. Hence, the combined effects of nylon and jute fibers on workability, density, water absorption, compressive, tensile, flexural strength, and drying shrinkage of concrete were investigated. Results showed that concrete with 1% of nylon and jute fibers together by the volume fraction showed a maximum enhancement of the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength by 11.71%, 14.10%, and 11.04%, respectively, compared to the control mix of concrete at 90 days. However, the water absorption of concrete increased with increasing nylon and jute fiber contents. The drying shrinkage of concrete decreased with the addition of nylon and jute fibers together after 90 days. Thus, the sparing application of both nylon and jute fiber as discussed in this study can be adopted for concrete production.

This study evaluated the mechanical properties and durability performance of latex-modified hybrid fiber-reinforced roller-compacted rapid-set cement concrete (LMHFRCRSC) for emergency repair of concrete pavement. Experimental parameters included the blend ratio of the hybrid fiber, which comprised natural jute fiber (0–0.2 vol.%) and structural synthetic fiber (0–2 vol.%). The mechanical performance of LMHFRCRSC of various blend ratios was evaluated in terms of compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strength. Durability assessment included chlorine ion penetration and abrasion resistance measurements. Compressive and flexural strength values of 21 and 3.5 MPa, respectively, were the set targets after 4 h of curing, a compressive strength of 35 MPa, a flexural strength of 4.5 MPa, a splitting tensile strength of 4.2 MPa, and chloride ion penetration of 2000 C or less were required after 28 days of curing. Our test results confirmed that all mix proportions satisfied the target values, regardless of the blend ratio of the hybrid fiber. Specifically, the mechanical performance of the concrete improved as the blend ratio of the structural synthetic fiber increased. With regard to durability, a greater amount of jute fiber, a hydrophilic fiber, enhanced the concrete’s durability. Additionally, incorporating jute fiber of 0.6 kg/m3 provided excellent chlorine ion penetration resistance. The optimal blend ratio for the hybrid fiber was natural jute fiber at 0.6 kg/m3 and structural synthetic fiber at 13.65 kg/m3 (mix: J0.6 + P13.65), with this mix proportion, a chloride ion penetration amount of 1000 C or less and maximum mechanical performance were achieved.

The work describes the statistical characterization of the tensile properties of raw and treated jute yarn fibers. The yarns are treated with various alkaline sodium hydroxide concentrations (0.5, 2 and 5%) and different immersion times at room temperature (30 minutes, 2, 8 and 12 hours). Due to the scattering of the experimental results, statistical analysis was performed using both two- and three-parameters Weibull, and Anova variance methods. In terms of stress, failure strain, and Young modulus, the results obtained from uniaxial tensile yarns show a variation that depends essentially on the immersion time and the NaOH concentration. Optimum mechanical properties are obtained for a concentration of 2% of NaOH and an immersion time of 2 hours. The results are further discussed in view of an extensive Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis carried out on the different classes of yarns.

Conselho Nacional do Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná A indústria aeronáutica utiliza, em larga escala, polímeros derivados de petróleo e fibras sintéticas que não são biodegradáveis e demandam grande quantidade de energia na sua produção. O compósito de poliuretano derivado do óleo vegetal - PU - e tecido de fibras de juta são provenientes de fontes naturais de matéria-prima, são biodegradáveis e não utilizam solventes orgânicos voláteis. Em um acidente aeronáutico, a queima de componentes da aeronave gera calor, fumaça e gases tóxicos que podem impossibilitar a rápida evacuação das pessoas. Materiais poliméricos, quando em contato com uma fonte de calor, têm rápido aquecimento, alta taxa de liberação de gases combustíveis, baixos tempos de ignição e altas quantidades de CO liberadas. Para minimizar os problemas de inflamabilidade de polímeros, faz-se necessário o uso de aditivos retardantes de chamas. A alumina trihidratada – ATH – é um aditivo mineral inorgânico, atóxico e que tem propriedade como retardante de chama. As hidroxilas da ATH podem reagir com o isocianato, antes de reagir com as hidroxilas do poliol durante a reação de polimerização da PU. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a possibilidade do uso do compósito de PU/juta em componentes de interiores de cabines de aeronaves, por meio de ensaios de inflamabilidade seguindo os requisitos da norma RBAC 25 da ANAC. Amostras com diferentes quantidades de ATH foram testadas pelo critério passa/não passa no teste de inflamabilidade. As amostras com ATH que cumpriram o requisito de inflamabilidade, e sem ATH, foram ensaiadas por flexão e tração, e analisadas por MEV e TGA/DTG com FTIR, sendo verificadas quanto à interferência da ATH nas propriedades mecânicas, na microestrutura do compósito e nos gases expelidos durante a degradação térmica. A amostra de compósito de PU/juta com 38% em massa de ATH cumpriu o requisito aeronáutico de inflamabilidade, e teve as melhores propriedades mecânicas, com 61,77 MPa de resistência à flexão, 4,18 GPa de módulo de elasticidade em flexão, 41,78 MPa de resistência à ruptura em tração, e módulo de elasticidade de 1,88 GPa. Essa amostra apresentou traços de monóxido de carbono e Nox nos gases expelidos da degradação térmica da análise de TGA/DTG com FTIR. Pode-se concluir que o material pode substituir os materiais compósitos utilizados no interior de cabines de aeronaves. The aeronautical industry uses polymers derived from petroleum and synthetic fibers, which are not biodegradable and require a large amount of energy in their production. The composite based on polyurethane derived from vegetable oil – PU – and jute fiber fabric comes from natural sources of raw material, is biodegradable and does not use volatile organic solvents. In an aeronautical accident, the burning of aircraft components generates heat, smoke and toxic gases, which can make rapid evacuation of persons impossible. Polymeric materials, when in contact with a heat source, have rapid heating, high release rate of combustible gases, short ignition times and high amounts of CO released. To minimize flammability problems of polymers, it is necessary to use flame retardant additives. Alumina trihydrate – ATH is a non-toxic inorganic mineral additive, that has flame retardant property. The ATH hydroxyls may react with isocyanate before reacting with polyol hydroxyls during the PU polymerization reaction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using the PU/jute composite in aircraft cabin interior components, by means of flammability tests following the requirements RBAC 25 of the ANAC. Samples with different amounts of ATH were tested by the pass/fail test on the flammability test. Samples with ATH that met the flammability requirement, and without ATH, were tested by flexion and traction, and analyzed by SEM and TGA/DTG with FTIR, being checked for interference of ATH on the mechanical properties, composite microstructure and gases expelled in thermal degradation. The 38% mass ATH PU/jute composite sample met the aeronautical flammability requirement, and had the best mechanical properties, with 61.77 MPa bending stress, 4.18 GPa elastic modulus in bending, 41.78 MPa maximum tensile strength and 1.88 GPa modulus of elasticity. This sample showed traces of CO and Nox in the gases expelled from the thermal degradation of the TGA/DTG analysis with FTIR. It can be concluded that the material can replace the composite materials used inside aircraft cabin.

Civil construction seeks to increase the useful life of the facades of buildings. Installing a ventilated facade is one way to accomplish this due to aesthetic and technical advantages. Ceramic tiles are the main products used as the covering. To the back face of a tile, a bidirectional screen of glass fiber is adhered using epoxy resin. This set forms a composite for security reasons. During the last decade, there has been an increase in the substitution of composites of synthetic fibers with those of natural fibers. The present work compares the fire-resistant behavior of glass fiber with that of jute fiber applied to ceramics installed in ventilated facade. The following conjoint composites were produced: glazed porcelain tile, epoxy resin, glass fiber and jute fiber screens. In this work, it was verified that the jute fiber did not present advantages regarding the exposure to fire in comparison with the glass fiber.

A two-step method involving continuous screw-extrusion steam explosion (CSESE) pretreatment and esterification in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is used to prepare long-chain fatty acid-modified jute fiber. The weight gain percentage (WG %) of CSESE-pretreated jute laurate (JL) was 110.7% when esterification was carried out in scCO2 at 14 MPa and 100 °C for 2 h. The corresponding WG % was 105.5% when esterification was instead carried out in pyridine at 100 °C for 2 h. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction indicated that CSESE pretreatment enhanced the reactivity of jute fiber, with esterification in scCO2 simultaneously occurring on the fibers surface and internal walls. The glass transition temperature of esterified jute was approximately 119 °C, indicating that it could be hot processed over a wide temperature range. The esterified jute had an oil absorption ratio of 17.01 g/g, so it can be used as an oil absorption material.

In this study, the mechanical properties of bio-composite materials produced by using plant-based fibers compared. Luffa fiber and jute were used as reinforcement in the production of these biocomposite samples. To able to compare the mechanical properties of the reinforcement the same matrix (epoxy) was used in the production of all samples. Three-point bending tests were performed to determine the mechanical properties of these specimens. According to the test results, the Flexural Stress of luffa and jute fibers were measured 55 MPa and 36.5 MPa respectively. Also, Flexural Modulus calculated as 5.7 GPa for luffa and 5.5 GPa for jute fibers. The strength of luffa fibers experimentally determined as obviously higher than jute fiber. Due to the high strength of luffa fibers should be preferred especially in applications that would be subjected to bending loads. Because of their design and strength characteristics of these green materials, it is envisaged that these materials could be an alternative for potential uses in aerospace, automotive and marine industries. We continue to work on the development of the mechanical properties of this kind of plant-based fibers in order to find a new alternative to glass fibers. Bu çalışmada, bitki esaslı lifler kullanılarak üretilen biyo-kompozit malzemelerin mekanik özellikleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Biyo-kompozit numunelerin üretiminde takviye elemanı olarak kabak lifi ve jüt kullanılmıştır. Üretilen biyo-kompozit numunelerin mekanik özelliklerinin karşılaştırılabilmesi için matris olarak epoksi reçine seçilmiştir. Mekanik özelliklerin belirlenmesi için eğilme deneyleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Test sonuçlarına göre kabak lifi takviyeli kompozit numunelerin max. dayanımı 55 MPa jüt lifi takviyeli kompozit numunelerin max. dayanımı ise 36.5 MPa olarak ölçülmüştür. Ayrıca, Eğilme Modülü, kabak lifi için 5.7 GPa ve jüt lifi için 5.5 GPa olarak hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre kabak liflerinin – jüte göre daha yüksek mukavemet değerlerine sahiptir. Bu nedenle özellikle eğilme yüklerine maruz uygulamalarda Kabak lifleri tercih edilmelidir. Bu biyokompozit malzemelerin özellikle havacılık, otomotiv ve denizcilik sektörlerindeki potansiyel kullanım alanları için alternatif olabileceği öngörülmektedir. Bir sonraki çalışmamızda mevcut bitkisel liflerin mekanik özelliklerinin iyileştirilmesi ve geliştirilmesi çalışılacaktır.

Bu çalışmada, endüstrinin farklı alanlarında yaygın olarak kullanılan poliolefin esaslı malzemelerde doğal elyaf katkısının malzemenin mekanik özelliklerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, ilk etapta çift vidalı ekstrüderde farklı jüt oranlarında PP kompozit malzeme üretilmiştir. İkinci aşamada ise farklı jüt oranlarındaki PP malzemeden 450 µm kalınlığında üretilen filmler, kalınlığı 1 mm olan HDPE (S 0464) levha arasına yerleştirilerek 190 oC sıcaklıkta ve 8,163 bar basınç altında preslenerek hibrit yapıda poliolefin kompozit levhalar elde edilmiştir. Hibrit kompozit malzemenin mekanik mukavemetini artırmak amacıyla, elyaf ve polimer esaslı malzemelerin arayüzlerinde sırasıyla; PP ile jüt elyaf arasına Silan (Dow Corning) ve Maleik Anhidrit Asit (Sigma Aldrich) çözeltisi, HDPE plaka ile jüt katkılı PP film arasına ise sadece Maleik Anhidrit Asit uygulanmıştır. Farklı jüt takviyeli PP filmlerin mekanik mukavemeti incelendiğinde, jüt oranının artması malzemenin mekanik mukavemetini olumsuz yönde etkilemiştir. Ancak hibrid yapıdaki poliolefin kompozit levhalarda mekanik mukavemetin arttığı gözlenmiştir. Hibrit kompozit levhalarda iyileşme % 8.6 seviyesinde olup, en yüksek mekanik mukavemet % 5 jüt takviyeli kompozit levhalarda 18.41 MPa olarak ölçülmüştür. FTIR karakterizasyonu sonucunda, mekanik mukavemeti olumlu yönde etkileyen arayüzey ajanlarının belirgin olduğu gözlenmiştir. Çekme testi sonrası oluşan kırılma yüzeylerine SEM analizi yapıldığında elyaf ve polimer arasında etkin bir arayüz oluştuğu, ancak üretim tekniğinden dolayı yön değiştiren elyafların mekanik mukavemeti olumsuz yönde etkilediği saptanmıştır., In this study, effects of natural fiber reinforcement on mechanical properties of polyolefin based hybrid composites widely used in different industrial areas were investigated. In this context, jute – PP composites having different jute ratios were produced in twin screw extruder on the first stage of the production. In the second stage, the films produced at 450 µm thickness of PP material with different jute ratios were placed between HDPE (S 0464) plates with a thickness of 1 mm and pressed under a pressure of 8.163 bar and temperature of 190oC and consequently hybrid polyolefin composite sheets were obtained. In order to increase the mechanical strength of the hybrid composite material, in the interfaces of fiber and polymer based materials, Silane (Dow Corning) and Maleic Anhydride Acid (Sigma Aldrich) solution between the PP and jute fiber and only Maleic Anhydride Acid were applied between HDPE sheets and jute/PP film composites respectively When the mechanical strength of different jute reinforced PP films was examined, it was observed that the increase in the jute ratio had a negative effect on the mechanical strength of the material. However, it was observed that the mechanical strength increased in hybrid polyolefin composite sheets. While the improvement of hybrid composite sheets was 8.6 %, the highest mechanical strength was 18.41 MPa in 5 % jute reinforced composite sheets. As a result of FTIR characterization, it was observed that the interface agents affecting the mechanical strength positively were significant. When SEM analysis of fracture surfaces formed after tensile test was performed, it was determined that an effective interface was formed between the fiber and the polymer, wheras the fibers that change direction due to production methods adversely affected the mechanical strength.

In this study, the chopped carbon fibers and jute fibers were used to fabricate hybrid paperboard. The paper making process was used. Combined with unsaturated polyester resin, paperboard fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), carbon hybrid FRP and jute hybrid FRP were fabricated and the mechanical property included tensile test, bending test and Izod impact test were carried out to compared the mechanical property of these three kinds of materials. The drilled holes tensile test was also carried out to examine the drilled holes property. Scanning electron microscope was employed to observe the fracture characteristic on failure specimens. It was found due to the manufacture process of paperboard, the materials expressed obvious anisotropic property. The paperboard composite has an excellent static property but lower impact property compared with carbon hybrid FRP.

Biodegradable polymer yarns of polymer blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) reinforced with natural fiber were prepared by a micro braiding technique. The biodegradation of the micro-braid yarn was studied by field tests. The yarn are prepared from polymer blends of PLA:PBSA with ratios of 100:0, 90:10, and 85:15 (wt%) by a single screw extruder. Braided samples were prepared using jute as a braided core fiber. The mechanical property analysis showed tensile strength of polymer yarn with jute fiber higher than polymer yarn without jute. Biodegradation of micro-braiding yarn with and without jute fiber was studied by buried under controlled conditions compared with cellulose. The field biodegradation test was carried out for 28 days with period of 7 days sampling. It was found that humidity and soil temperature affected the biodegradability of polymers. Analysis of samples confirmed that buried at low temperature position showed higher degradation than at high temperature. High humidity enhanced the degradability due to hydrolysis reaction. Micro-braided polymer yarns of PLA:PBSA (85:15) and PLA:PBSA (85:15)/jute showed similar biodegradability confirmed that the mechanism of biodegradation from surface of the yarn was priority.

Short jute fiber-reinforced acetylated lignin-based thermoplastic polyurethane (JF reinforced ASKLTPU) was prepared and characterized as a short-fiber-reinforced elastomer with carbon-neutrality and biodegradability. The acetylated softwood kraft lignin-based thermoplastic polyurethane (ASKLTPU) was prepared with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a soft segment. Short jute fiber was modified using low-temperature pyrolysis up to the temperatures of 200, 250, and 300 °C in order to remove non-cellulosic compounds of jute fibers for enhancing interfacial bonding and reducing hydrophilicity with the ASKLTPU matrix. JF-reinforced ASKLTPUs with fiber content from 5 to 30 wt % were prepared using a melt mixing method followed by hot-press molding at 160 °C. The JF-reinforced ASKLTPUs were characterized for their mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, thermal transition behavior, thermal stability, water absorption, and fungal degradability. The increased interfacial bonding between JF and ASKLTPU using low-temperature pyrolysis was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and also proved via interfacial shear strength measured using a single-fiber pull-out test. The mechanical properties, thermal properties, and water absorption aspects of JF-reinforced ASKLTPU were affected by increased interfacial bonding and reduced hydrophilicity from low-temperature pyrolysis. In the case of the degradation test, the PEG component of ASKLPTU matrix highly affects degradation and deterioration.

In this study, 11 kinds of composite material were prepared, and the compression behavior of a bi-directional corrugated lattice sandwich structure prepared using jute fiber and epoxy resin was explored. The factors affecting the mechanical behavior of single and double-layer structures were studied separately. The results shows that the fiber angle, length-to-diameter ratio of the struts, and the type of fiber cloth have the most significant influence on the mechanical behavior of the single-layer lattice structure when preparing the core layer. When the fiber angle of the core layer jute/epoxy prepreg is (90/90) the compressive strength and Young&rsquo, s modulus are 83.3% and 60.0% higher than the fiber angle of (45/45). The configuration of the core and the presence of the intermediate support plate of the double-layer structure have a large influence on the compression performance of the two-layer structure. After the configuration was optimized, the compressive strength and Young&rsquo, s modulus were increased by 40.0% and 28.9%, respectively. The presence of the intermediate support plate increases the compressive strength, and Young&rsquo, s modulus of the double-layer structure by 75.0% and 26.6%, respectively. The experimental failure is dominated by the buckling, fracture, and delamination of the core struts.

Because of the environmental, technical and economic benefits, plant-based (e.g. jute) natural and mineral-based (e.g. basalt) natural fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are considered as alternatives for conventional glass FRP composites. However, the scarcity of data on the long-term durability of natural FRP composites becomes a major barrier for their wider use in different engineering areas. In this work, durability studies were performed to evaluate the effects of water and alkali solutions, and the temperature of their solutions on weight gain, tensile properties and surface morphology of jute and basalt fabric reinforced epoxy composites. In total, four types of composite specimens (i.e. untreated jute fabric/epoxy, alkali-treated jute fabric/epoxy, silane-treated jute fabric/epoxy and untreated basalt fiber/epoxy) were fabricated and exposed to different ageing conditions for 180 days. The water absorption and tensile properties of these four composite specimens were measured and compared. The results showed that in general, the weight gains of the three plant-based natural jute/epoxy specimens (i.e. from 5.0% to 8.5%) were larger than that of the mineral-based natural basalt/epoxy composite (i.e. from 1.1% to 2.2%). Both alkali and silane treatments of jute fiber reduced the water absorption and enhanced the tensile strength of the resulting jute fabric/epoxy composites. For all the four types of composites, increasing exposure temperature of the water and the alkali solutions caused the reduction in their tensile strength. The strength reduction of these four types of composites at alkali solution was larger than the reduction of the corresponding composite at the water solution. In addition, their reduction in tensile strength was more pronounced compared with that in their Young's modulus. Compared with mineral-based basalt/epoxy composites, the untreated, alkali-treated and the silane-treated plant-based jute fabric/epoxy composites showed higher tensile strength reduction retention for the considered ageing conditions. However, the basalt fiber composites had much higher modulus retention. The deterioration of the interfacial properties of these composites at different ageing conditions was confirmed by the SEM observations.

The present article depicts the specific wear rate of jute fiber reinforced epoxy composites with different weight percentage of fiber loading (10, 20, 30, 40 wt. %) and different chemical treatments (Alkaline and Benzoyl chloride treatment). The three-body abrasive wear analysis was studied according to ASTM-G65 using a rubber wheel abrasion apparatus (dry sand wear tester) at room temperature by varying different factors like fiber content, abrasive particle size, normal load and sliding distance. To calculate the abrasive wear behaviour of jute/epoxy composites, the design of experiments approach based on Taguchi’s orthogonal array has been adopted. Steady state result shows that with the inclusion of chemical treatment in jute fiber improved wear resistance capacity of the composites. Finally, scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies revealed the morphologies worn surface of the composites such as micro-ploughing, formation of debris, micro cracking and fiber matrix de-bonding.

Não recebi financiamento At last years due to increasing use of composite materials of synthetic fibers with thermosetting matrix, several alterative have been sought trying to minimize the impacts generated by both the dispose of this material at the end of their useful life and by its heavy dependency of non-renewable resources as petroleum based products for the production of raw materials. As alternative to introduce composites materials that have least environmentally impact natural fibers have drawn attention of researchers. In this work the aim is to manufacture by vacuum infusion process, composite laminates hybrid adding woven jute fiber in structural weaving fiberglass with epoxy resin matrix. The quality of laminate was analyzed by fiber weight fraction determining and thermal analysis by DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) and DMTA (Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis). It was possible to manufacture hybrids laminates by vacuum infusion with fiber fraction in about 60%. Hybrids laminates presented had a reduction of density of 20% with relation to the glass reinforced plastic. Regarding to mechanical properties, the laminates were characterized by tensile, compression and ILSS testing. With respect to hybrid laminates, the better results of tensile properties such as strength and young's modulus was achieved by the laminates with fiber oriented in 0/90° (H0/90) with maximum strength value near to 200 MPa, while for orientation ±45° (H45 e H45/0/90) the strength results were 68 MPa and 84 MPa, respectively. In this case can be highlighted the hybrid laminate H45, whose tensile strength (83,9 MPa) has not present significant changes with the introduction of jute fiber (with increase of 60% its thickness) compared with glass reinforced plastic (84,5 MPa) for the same fiber orientation. For compressive strength the best result was presented by the laminates H0/90 (fibers in 0/90°) as well, with values close to 150 MPa while the laminates to ±45° (H45 e H45/0/90) presented values of 90 MPa. Regarding to ILSS the variation of strength was smaller, 25 MPa to direction 0/90° and 23 MPa and 21 MPa to H45 and H45//0/90 laminates, respectively. Therefore, mechanical properties were significantly influenced by plies orientation in the laminates and by the hybridization with jute fibers. Nos últimos anos, devido ao crescente consumo de compósitos de fibras sintéticas com matriz termorrígida, várias alternativas têm sido buscadas a fim de minimizar os impactos gerados tanto pelo descarte desse material ao fim de sua vida útil, quanto pela grande dependência de derivados de recursos não renováveis, como o petróleo para a produção das matérias-primas. Como uma das alternativas de introduzir na área de compósitos, materiais que tenham menores impactos ambientais, as fibras naturais têm recebido atenção de pesquisadores. Assim, neste trabalho foram moldados pelo processo de infusão à vácuo, compósitos de laminados híbridos através da utilização de tecidos de fibras de juta e tecidos estruturais de fibras de vidro com matriz de resina epóxi. A qualidade dos laminados foi analisada por meio da determinação da fração mássica de fibra e por análise térmica de DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) e DMTA (Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis. Foi possível moldar laminados híbridos pelo processo de infusão com fração de fibra em cerca de 60%. Os laminados híbridos apresentaram uma redução na densidade de 20% em relação aos compósitos contendo somente fibras de vidro. Em relação às propriedades mecânicas, os compósitos laminados foram caracterizados através dos ensaios de tração, compressão e cisalhamento interlaminar (ILSS). Entre os laminados híbridos, os melhores resultados de propriedades de tração, como resistência e módulo de elasticidade foram alcançados pelos laminados com ambas as fibras orientadas a 0/90° (H0/90), com valor de tensão máxima próximo a 200 MPa, enquanto que para as orientações ±45° (H45 e H45/0/90) os valores foram próximos de 68 e 84 MPa, respectivamente. No caso, pode ser destacado o laminado híbrido H45, cuja resistência a tração (83,9 MPa) não apresentou mudanças significativas com a introdução das fibras de juta (com acréscimo de 60% na espessura) quando comparado ao laminado de fibras de vidro (84,5 MPa) com mesma orientação. A melhor resistência à compressão também foi apresentada pelos laminados orientados a 0/90° (H0/90) com valores próximos a 150 MPa, enquanto os laminados a ±45° (H45 e H45/0/90) apresentaram os valores de 90 MPa. Em relação à resistência ao cisalhamento interlaminar, entre os laminados híbridos, a variação entre as orientações foi menor, 25 MPa para a direção 0/90° e, 23MPa e 21MPa para os laminados H45 e H45//0/90, respectivamente. Assim, as propriedades mecânicas foram influenciadas significativamente pela orientação das v camadas nos laminados e pela introdução das fibras de juta. Desta forma, conclui-se que a significativa redução de algumas propriedades possivelmente invalida a utilização das configurações híbridas estudadas para aplicações estruturais nas pás eólicas. No entanto, as configurações de laminados híbridos, desenvolvidas e analisadas neste trabalho podem ser aplicadas para moldar componentes em compósitos para peças não estruturais ou com menores requisitos de resistência, como para o segmento automotivo, e ainda com possibilidades de melhorias.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) In a technology-driven society, the increase of electrical and electronic equipment consumption has been a matter of concern in relation to its management, since the expectation is that the quantity of electrical and electronic waste (WEEE) produced worldwide will reach 49.8 million tonnes by 2018. The reprocessing of WEEE is an alternative to reduce the environmental impact caused by improper disposal. In this work, composites using recycled ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) copolymer from WEEE were developed, reinforced with jute fiber fabrics. These materials were molded by compression molding in a hydraulic press in order to evaluate mechanical properties (flexural, tensile and impact strength), melt flow index, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA/DTG) and fracture analysis by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) after mechanical tests. It was observed in the thermal analysis that adding jute fiber fabric caused a decrease in the thermal stability of the composites in relation to the matrix. By mechanical properties, it was verified that, by adding jute fiber fabrics, an increase in flexural and tensile strength occurred up to 13% and 9%, respectively. In addition, it was observed in the impact test for notched specimens that no chances occurred in the maximum strength value about 100 J/m, which is a positive result, since recycled materials tend to present lower impact strength values. Fracture analyzes of the materials demonstrated that the incorporation of the jute fiber fabrics improved the molding process and compaction of recycled ABS. Thus, the incorporation of jute fiber fabric in recycled ABS demonstrated satisfactory results, enabling the substitution of synthetic materials in composites. In addition, recycling of ABS promotes the volume reduction of this type of discarded polymer and its reinsertion in productive chain, aiming, for example, new products such as panels, furniture, shoe soles and automotive components. Em uma sociedade cada vez mais conectada, o crescente consumo de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos tem sido motivo de preocupação em relação à sua gestão, principalmente, porque a expectativa é que até 2018, a quantidade de resíduos de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos (REEE) produzidos mundialmente alcance 49,8 milhões de toneladas. O reprocessamento dos REEE é uma alternativa à diminuição do impacto ambiental causado pelo seu descarte em locais inadequados. Assim, neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos compósitos utilizando o copolímero ABS (acrilonitrila-butadieno-estireno) reciclado proveniente de REEE, reforçados com tecidos de fibras de juta. Estes materiais foram moldados por compressão a quente em prensa hidráulica para a avaliação das propriedades mecânicas (flexão, tração e impacto), índice de fluidez, análise térmica por Termogravimetria (TG/DTG) e análise de fratura por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), após ensaios mecânicos. Foi observado, através da análise térmica, que a incorporação do tecido de fibras de juta ocasionou diminuição na estabilidade térmica dos compósitos em relação à matriz. Em relação às propriedades mecânicas foi verificado que a incorporação do tecido de fibras de juta ocasionou aumento na resistência à flexão e à tração, de 13% e 9%, respectivamente. Além disso, foi observado no ensaio de impacto das amostras entalhadas que praticamente não houve alteração no valor da resistência ao impacto, em torno de 100 J/m, que é um resultado positivo, pois materiais reciclados tendem a apresentar menores valores de resistência ao impacto. As análises da fratura dos materiais demonstraram que a incorporação dos tecidos de fibras de juta, melhoraram a moldagem e a compactação do ABS reciclado. Neste sentido, a incorporação do tecido de fibras de juta no ABS reciclado demonstrou resultados satisfatórios, viabilizando a substituição de materiais sintéticos em compósitos. Além disso, a reciclagem do ABS promove a redução no volume deste tipo de polímero descartado e reinserção do mesmo na cadeira produtiva visando, por exemplo, a confecção de novos produtos como painéis, móveis, solado de calçados e componentes automotivos.

Nowadays, advanced plant fiber reinforced composites have captured the attention of many important manufacturing sectors such as the construction, automotive, and packaging industries. Recently, Jute fiber reinforced composites have replaced the most widely used synthetic fiber (glass, kevlar) reinforced composites in many applications. However, only few studies have been done on the tribological behavior of woven Jute fabric reinforced polypropylene composite material. In the present experimental endeavor, compression molding is used for the preparation of Jute-reinforced polypropylene composites. The effect of Jute fabric reinforcement on the resulting composite's behavior under friction was investigated. The tribological behavior was assessed with a computerized pin-on-disc wear and friction tester at an operating dry condition and different working parameters of sliding speed (1–3 m/s), applied load (10–30 N), and sliding distance (1000–3000 m). SEM has been utilized to support the discussion of the outcomes. The results revealed that, the addition of woven Jute fabric into PP matrix increases the wear resistance properties of polypropylene based composites as there was 3.5 - 45% reduction in coefficient of friction values and a decrease by 65% in the r specific wear rate on account of the incorporation of the Jute fabric as reinforcement.

In this study, the tribological performance of Polyamide (PA) based hybrid composites have filled with short jute fibers (JF) and nano ZnO particles, which are fabricated with different volume fractions, and it was machined (test specimens) as per ASTM-G99 standard. Wear tests were conducted by pin-on-disc (POD) test rig, is a new test setup for online measuring of wear rate (WR) and friction coefficient (COF). Experiments were conducted based on central composite rotatable design (CCD), with the input parameters like normal force (NF), sliding velocity (SV) and reinforcements (RF) on wear rate and friction coefficient. The mathematical models were developed by using response surface methodology (RSM). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test also carried out to check the adequacy of the developed empirical models. The debris and the worn out surfaces were observed through scanning electron microscope (SEM). Despite extensive research on composites, determining the desirable operating conditions in industrial setting still relies on the skill of the operators and trial-and-error methods. The main intension of this work is to optimize the tribological variables for minimum wear and friction based on multi-objective optimization techniques (MOOT). This was probably due to the fact that PA has good flexibility and for the incorporation of reinforcements, it is believed that a continuous thin coherent transfer films and tribo chemical reactions were involved by hybrid composites on the steel counterface, which contributes a lower friction and wear. This debris was re-adhered on the mating surfaces which improves the wear resistance and prevent the oxidation and degradation behavior more effectively, which might be one of the anti-wear mechanisms of nano ZnO fillers. Both wear rate and friction coefficient of the hybrid composites were significantly lower than those of the pure polyamide.

Mechanical properties of fiber reinforcement that can be obtained by the introduction of basalt fibers in jute fiber-reinforced polyester composites have been analyzed experimentally. Basalt/jute fiber-reinforced hybrid polymer composites were fabricated with a varying fiber percentage by using compression molding techniques. The fabricated composite plates were subjected to mechanical testing to estimate tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength of the composites. The effect of fiber content on basalt/jute fiber in the composites has been studied. Addition of jute fiber into basalt fiber composite makes it a cost-effective one. Incorporation of basalt fiber into the composites was at approximately 10%, 20%, up to 90%, and the jute fiber percentage was reduced from 90%, 80%, to 10% correspondingly. Mechanical properties were investigated as per ASTM standards. Tensile and flexural strengths were tested by using a computer-assisted universal testing machine, and impact strength by using an Izod impact tester. It has been observed that the addition of jute fiber to the basalt fiber polyester composites enhanced the mechanical properties. Water absorption of hybrid composites was also analyzed and was found to be proportional to fiber percentage.

During last few years, the interest in using natural fibers as reinforcement in polymers has increased dramatically. Natural fibers are not only strong and lightweight but also relatively very cheap. In this research work, an investigation has been carried out to make use of jute fiber, a natural fiber abundantly available in India. The present work describes the development and characterization of a new set of natural fiber based polymer composites consisting of bidirectional jute fiber mat as reinforcement and epoxy resin as matrix material. The composites are fabricated using hand lay-up technique and are characterized with respect to their physical and mechanical properties. Experiments are carried out to study the effect of fiber loading on the physical and mechanical behavior of these composites. Result shows the significant effect of fiber loading on the mechanical properties of the composites. Also, the formation of voids in the composites is an influencing factor on the mechanical properties.

The focus of this paper is to evaluate the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of woven jute fabric-reinforced green epoxy composites as a function of modification of jute fibers by enzyme, CO2 pulsed infrared laser and ozone treatments. The treated jute fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Composites were prepared by the hand layup method and compression molding technique and the resin curing process was optimized with the help of differential scanning calorimetry. The treatments resulted in the enhancement of flexural and impact properties. Statistical analysis of mechanical properties of composites, done by one-way analysis of variance, showed significant differences between the results obtained. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) results revealed that treated composites have a higher storage modulus over the range of temperature. A positive shift of loss modulus and tangent delta peaks of treated composites to higher temperature was observed. The reduction in the tangent delta peak height of treated composites was also observed due to improvement in fiber/matrix interfacial adhesion. The degree of interfacial adhesion between the jute fiber and green epoxy was anticipated using the adhesion factor obtained through DMA data. Complex modulus variations and phase behavior of composites was studied by Cole–Cole analysis.

Jute fiber/polyethylene biocomposites were prepared using a hot press molding technique. The effects of maleic anhydride, clay, and silica on the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of jute fiber-reinforced polyethylene (PE) biocomposites with different fiber loadings (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.%) were investigated. The biocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The mechanical properties were determined using a universal testing machine. The biocomposite specific surface area, pore volume, and pore size were investigated using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) equation. Because of the Si-O-Si stretching vibration, the peak representing the O-H group significantly decreased in the range of 3200 to 3600 cm−1. Jute fiber/PE Maleic anhydride silica composite (JFPEMASC) showed smoother surfaces, which indicated good distribution and better interfacial bonding between the fibers and matrix. The jute fiber/polyethylene/silica composites had a higher surface area and pore volume, with a lower pore size. JFPEMASC was more thermally stable than the other composites, with higher activation energy. JFPEMASC had the highest Young’s modulus among all the biocomposites.

En els últims anys, la utilització de les fibres naturals ha anat desenvolupant protagonisme pel seu ús com a material de reforç per a la fabricació de materials compostos. Tot i que els materials compostos amb matriu plàstica tenen la majoria d’aplicacions, el sector de la construcció també comença a ser pioner i dia a dia va desenvolupant i innovant amb aquests tipus de fibres naturals com a reforç de formigons i morters en les seves diferents vessants. El present projecte perseguirà l’objectiu d’innovar i utilitzar una fibra natural, en aquest cas el jute, com a material de reforç de morters de ciment, utilitzant dos modalitats de fibra de jute diferents i avaluant finalment les propietats fisico-mecàniques del material compost resultant

El present treball té com a objectiu veure el comportament del ciment amb fibra tritura de Jute tractada amb diferents fases de blanqueig i sense tractar, i veure amb quina tipologia de fibra s’obtenen millors resultats mecànics i de durabilitat. Un dels motius principals d’aquest estudi és poder arribar a una solució que ens permetés substituir altres addicions que porta el ciment i el formigó per fibres de cel·lulosa natural, ja que així obtindríem un material molt més ecològic i més biodegradable i es podrien reutilitzar els seus residus en el cas que no es fessin servir, per tant, es vol aconseguir un material compost millorant les propietats mecàniques del ciment actual i a més a més que sigui respectuós amb el medi. Per poder aconseguir aquests objectius s’han de fer una sèrie d’assajos i de proves a totes les provetes que s’aniran confeccionant per així veure quin és el comportament de la fibra amb el ciment en diferents estats. Per tant, els assajos a fer seran: • Assaig a flexió • Assaig a impacte • Assaig a desgast Tots aquests assajos també es faran després d’un tractament d’envelliment accelerat. Amb tots aquests assajos podrem arribar a una conclusió o un altra i veure si aquests materials poden treballar junts en el món de la construcció