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Background Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder which often proves refractory to current treatment approaches. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a noninvasive form of neurostimulation, with potential for development as a self-administered intervention, has shown potential as a safe and efficacious treatment for OCD in a small number of trials. The two most promising stimulation sites are located above the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the supplementary motor area (SMA). Methods The aim of this feasibility study is to inform the development of a definitive trial, focussing on the acceptability, safety of the intervention, feasibility of recruitment, adherence and tolerability to tDCS and study assessments and the size of the treatment effect. To this end, we will deliver a double-blind, sham-controlled, crossover randomised multicentre study in 25 adults with OCD. Each participant will receive three courses of tDCS (SMA, OFC and sham), randomly allocated and given in counterbalanced order. Each course comprises four 20-min stimulations, delivered over two consecutive days, separated by at least 4 weeks’ washout period. We will collect information about recruitment, study conduct and tDCS delivery. Blinded raters will assess clinical outcomes before, during and up to 4 weeks after stimulation using validated scales. We will include relevant objective neurocognitive tasks, testing cognitive flexibility, motor disinhibition, cooperation and habit learning. Discussion We will analyse the magnitude of the effect of the interventions on OCD symptoms alongside the standard deviation of the outcome measure, to estimate effect size and determine the optimal stimulation target. We will also measure the duration of the effect of stimulation, to provide information on spacing treatments efficiently. We will evaluate the usefulness and limitations of specific neurocognitive tests to determine a definitive test battery. Additionally, qualitative data will be collected from participants to better understand their experience of taking part in a tDCS intervention, as well as the impact on their overall quality of life. These clinical outcomes will enable the project team to further refine the methodology to ensure optimal efficiency in terms of both delivering and assessing the treatment in a full-scale trial. Trial registration ISRCTN17937049. (date applied 08/07/2019). Recruitment (ongoing) began 23rd July 2019 and is anticipated to complete 30th April 2021.

Comorbidities are seen with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) across the lifespan. Neurodevelopmental comorbidities are common in young children, followed by mood, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive related disorders (OCRDs) in children, adolescents and adults, and neurological and degenerative disorders in the elderly. Understanding comorbidity prevalence and patterns has clinical and research implications. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on comorbidities in OCD across the lifespan, with the objective to, first, estimate age-wise pattern and prevalence of comorbidities with OCD and, second, to examine associations of demographic (age at assessment, gender distribution) and clinical characteristics (age of onset, illness severity) with comorbidities. Four electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and PsycINFO) were searched using predefined search terms for articles published between 1979 and 2020. Eligible studies, across age, reported original findings on comorbidities and had an OCD sample size of ≥100. We excluded studies that did not use standardised diagnostic assessments, or that excluded patients on the basis of comorbidity. We adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The review protocol has been registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. A comorbidity rate of 69% was found in a pooled sample of more than 15,000 individuals. Mood disorders (major depressive disorder), anxiety disorders (generalised anxiety disorder), neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and OCRDs were the commonest comorbidities. Anxiety disorders prevailed in children, mood disorders in adults, whereas NDDs were similarly prevalent. Higher comorbidity with any psychiatric illness, NDDs, and severe mental disorders was seen in males, vs. females. Illness severity was inversely associated with rates for panic disorder, tic disorders, OCRDs, obsessive compulsive personality disorder, and anorexia nervosa. This systematic review and meta-analysis provides base rates for comorbidities in OCD across the lifespan. This has implications for comprehensive clinical evaluation and management planning. The high variability in comorbidity rates suggests the need for quality, multi-centric, large studies, using prospective designs.Systematic Review Registration: Unique Identifier: CRD42020215904.

Introduction: Despite promising results from several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses, the efficacy of r-TMS as a treatment for OCD remains controversial, at least in part owing to inconsistency in the trial methodologies and heterogeneity in the trial outcomes. This meta-analysis attempts to explain some of this heterogeneity by comparing the efficacy of r-TMS in patients with or without resistance to treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), defined using standardized criteria. Methods: We conducted a pre-registered (PROSPERO ID: 241381) systematic review and meta-analysis. English language articles reporting blinded RCTs were retrieved from searches using MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library databases. Studies were subjected to subgroup analysis based on four stages of treatment resistance, defined using an adaptation of published criteria (1 = not treatment resistant, 2 = one SSRI trial failed, 3 = two SSRI trials failed, 4 = two SSRI trials failed plus one or more CBT trial failed). Meta-regression analyses investigated patient and methodological factors (age, duration of OCD, illness severity, stage of treatment-resistance, or researcher allegiance) as possible moderators of effect size. Results: Twenty-five independent comparisons (23 studies) were included. Overall, r-TMS showed a medium-sized reduction of Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) scores (Hedge's g: -0.47; 95%CI: - 0.67 to -0.27) with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 39.8%). Assessment of publication bias using Trim and Fill analysis suggested a reduced effect size that remained significant (g: -0.29; 95%CI: -0.51 to -0.07). Subgroup analysis found that those studies including patients non-resistant to SSRI (stage 1) (g: -0.65; 95%CI: -1.05 to -0.25, k = 7) or with low SSRI-resistance (stage 2) (g:-0.47; 95%CI: -0.86 to -0.09, k = 6) produced statistically significant results with low heterogeneity, while studies including more highly resistant patients at stage 3 (g: -0.39; 95%CI: -0.90 to 0.11, k = 4) and stage 4 (g: -0.36; 95%CI: -0.75 to 0.03, k = 8) did not. Intriguingly, the only significant moderator of the effect size found by meta-regression was the severity of baseline depressive symptoms. All trials showed evidence of researcher allegiance in favour of the intervention and therefore caution is required in interpreting the reported effect sizes. Conclusion: This meta-analysis shows that r-TMS is an effective treatment for OCD, but largely for those not resistant to SSRI or failing to respond to only one SSRI trial. As a consequence, r-TMS may be best implemented earlier in the care pathway. These findings would have major implications for clinical service development, but further well-powered RCTs, which eliminate bias from researcher allegiance, are needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn.

AimsTo collate experiences of international medical graduates (trained psychiatrists) on the Medical Training Initiative (MTI) and equivalent programs (International Medical Fellowship (IMF)/CESR Fellowships) in the United Kingdom and to understand shared themes.MethodThree psychiatrists with the experience of being part of MTI/IMF program, for a minimum of 1 year, participated in theme guided, focussed discussions to understand common experiences. These discussion where limited to 3 broad headings. Opportunities to grow, what we wish the college knew and what we wished the trusts and supervisors knew. The experiential accounts were captured and circulated among a group of 20 MTI/IMF/CESR fellowship doctors and rated on a 5 point Likert scale varying between strongly agree to strongly disagree.ResultThe findings suggest that the expectations and experiences of the psychiatrists on such programs share some common themes. Most of them had varied experiences under the theme ‘opportunities to grow’. The suggestions for what these doctors ‘wished the trusts, college and supervisors knew’ had a good concordance among the 20 doctors who reviewed the themes and suggestions. The details of the themes and commonalities will be discussed at the conference.ConclusionThe expectations and experiences of the doctors on MTI/equivalent program share common themes. Bridging the gap between MTI experience to an excellent MTI experience would involve identifying such shared experiences, that could potentially guide development of processes, thereby making these training fellowships better tailored to each trainee.

In this position statement, developed by The International College of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders, a group of international experts responds to recent developments in the evidence-based management of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The article presents those selected therapeutic advances judged to be of utmost relevance to the treatment of OCD, based on new and emerging evidence from clinical and translational science. Areas covered include refinement in the methods of clinical assessment, the importance of early intervention based on new staging models and the need to provide sustained well-being involving effective relapse prevention. The relative benefits of psychological, pharmacological and somatic treatments are reviewed and novel treatment strategies for difficult to treat OCD, including neurostimulation, as well as new areas for research such as problematic internet use, novel digital interventions, immunological therapies, pharmacogenetics and novel forms of psychotherapy are discussed., International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 35 (4), ISSN:0268-1315, ISSN:1473-5857

AimsPharmacological management of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) presents a challenge in modern psychiatry. While most patients respond preferably to serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SRI), the response is usually delayed by several weeks leading to an insufficient short term management of anxiety. It is also frequently inadequate and needs higher doses and augmentation in many instances. Investigating newer pharmacological strategies to address such treatment gaps has always been of interest. Buspirone is a novel anxiolytic medication with additional weak antidepressant and poor anti-psychotic effects. It is the only medication in its category, i.e. azapriones. It has comparable anti-anxiety efficacy to that of benzodiazepines without their sedating or habit forming effects, and has been demonstrated to moderate serotonin and other monoamine neurotransmission with a favourable safety profile.MethodWe reviewed the literature pertaining to the use of Buspirone in OCD for both as a primary anti-obsessive agent and for a potential secondary role in management of chronic anxiety and/or anxiety disorders comorbid to OCD.ResultThe results of a number of case reports and open trials have been positive while controlled trials have shown contradictory results. In a double blind RCT comparing clomipramine and buspirone, significant improvement was found in both groups with no differences between the two. Further two trials observing buspirone augmentation of clomipramine and fluoxetine treatment respectively, in a double-blind placebo controlled design reported significant improvement in the treatment as opposed to the placebo arm. Another double-blind placebo controlled study of buspirone augmentation of fluvoxamine resistant patients did not show significant benefits as an anti-obsessional agent, but notable anxiolytic effects were reported. In all the trials buspirone was largely well tolerated and did not pose any significant interactions with other psychotropic agents or dependence potential.ConclusionBuspirone is a pharmacologically unique agent with a good safety profile. Given the robust anxiolytic effects of this Peron along with complex neurotransmission modulatory effects coupled with a favourable tolerance and dependents profile might make buspirone an attractive novel pharmacological agent for augmentation in OCD . Further controlled studies to better establish effectiveness and deciphering if certain patients may respond to its use over others, are warranted

AimsOCD is a chronic and debilitating psychiatric illness. Current first-line treatments include serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive behavioural therapy, but a substantial minority of patients fail to respond adequately, requiring further forms of intervention usually provided in a sequenced algorithm. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) uses magnetic pulses passed through a coil placed on the scalp to stimulate the underlying brain region. Clinical trials of r-TMS in OCD have produced conflicting results, possibly related to the variability in the site of stimulation, protocols used, and variability in the selection of patients. We perform an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of rTMS for the treatment of OCD aimed to determine whether certain rTMS parameters (i.e. site, duration, protocol etc.) or patients’ characteristics (i.e age, duration of illness, illness severity, treatment resistance etc), are associated with effectiveness. Our overarching aim is to determine the place of rTMS in the sequenced OCD care-pathway.MethodThe meta-analysis is pre-registered in PROSPERO (ID: 241381). Potentially relevant studies will be retrieved using the MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library databases using the parameters [‘obsessive compulsive disorder’ or ‘OCD’ or ‘obsessions’ or ‘compulsions’] AND [‘transcranial magnetic stimulation’ or ‘TMS’]. The reference lists of retained articles will also be scrutinized for additional relevant publications. Only full text English language articles will be included in the review. The methodological quality of the studies will be assessed using CONSORT criteria. A summary of the study's quality as a randomized clinical trial will be produced.ResultOur preliminary analysis shows some efficacy for r-TMS in non-treatment resistant OCD than treatment resistant OCD. Detailed results will be presented in the poster at the event. Effect measure will be either categorical (e.g. relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR) or continuous (mean difference or standardized mean difference - Hedge's g or Cohen's d - when taking into consideration the severity of the disorder as a dimension). These outcomes will be measured through validated instruments, in the form of both self- rated scales and observer rated scales including semi-structured interviews.ConclusionThis meta-analysis will identify the patient, illness and protocol parameters that determine clinical outcomes, as guide to optimizing the role of rTMS in the care of patients with OCD.

AimsEngagement with members is an important issue for the Royal College of Psychiatrists (RCPsych) and an area for ongoing development. This is an issue that extends to Psychiatry trainees and the Psychiatric Trainees’ Committee (PTC) has adopted increasing engagement as one of its key aims. Divisional representatives in different areas of the UK had noted that trainees had limited knowledge of the PTC or its roles and projects both within the College and local areas. To improve this it was decided to pilot a project that established a social media platform for trainees to improve communication between the PTC, it's representatives and trainees. It was decided that Workplace (a professional version of Facebook) would be used. This had already been established in the Severn Deanery.MethodNorthern Ireland (NI) and the East of England (EoE) deaneries were selected as pilot areas for the project. Preparation for the project included collaboration with trainees from the Severn deanery and meeting with the RCPsych Digital team. A scoping questionnaire was circulated to trainees in each deanery.Following this, two closed groups were initiated on Workplace in August 2019 for Northern Ireland and East of England trainees.ResultResults from the survey sent prior to the social media pages being established indicated there was appetite among trainees for the project. The pages were established in July 2019. The pilot project was promoted by representatives.In the initial phases, approximately 40% of trainees signed up. Information regarding college and local events, committee meeting updates and training opportunities was disseminated on the platform. There was evidence of early use by trainees outside of the representative group.This however was not sustained and gradually use of the platform reduced over the pilot period, both in postings and membership. A further questionnaire circulated in July 2020 highlighted trainees’ concerns relating to the platform, including concerns around data protection and a high number of notifications associated with the Workplace medium. The ultimate impact on engagement was also felt to be minimal.ConclusionFollowing feedback and increasing usage costs by Workplace, it was decided not to continue with a nationwide role out of the project. COVID-19 has seen the successful use of platforms such as Microsoft Teams and these may be considered in the future, given their integration with existing trust systems.

Psychiatric disorders are among the most common causes of disability and burden worldwide. It has been estimated by the World Health Organization that close to 450 million people worldwide suffer from some sort of psychiatric illness. Even though the psychiatric disorders are usually diagnosed in the early adulthood, it has been found that the usual age of onset is in teens, and then they persist into adulthood, causing major impairments. Thus prevention in mental health is of utmost importance. The current narrative focuses on defining the concept of “preventive psychiatry,” current scientific evidence base and possible future directions of these initiatives.

Modern medicine, with all its scientific and technological advancements overshadowing the humanistic components, has time and again found to be falling short of the expectations of clients and service providers alike. Person Centered Integrated Care has been rapidly gaining momentum as the reply to the current shortcomings of health care delivery and has consistently been ranked as desirable. The need of the hour is to take coordinated and consolidated steps in this direction. This requires research, changes in the education and training system of the physicians and integration of service delivery. The present article discusses these avenues and outlines international efforts in this direction, with a special focus on mental health care.

Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) typically occurs in elderly people with peripheral vision impairment, or interruptions in the connections from eyes to visual cortex. The heterogeneity of presentations and causal mechanisms warrants clinical caution. In this report, we describe a case of CBS developing in the form of Lilliputian Hallucinations in an elderly gentleman, on the background of cataract and normal pressure hydrocephalus, the complexities arising out of such aetiogenesis, and its management. We emphasize upon the fact that CBS might develop through two concurrent mechanisms in a given individual. Treating one of these would mean persistent symptoms, and failing to recognize these would lead to continued morbidity.

We live in a world that is increasingly complex, intense, and stressful. Most people, at some time or other in their lives, can make good use of psychiatry as they map their course and steer their way through it. While this holds true, there also exists a very disturbing trend. No other branch of medicine suffers a similar, constant criticism, scrutiny and quite often downright vehement protest. Even the service users, who have been greatly benefitted, choose to stay mum for fear of stigmatization that may follow if they admit to have undergone therapy. The onus lies on both, the service users and providers alike, to take the positive contributions of psychiatry to the masses at large. All of us, especially medical professionals, need to consider our own attitudes and awareness. The recognition that anyone will break down if mental stress is high enough should help free us from a 'them and us' attitude. Reading about people's own experience of mental illness can promote understanding: Examples include a successful actress and a prize-winning author. For mental health practitioners, enabling service users to influence service development is another strong anti-stigma move. A cognitive behavior therapy approach can help individuals overcome the stigma felt and also cope better with discrimination. Also, we need to stand up against mental health discrimination wherever it is encountered.

Hunter syndrome is a rare X-linked recessive disorder caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulphatase, leading to progressive accumulation of a substance called glycosaminoglycans in nearly all cell types, tissues, and organs. Hunter syndrome presents with facial dysmorphism, airway diseases, skeletal defects, cardiomyopathies, and neuropsychiatric manifestations. Mental subnormality is a cardinal feature in Hunter syndrome. This is a progressive cognitive decline that is not amenable to enzyme replacement therapy. Due to progressive cognitive decline, training the children to improve the adaptive functioning is a challenge that creates immense stress for the caregivers. Patients with Hunter syndrome should undergo serial assessment of intellectual ability and may be trained accordingly.

Introduction: The current epidemiological data and meta-analyses indicate a bidirectional association between depression and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Aims: To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and obesity in drug naive patients (in current episode) having Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Depression. Method: This was a single point cross sectional observational study that involved administration of diagnostic and assessment tools and blood investigations. Recruitment for the study was done from a period of September 2008 to august 2009. Results: The prevalence of MetS was significantly more in the depression group when compared to healthy controls. The Bipolar depression group had 24% prevalence and recurrent depression group had 26% prevalence as opposed to none in the control group. The prevalence of MetS did not differ significantly amongst the both depression groups. Presence of central obesity was significantly more in the recurrent depression (30%) and Bipolar depression (24%) as compared to controls (8%). There was no statistically significant difference between the two depression subgroups. Discussion: Our study adds to the mounting evidence that links the presence of depression and metabolic syndrome. As we had ensured a drug free period of at least 3 months, the findings in our study indicate that the metabolic syndrome observed in our study is independent of drug exposure. Conclusions: This study demonstrated significantly more incidence of metabolic syndrome and central obesity in patients of depression than age and sex matched controls.

Olfactory dysfunctions are reported in multiple psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. The patterns of olfactory distortion in schizophrenia include impairments in olfactory perception, olfactory discrimination, olfactory memory, and olfactory perception threshold sensitivity. Olfactory dysfunction is believed to be an early warning sign of schizophrenia and is an important endophenotypic marker. We highlight a case of late onset acute and transient psychotic disorder with olfactory hallucination. Different implications of olfactory hallucinations in a psychotic patient are discussed with a review of the literature.

Cholinesterase inhibitors are effective pharmacological modality of treatment in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Urinary incontinence is a relatively uncommon side effect of cholinesterase inhibitors. It is difficult to differentiate the incontinence as a result of progression of the neurodegenerative process of dementia or due to medications or due to underlying local pathology (age-related). It seems illogical to recommend anticholinergics, which are commonly recommended for treatment of urinary incontinence, in patients with dementia who have already acetylcholine-deprived brain. We here discuss the management dilemma of urinary incontinence in a patient with Alzheimer's disease with review of literature.