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Purpose Broadening trial eligibility to improve accrual and access and to better reflect intended-to-treat populations has been recognized as a priority. Historically, patients with brain metastases have been understudied, because of restrictive eligibility across all phases of clinical trials. Methods In 2016, after a literature search and series of teleconferences, a multistakeholder workshop was convened. Our working group focused on developing consensus recommendations regarding the inclusion of patients with brain metastases in clinical trials, as part of a broader effort that encompassed minimum age, HIV status, and organ dysfunction. The working group attempted to balance the needs of protecting patient safety, facilitating access to investigational therapies, and ensuring trial integrity. On the basis of input at the workshop, guidelines were further refined and finalized. Results The working group identified three key populations: those with treated/stable brain metastases, defined as patients who have received prior therapy for their brain metastases and whose CNS disease is radiographically stable at study entry; those with active brain metastases, defined as new and/or progressive brain metastases at the time of study entry; and those with leptomeningeal disease. In most circumstances, the working group encourages the inclusion of patients with treated/stable brain metastases in clinical trials. A framework of key considerations for patients with active brain metastases was developed. For patients with leptomeningeal disease, inclusion of a separate cohort in both early-phase and later-phase trials is recommended, if CNS activity is anticipated and when relevant to the specific disease type. Conclusion Expanding eligibility to be more inclusive of patients with brain metastasis is justified in many cases and may speed the development of effective therapies in this area of high clinical need.

Background Neonatal infections caused by unsafe umbilical cord practices account for the majority of neonatal deaths in Nigeria. We examined the trends in umbilical cord care practices between 2012 and 2015 that coincided with the introduction of chlorhexidine digluconate 7.1% gel in Bauchi and Sokoto States. Methods We obtained data from three rounds of lot quality assurance samples (LQAS) surveys conducted in 2012, 2013 and 2015. Households were randomly sampled in each round that totaled 1140 and 1311 households in Bauchi and Sokoto States respectively. Mothers responded to questions on cord care practices in the last delivery. Coverage estimates of practice indicators were obtained for each survey period. Local Government Area (LGA) estimates for each indicator were obtained with α ≤ 5%, and β ≤20% statistical errors and aggregated to State-level estimates with finite sample correction relative to the LGA population. Results Over 75 and 80% of deliveries in Bauchi and Sokoto States respectively took place at home. The proportion of deliveries in public facilities reported by mothers ranged from 19% in 2012 to 22.4% in 2015 in Bauchi State and from 12.9 to 13.2% in 2015 in Sokoto State. Approximately 50% of deliveries in Bauchi and more than 80% in Sokoto States were assisted by traditional birth attendants (TBAs) or relatives and friends, with little change in the survey periods. In Bauchi and in Sokoto States, over 75% and over 80% of newborn cords were cut with razor blades underscoring the pervasive role of the TBAs in the immediate postpartum period. Use of chlorhexidine digluconate 7.1% gel for cord dressing significantly increased to the highest level in 2015 in both States. Health workers who attended deliveries in health facilities switched from methylated spirit to chlorhexidine. There were no observable changes in cord care practices among the TBAs. Conclusion Unsafe umbilical cord care practices remained prevalent in Bauchi and Sokoto States of Nigeria, although a recent introduction of chlorhexidine digluconate 7.1% gel positively changed the cord care practices toward safer practices among public health providers. TBAs, friends and relatives played the strongest immediate postpartum roles and mostly retained the unsafe cord care practices such as use of ash, cow dung and hot compress. We recommend that existing TBAs are retrained and refocused to forge stronger links between communities and the primary health centers to increase mothers’ access to skilled birth attendants.

Background Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is a leading cause of maternal death in Sokoto State, Nigeria, where 95% of women give birth outside of a health facility. Although pilot schemes have demonstrated the value of community-based distribution of misoprostol for the prevention of PPH, none have provided practical insight on taking such programs to scale. Methods A community-based system for the distribution of misoprostol tablets (in 600ug) and chlorhexidine digluconate gel 7.1% to mother-newborn dyads was introduced by state government officials and community leaders throughout Sokoto State in April 2013, with the potential to reach an estimated 190,467 annual births. A simple outcome form that collected distribution and consumption data was used to assess the percentage of mothers that received misoprostol at labor through December 2014. Mothers’ conditions were tracked through 6 weeks postpartum. Verbal autopsies were conducted on associated maternal deaths. Results Misoprostol distribution was successfully introduced and reached mothers in labor in all 244 wards in Sokoto State. Community data collection systems were successfully operational in all 244 wards with reliable capacity to record maternal deaths. 70,982 women or 22% of expected births received misoprostol from April 2013 to December 2014. Between April and December 2013, 33 women (< 1%) reported that heavy bleeding persisted after misoprostol use and were promptly referred. There were a total of 11 deaths in the 2013 cohort which were confirmed as maternal deaths by verbal autopsies. Between January and December of 2014, a total 434 women (1.25%) that ingested misoprostol reported associated side effects. Conclusion It is feasible and safe to utilize government guidelines on results-based primary health care to successfully introduce community distribution of life saving misoprostol at scale to reduce PPH and improve maternal outcomes. Lessons from Sokoto State’s at-scale program implementation, to assure every mother’s right to uterotonics, can inform scale-up elsewhere in Nigeria.

Background Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy with 3+ doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) reduces maternal mortality and stillbirths in malaria endemic areas. Between December 2014 and December 2015, a project to scale up IPTp-SP to all pregnant women was implemented in three local government areas (LGA) of Sokoto State, Nigeria. The intervention included community education and mobilization, household distribution of SP, and community health information systems that reminded mothers of upcoming SP doses. Health facility IPTp-SP distribution continued in three intervention (population 661,606) and one counterfactual (population 167,971) LGAs. During the project lifespan, 31,493 pregnant women were eligible for at least one dose of IPTp-SP. Methods Community and facility data on IPTp-SP distribution were collected in all four LGAs. Data from a subset of 9427 pregnant women, who were followed through 42 days postpartum, were analysed to assess associations between SP dosages and newborn status. Nominal cost and expense data in 2015 Nigerian Naira were obtained from expenditure records on the distribution of SP. Results Eighty-two percent (n = 25,841) of eligible women received one or more doses of IPTp-SP. The SP1 coverage was 95% in the intervention LGAs; 26% in the counterfactual. Measurable SP3+ coverage was 45% in the intervention and 0% in the counterfactual LGAs. The mean number of SP doses in the intervention LGAs was 2.1; 0.4 in the counterfactual. Increased doses of IPTp-SP were associated with linear increases in newborn head circumference and lower odds of stillbirth. Any antenatal care utilization predicted larger newborn head circumference and lower odds of stillbirth. The cost of delivering three doses of SP, inclusive of the cost of medicines, was US$0.93–$1.20. Conclusions It is feasible, safe, and affordable to scale up the delivery of high impact IPTp-SP interventions in low resource malaria endemic settings, where few women access facility-based maternal health services. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02758353. Registered 29 April 2016, retrospectively registered Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1578-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

There is a rather long-standing supposition that clients' preferences for proposed accounting standards or rules have a degree of influence on accounting firms' positions in support or opposition to adoption of those standards or rules. Previous tests of this supposition, labelled the “client effect” in this paper, have produced inconclusive results. This paper reports the results of a test of a more refined measure of client effect in the context of a single instance of accounting firm lobbying: that on SFAS No. 86. Results indicate a very strong association between positions advocated by clients and their respective accounting firms when the client positions are weighted by a measure of lobbying effort. Analysis of client and accounting firm comment letters did not reveal that an association existed in the structure of their respective arguments. Analysis of post-lobbying behaviour by clients suggests that the direction of influence is from client to accountant, which raises serious ethical questions given the auditor's obligation to be objective particularly with respect to intellectual honesty.

This paper explores a methodology for evaluating the content of narrative data. The method is applied to the president's letter and management analysis portions of annual reports in three industries. Comparisons of the narrative themes identified by the method are made to economic factors of sample firms that could alter perception of management performance. Results confirm hypothesized linkages between performance and narrative disclosure consistent with attribution theory.

Disclosure of the social consequences of firms' behavior has been proposed in the professional literature (e.g., see Bauer and Fenn [1972], Bauer, Cauthorn and Warner [1975], and Estes [1972]) under the assumption that reliable social responsibility disclosures would prove useful to external users. Recent studies, however, cast doubt concerning the demand for social disclosures (e.g., Buzby and Falk [1979], Opinion Research Corporation [1974], and Duff and Phelps [1976]). These results could reflect either a lack of disclosure quality or the nonrelevance of social disclosures to external users' decision models. This study centers on the first possibility by examining the relationship between measures of firm's environmental performances and the environmental disclosures contained in the firms' annual reports. In the present institutional environment, most social responsibility disclosures are voluntary and unaudited. Few efforts have been made to monitor firms' social activities or to validate their disclosures so that motivation may exist for management to distort voluntary disclosures, to the extent that these disclosures reflect aspects of managements' relative performances. For the disclosures to be useful, there should be a correspondence between the disclosures and actual events. If external users do not perceive this correspondence, they might discount the social responsibility disclosures, which would be consistent with the negative findings cited above. Disclosure quality may be gauged by assessing the relationship between (1) what firms identify as their accomplishments and objectives and (2)

Expectancy theory (Vroom [1964]) has been employed to explain subjects' motivations, choices, actions, and performance. In audit settings, the model was used by Jiambalvo [1979] and Ferris [1977] to provide insights into the motivation and performance of CPAs. Although the results of these expectancy theory applications confirmed the authors' hypotheses, the models were tested in a between-subjects design instead of the within-subjects design, which is more consistent with expectancy theory's focus on individual choices. Given that Kopelman [1977] has provided empirical evidence of the enhanced explanatory power of a within-subjects approach (see also Kaplan [1984]), we investigated whether his results generalize to a public accounting environment. Our results are consistent with those reported by Kopelman [1977]. The methodology we employed is explained in section 2, and the results are reported in section 3. Section 4 contains our conclusions.