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Використання викопного палива для енергозабезпечення Української антарктичної станції "Академік Вернадський" (УАС) не відповідає зобов’язанням України щодо мінімізації негативного впливу на навколишнє середовище та вимагає значних витрат на його транспортування на станцію. Вирішити дану проблему можна за рахунок використання відновлюваних джерел енергії (ВДЕ). Ефективність використання ВДЕ для забезпечення електричною енергією дослідницьких станцій в даному регіоні підтверджено досвідом інших країн. Сучасні алгоритми керування роботою дизельних генераторів дозволяють строювати гібридні систем електропостачання з використанням вітрової та сонячної енергії, що характеризуються високою надійністю електропостачання об’єкту та низькими витратами дизельного палива. Для оцінки можливості використання вітроелектричної (ВЕС) і фотоелектричної станції (ФЕС) було виконано аналіз багаторічних даних зі швидкості вітру та сонячної радіації. В результаті дослідженнябуло встановлено можливість використання ВДЕ для забезпечення УАС електричною енергією. Надходження енергії вітру має більш рівномірний характер впродовж року, в той час як для сонячної енергії характерне істотне зниження з травня по червень (до нуля в липні). Аналіз погодинних синхронних графіків генерації ВЕС та ФЕС, отриманих на підставі супутникових даних, дозволив виявити від’ємний слабкий кореляційний зв’язок на рівні від -0,14 (квітень) до -0,5 (вересень). Значна нерівномірність генерації ФЕС впродовж року та від’ємний кореляційний зв’язок свідчать про доцільність одночасного використання ФЕС та ВЕС, що дозволить отримати більш рівномірне надходження електричної енергії від ВДЕ. Відсутність обліку спожитої електричної енергії не дозволяє на даному етапі визначити оптимальну потужність ВДЕ для забезпечення максимальної компенсації потреб УАС. Під час аналізу режимів роботи основного обладнання станції встановлено наявність базового навантаження в обсязі 25 кВт, що може бути компенсоване за рахунок ВДЕ. Використання ВДЕ встановленою потужністю 30 кВт дасть змогу забезпечити від 8,6 % (ФЕС) до 14,8 % (ВЕС) річної потреби УАС в електроенергії. Це дозволить уникнути від 25 т (ФЕС) до 44 т (ВЕС) викидів СО2 на рік. Бібл. 18, табл. 6, рис. 5.

Current trends in the globalization economy, especially in the context of economic crises caused by hybrid war, COVID-19, lead to a constant search for new methods of enterprise management that could ensure its effective functioning. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological aspect of determining the level of instability of the external environment of the enterprise. When forming an enterprise development strategy, it is necessary to take into account all components and criteria, including factors of variability and complexity of assessing the external impact on the level of enterprise instability, and their differentiation for enterprises in different sectors of the economy. Identification of the level of instability of the external environment is the analytical basis for the predictability of its changes, which affects the choice of management methods and directions (strategies) of its development. The article proposes a methodological approach to comprehensive assessment of the level of instability of environmental factors of enterprises, which, unlike others, involves the detection of instability in terms of seven components (socio-demographic, economic, technological, environmental, political, legal, ethical) on four criteria: complexity, interdependence, variability and uncertainty of factors, which makes it possible to determine their sources and nature, and thus form an effective response of the enterprise to change. The offered methodical approach concerning activity of the gas transport enterprises of Ukraine which are the most unstable in the conditions of the crisis phenomena is tested. The obtained results are the basis for the development of scientifically sound management decisions, forecasting the behavior of the enterprise in close connection with its external environment, which will avoid crises and ensure the sustainability of their operation and development. The current challenges of enterprises in connection with the emergence of various manifestations of hybrid warfare in the country are prompting business units to create and implement new methods of managing such structures. Keywords: environmental factors, level of instability, methodological approach, management, economy, hybrid war. JEL Classification M12, M14, I10 Formulas: 7; fig.: 3; tabl.: 4; bibl.: 18.

An article considers franchising as a model of small and medium business development in Ukraine. The advantages and disadvantages of franchising for business, their impact on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises are disclosed.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the water resources of Ukraine and find out the possibility of using them to obtain "green" hydrogen. Deployment of modern hydrogen technologies for the energy needs of Ukraine is becoming an important area. The use of hydrogen will provide significant benefits for Ukraine's energy system, environment and business. The potentially possible volume of "green" hydrogen production in Ukraine by electrolysis is calculated based on the results of scientific research on the potential of electricity generation by wind and solar plants. For the calculation of potential output "green" hydrogen via electrolysis provided specific power consumption of 4.5 kW ∙ h / n m3 H2. The potential annual production of "green" hydrogen in Ukraine is 505,132 million n m3 per year. Electrolysis of water is currently considered the most optimal technology for obtaining stable hydrogen. 1.5-2.0 l of water is used to produce 1 n m3 of H2, so 757.7 million m3 of water is required to use the annual potential of “green” hydrogen per year (505.132 million n m3). The projected reduction of water losses by 2030 due to the improvement of technological processes of lifting, production and transportation of water as a result of the introduction of energy efficient technologies, allows to meet 70% of water demand to use all available average annual production potential of "green" hydrogen per year (518 million m3). Analysis of stocks of normatively treated and normatively pure without wastewater treatment (4473 млн м3) showed a 6-fold excess of water demand for the realization of the full potential of "green" hydrogen. Seawater can also be used to produce hydrogen. Thus, the available water resources of Ukraine are quite sufficient to fully realize the potential of green hydrogen production without increasing the water intake. Ref. 18, table 1, fig. 5.

Designing a trusted access control mechanism of an operating system (OS) is a complex task if the goal is to achieve high level of security assurance and guarantees of unwanted information flows absence. Even more complex it becomes when the integration of several heterogeneous mechanisms, like role-based access control (RBAC), mandatory integrity control (MIC), and multi-level security (MLS) is considered. This paper presents results of development of a hierarchical integrated model of access control and information flows (HIMACF), which provides a holistic integration of RBAC, MIC, and MLS preserving key security properties of all those mechanisms. Previous version of this model is called MROSL DP-model. Now the model is formalized using Event-B formal method and its correctness is formally verified. In the hierarchical representation of the model, each hierarchy level (module) corresponds to a separate security control mechanism, so the model can be verified with less effort reusing the results of verification of lower level modules. The model is implemented in a Linux-based operating system using the Linux Security Modules infrastructure.

Мета статті – сучасна оцінка вітропотенціалу України і перспектив розвитку вітроенергетики. Попит на електроенергію має сталу тенденцію до зростання, а пропозиція електроенергії теплових і атомних електростанцій обмежується, головним чином, вичерпаністю світових запасів відповідних енергоносіїв і їх нерівномірним розподілом між країнами. Останнє створює політичну і економічну залежність країн-імпортерів енергоносіїв від країн, що енергоносії експортують. За прогнозом Міжнародного енергетичного агентства (IEA), в ЄС сума інвестицій у вітроенергетику в період 2014-2035 рр. становитиме 727 $млрд і буде найвищою серед галузей електроенергетики – в 1.8 рази вищою, ніж в ТЕС і АЕС разом (400 $млрд). За останній час відбулись суттєві прогресивні зміни кількісних і якісних параметрів генерації електроенергії ВЕС, а саме: подовжились лопаті вітрових електроустановок (ВЕУ); збільшились висоти веж ВЕУ. Дослідження вітрових потоків показали, що вертикальні профілі вітру фактично є більш чутливими до збільшення висоти над землею, ніж припускалось раніше. Крім того, має місце подвоєння номінальної потужності ВЕУ, за рахунок чого зменшуються як площі покриття ВЕС¸ так і питомі витрати землі, вилученої з сільськогосподарського використання. Якщо у попередніх дослідженнях придатними для ВЕС визначались лише зони Причорномор’я і Приазов’я, то в результаті спільної дії перелічених факторів значні території в інших регіонах України, що раніше вважались непридатними для розміщення економічно ефективних ВЕС, перейшли до категорії перспективних. В даній статті представлено географічний підхід до оцінювання вітропотенціалу територій України. Цей підхід є значно простіший, потребує значно менше витрат часу і коштів, ніж відомі підходи. Бібл. 6, табл. 4, рис. 8.

Functional programming is becoming increasingly useful in the modern computerized world. This approach helps create code that is more reliable, easier to reason about, and automatically verifiable. However, these techniques are rarely employed for developing design tools and modeling critical systems. In this work, we try to apply some suitable techniques of functional programming to create a modeling system, namely, a simulation system for analyzing temporal behavioral properties of critical systems. As the first step, we design a representation of simulation time in terms of abstractions used in functional programming and try to investigate its compositionability.

Formation of Informatics and aspects of computer software development, in particular, operating systems and information systems since the period of appearance of the first computers of 1948-1990 is considered. The program of informatization of Russia in 1992 and the development of the fundamentals of modern computer science or informatics and the intellectualization of the development of various types of software systems.

Formal models can be used to describe and reason about the behavior and properties of a given system. In some cases, it is even possible to prove that the system satisfies the given properties. This allows detecting design errors and inconsistencies early and fixing them before starting development. Such models are usually created using stepwise refinement: starting with the simple, abstract model of the system, and then incrementally refining it adding more details at each subsequent level of refinement. Top levels of the model usually describe the high-level design or purpose of the system, while the lower levels are more directly comparable with the implementation code. In this paper, we present a new, alternative refinement technique for Event-B which can simplify the development of complicated models with a large gap between high-level design and implementation.

An operating system is a base stone of any computer system. Failures and bugs in operating system impact the functionality of the system as a whole, that is why correctness and reliability of operating systems are so important. A variety of circumstances make verification and testing of operating systems a complicated issue. The list includes high dependence of operating systems on hardware, their massive internal concurrency, huge number of configuration options, required tolerance to aggressive actions of counteragents and hardware faults, a need for long continuous work without reboot, etc. The paper discusses influence of all the circumstances on testing, describes testing tools and techniques developed in ISPRAS and presents our experience of testing of various components of Linux as well as a few other real-time operating systems.

The paper presents recent results on the way towards accurate and complete verification of industrial operating systems (OS). We consider here OSes, either of general purpose or actively used in some industrial domain, elaborated and maintained for a significant time, and not touching research-related OSes usually developed as a proof-of-concept. In spite of the fact that the stated goal of accurate and complete verification of industrial OS is still unreachable, we consider its decomposition into tasks of verification of various functional OS components and various their properties. The paper shows that many of these tasks can be solved with the help of various modern verification techniques and their combinations. Proposed methods can be lately integrated into an approach to the final goal. The paper summarizes the experience of various OS component and features verification from the projects conducted in ISP RAS in the last years.

Functional programming plays the big role in the modern computer science and its importance is growing. This is not accidential: this approach helps to create better and more reliable software that is easy to reason about (both manually and automatically). However, these techniques are hardly used in the field of tools helping designing and modeling mission-critical systems. In this paper, we are trying to apply some nice techniques of functional programming to create a modeling system, in particular a simulation system for analysis of temporal behavioural properties of mission-critical systems. As a first step, we designed a representation of simulation time in terms of abstractions used in functional programming and tried to study its compositionability properties.

Decomposition is an important phase in the design of medium and large-scale systems. Various architectures of software systems and decomposition methods are studied in numerous publications. Presently, formal specifications of software systems are mainly used for experimental purposes; for this reason, their size and complexity are relatively low. As a result, in the development of a nontrivial specification, different approaches to the decomposition should be compared and the most suitable approach should be chosen. In this paper, the experience gained in the deductive verification of the formal specification of the mandatory entity-role model of access and information flows control in Linux (MROSL DP-model) using the formal Event-B method and stepwise refinement technique is analyzed. Two approaches to the refinementbased decomposition of specifications are compared and the sources and features of the complexity of the architecture of the model are investigated.

This paper regards problems of analysis and verification of complex modern operating systems, which should take into account variability and configurability of those systems. The main problems of current interest are related with conditional compilation as variability mechanism widely used in system software domain. It makes impossible fruitful analysis of separate pieces of code combined into system variants, because most of these pieces of code has no interface and behavior. From the other side, analysis of all separate variants is also impossible due to their enormous number. The paper provides an overview of analysis methods that are able to cope with the stated problems, distinguishing two classes of such approaches: analysis of variants sampling based on some variants coverage criteria and variation-aware analysis processing many variants simultaneously and using similarities between them to minimize resources required. For future development we choose the most scalable technics, sampling analysis based on code coverage and on coverage of feature combinations and variation-aware analysis using counterexample guided abstraction refinement approach.

The designing process of the work organization for the buildings’ reconstruction has a number of features, such as the cramped conditions, tight deadlines, increased danger of work, etc. The design solutions’ development for the reconstruction work organization in any case should not lower the safety level for the construction workers and personnel of the reconstruction object, as well as damage the environment, in particular, air pollution by the dust particles from the construction processes, therefore, work execution projects should take into account the organizational and technological measures for labor protection and environmental safety of the territory where the reconstruction works are carried out. Environmental management included in the reconstruction of facilities should cover all the time both the space of the construction site and the processes organization that can minimize harm to the neighboring territory. This article discusses the measures to implement environmental monitoring in the work schedule at the construction site and construction equipment with cost-effective measures to combat the air pollution. The introduction of economically viable means of combating air pollution into design solutions, as well as the construction production effective organization, reducing the environmental burden on the territory, will allow the contractor to increase its competitive advantage when participating in tenders and determining the contractual price for the building reconstruction. The choice of cost-effective protective measures can save the costs, subsequently determining the profit of reconstruction work.

Linux driver verification is a large application area for software verification methods, in particular, for functional, safety, and security verification. Linux driver software is industrial production code — IT infrastructures rely on its stability, and thus, there are strong requirements for correctness and reliability. Linux driver software is complex, low-level systems code, and its characteristics make it necessary to bring to bear techniques from program analysis, SMT solvers, model checking, and other areas of software verification. These areas have recently made a significant progress in terms of precision and performance, and the complex task of verifying Linux driver software can be successful if the conceptual state-of-the-art becomes available in tool implementations.The paper is based on experience of the research groups led by authors in verification of industrial software. It is important to develop verification tools that are efficient and effective enough to successfully check software components that are as complex as device drivers. In this area verifiers/researchers and Linux society find mutual benefits in cooperation because: for the society it is important to get such crucial software verified; for the verification community it is important to get realistic verification tasks in order to tune and further develop the technology. The paper provides an overview of the state-of-the-art and pointed out research directions in which further progress is essential. In particularly the paper considers most promising verification techniques and tools, including predicate abstraction, counter example generation, explicit-state verification, termination and concurrency analysis. One of main topic of Linux driver verification research is combination of verification techniques.

Nowadays it is necessary to make the environmental impact assessment (EIA) in order to identify, analyze and take into account the direct and indirect effects of environmental impact during the planning of design consideration for construction projects. The results of this assessment determine the aftereffects of a certain construction project’s implementation. These results are the objective information about the future state of the environment of the territory for making decisions on the implementation of the planned project. The economic component of this assessment is the determination of the cost of implementing measures to protect the environment of a given territory. Current design trends have a tendency to change the criteria for planning the construction projects. It is important to make the managerial, technical and commercial decisions during the project development in favor of the environmental safety of the construction industry. During the criteria of the assessment development, it is necessary to take into account the prevention measures. It is important to prevent the pollution but not to monitor and eliminate the negative effects. This article considers an example of the calculation of the criterion for choosing the environmental pollution control measures which can reduce the construction cost. These calculations make it possible to determine the environmentally and economically suitable area for the construction of an object in the populated area.

Environmental monitoring of the construction works must consists of the modern scientific methods and techniques of physical, chemical, and biological measurements for monitoring the construction sites intermittently or continuously. It determines the pollutant factors and makes the right environmental quality assessment. During the construction period the environmental monitoring subjects are the construction waste water and the sanitary sewage, the surface water around construction site, the noises around the site and from the construction site engines (if the construction period has continuous operations, the monitoring takes place 24 hours a day) and the dust. Particular attention should be paid to monitor the concentration of fine dust particles, due to the negative impact on human health. In order to get the effective data about the PM2.5 and PM10 fine dust particles concentration in the air during the construction operations a slightly polluted area was studied according to the map of the dust emission. This area is located in Zheleznodorozhny district of Rostov-on-Don up to the Seversky Donets River. The large residential development «Ekaterininsky» is under construction there. The environmental monitoring of this fine dust polluted area included the study of three subjects. The results of local dust emission showed the significant amount of fine dust from any height levels where construction works are carried out. This article describes the results of environmental monitoring of dust pollution in Rostov-on-Don and environmental requirement and measures which should be designed in the Construction method statements and the Work performance projects for reducing the environmental impact during construction operations.

An operating system (OS) kernel is a critical software regarding to reliability and efficiency. Quality of modern OS kernels is already high enough. However, this is not the case for kernel modules, like, for example, device drivers that, due to various reasons, have a significantly lower level of quality. One of the most critical and widespread bugs in kernel modules are violations of rules for correct usage of a kernel API. One can find all such violations in modules or can prove their correctness using static verification tools that need contract specifications describing obligations of a kernel and modules relative to each other. This paper considers present methods and toolsets for static verification of kernel modules for different OSs. A new method for static verification of Linux kernel modules is proposed. This method allows one to configure the verification process at all its stages. It is shown how it can be adapted for checking kernel components of other OSs. An architecture of a configurable toolset for static verification of Linux kernel modules that implements the proposed method is described, and results of its practical application are presented. Directions for further development of the proposed method are discussed in conclusion.

In this work the problem of high quality verification techniques applicable for operating systems is formulated. A perspective approach to solve this problem is integration of various verification methods. The solution technique can be considered successful if it allows to check the whole operating system and to verify in more accurate way the most important functions and components of the system, using more strict and formal methods for it. Based on the ISP RAS experience in operating system verification projects conducted using various verification techniques we determine development artefacts, that can be suitable integration point candidates for integration of formal specification based static and dynamic verification techniques for operating systems.

The basic principles of UniTESK technology designed for constructing tests on the basis of formal models are presented. Experience in using UniTESK in large test development projects for software and hardware systems, including telecommunication protocols, basic and standard interfaces of operating systems, and microprocessor units, is summarized. The paper provides an overview of possible directions for the development of the technology with a view to providing higher scalability of test suites.

Growth of modern avionics systems makes design of such systems impossible without involvement of automation. Nowadays an area of such tools is represented by both the proprietary tools developed by the major aircraft manufacturers like Boeing and Airbus, and a number of open or partially open international projects varying in maturity, availability of source code and documentation. The paper presents a toolset for design of modern avionics systems developed by ISPRAS in collaboration with GosNIIAS. The toolset provides both a generic platform for design and analysis of architecture models and a specialized solution for the particular domain of avionics systems.

The paper presents work in progress on formal development of an operating system security model for the purpose of its deductive verification. We consider two approaches to formalize the security model. The first one is to build a monolithic model, another one is to build a hierarchical model using the refinement technique. The main criteria for comparison are costs of development, simplicity of maintenance and confidence in the quality of the formal model. The results are twofold. On the one hand, refinement helped us to deal with complexity of the formal model, to improve its readability and to simplify automatic proofs. However, deep understanding of the security model details and careful planning were absolutely necessary to build a reasonable hierarchical model. The monolithic approach allowed to quickly start formalization and helped to study the details of the security model, but the resulting formal model became hard to maintain and explore.

Contract specifications in the form of pre-and postconditions are widely used in software engineering for formal description of interfaces of software components. On the one hand, such specifications are convenient for the developers since they can easily be attached to the system architecture. On the other hand, test oracles verifying conformance of the behavior of the target system to the specifications can automatically be generated from them. In the paper, it is suggested to use contract specifications for representing requirements and for functional testing of hardware models developed in languages such as VHDL, Verilog, SystemC, System Verilog, etc. An approach to specification of such systems is proposed and compared with the existing methods of hardware specification. An experience of its practical use is described. The approach is based on the UniTESK testing technology developed at the Institute for System Programming.

The paper presents a novel approach to automated compiler test suite generation based on the source level specification. Several coverage criteria are introduced. The application of the proposed methodology to testing the realistic programming language is discussed.

Principles of the UniTesK test development technology based on the use of formal models of target software are presented. This technology was developed by the RedVerst group in the Institute for System Programming, Russian Academy of Sciences (ISPRAS) l1r, which obtained rich experience in testing and verification of complex commercial software.

A concept of automated test suites generation for testing compilers and other formal text processors is suggested. An approach based on the generation of tests from models is used.

The article is devoted to the study of indexes of simple and complex motor reaction of motor-car and electric transport drivers at different times of working day, their parameters for traffic safety, search of means and the most effective methods for reduction of latent period of person’s motor reaction.

A problem of applying the ship of single-channel programmable digital filter QF1D512 from the company Quickfilter Technologies for processing of digital data stream o f analog-digital code converter during seismic signal registration has been considered.

The paper presents a case study of building solution for automation of Integrated Modular Avionics system design and system integration processes within existing industrial environment on base of model driven approaches. Features of modern architecture description language are discussed and experience of building a tool chain on top of one of them is described.

The chapter discusses principles of open education and possibilities of implementing these principles for software engineering education on the base of open source software development projects. A framework of practical courses for software engineering students built on these ideas is presented. Experience of building courses on the base of this framework is discussed on the example of “Software Engineering” course provided to students of the System Programming departments of the two Russian top-ranked universities, Moscow State University and Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.

This paper presents an initiative program aimed at enhancing Linux device driver designing and maintenance by launching a long-term process that will attend the OS kernel development. This process includes two adjacent lines of activity: 1) creation and replenishment of a repository of potential faults and errors that may occur in Linux device drivers, and 2) development and improvement of special-purpose verification tools for automatic detection of all errors specified in repository. We describe in some details both lines of activity, present an architecture of a perspective verification toolset, compare our project with similar work, and finally discuss the current state of art in Linux device driver verification.

Formal methods (FM) are being actively developed nowadays. Still they find little use even in the target industry domains that require high quality, robust and standard-conforming software. Some of the difficulties in FM utilization are caused by unique characteristic features of the new Innovation Economy such as constantly growing number of new domains and technologies that calls for more and more experts who generate and possess knowledge. It is the knowledge formalization that is the prerequisite for FM application. This paper discusses features of the Innovation Economy that challenge FM practical use, considers positive cases of industrial applications of FM.Resting upon the analysis of those cases we suggest shifting the focus of FM development and extension to close cooperation with problem area experts and to promotion of the formalized approaches, techniques,and notations as interface language between problem areas and IT specialists.

The article presents an approach to development of software standards usage infrastructure. The approach is based on formalization of standards and automated conformance test derivation from the resulting formal specifications. Strong technological support of such a process in its engineering aspects makes it applicable to software standards of real-life complexity. This is illustrated by its application to Linux Standard Base. The work stands in line with goals of international initiative Grand Challenge 6: Dependable Systems Evolution [1].

This paper presents a novel testing approach for model-based design tools, termed GraphOTK, and applies it to the optimizing component of a code generator for Simulink and Stateflow models.

Standardization of infrastructure and services in distributed applications and frameworks requires ground methodological base. Design by Contract approach looks very promising as a candidate. It helps to obtain component-wise design, to separate concerns between developers accurately, and makes development of high quality complex systems a manageable process. Unfortunately, in its classic form it can hardly be applied to distributed network applications because of lack of adequate means to describe nondeterministic asynchronous events. We extend Design by Contract with capabilities to describe callbacks and asynchronous communication between components. The resulting method was used to specify distributed applications and to develop conformance test suites for them in automated manner. Specifications are developed in an extension of C language that makes them clear and useful for industrial developers and decreases greatly test construction effort. Practical results of numerous successful applications of the method are described. More information on the applications of the method can be found at the site of RedVerst group of ISP RAS [1].

The article presents an approach to model based testing of complex systems based on a generalization of finite state machines (FSM) and input output state machines (IOSM). The approach presented is used in the context of UniTesK specification based test development method. The results of its practical applications are also discussed. Practical experience demonstrates the applicability of the approach for model based testing of protocol implementations, distributed and concurrent systems, and real-time systems. This work stems from ISPRAS results of academic research and industrial application of formal techniques in verification and testing [1].

Developing an adequate set of tests also called a test suite is an important part of software development process. We faced this problem while working on mpC parallel programming language compiler. The general task was to develop a test suite for checking whether the particular compiler implementation correctly processes the programming language.