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Additional file 1. Containing detailed material and methods, statistics and sample sizes, and cannulation tip placements.

Since the advent of deep convolutional neural networks (DNNs), computer vision has seen an extremely rapid progress that has led to huge advances in medical imaging. This article does not aim to cover all aspects of the field but focuses on a particular topic, image-to-image translation. Although the topic may not sound familiar, it turns out that many seemingly irrelevant applications can be understood as instances of image-to-image translation. Such applications include (1) noise reduction, (2) super-resolution, (3) image synthesis, and (4) reconstruction. The same underlying principles and algorithms work for various tasks. Our aim is to introduce some of the key ideas on this topic from a uniform point of view. We introduce core ideas and jargon that are specific to image processing by use of DNNs. Having an intuitive grasp of the core ideas of and a knowledge of technical terms would be of great help to the reader for understanding the existing and future applications. Most of the recent applications which build on image-to-image translation are based on one of two fundamental architectures, called pix2pix and CycleGAN, depending on whether the available training data are paired or unpaired. We provide computer codes which implement these two architectures with various enhancements. Our codes are available online with use of the very permissive MIT license. We provide a hands-on tutorial for training a model for denoising based on our codes. We hope that this article, together with the codes, will provide both an overview and the details of the key algorithms, and that it will serve as a basis for the development of new applications., many typos are fixed. to appear in Radiological Physics and Technology

The authors improve the high-resolution Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) product for Typhoon Morakot (2009) over Taiwan by using an orographic/nonorographic rainfall classification scheme. For the estimation of the orographically forced upward motion used in the orographic/nonorographic rainfall classification scheme, the optimal horizontal length scale for averaging the elevation data is examined and found to be about 50 km. It is inferred that as the air ascends en masse on the horizontal scale, it becomes unstable and convection develops. The orographic/nonorographic rainfall classification scheme is extended to the GSMaP algorithm for all passive microwave radiometers in orbit, including not just microwave imagers but also microwave sounders. The retrieved rainfall rates, together with infrared images, are used for the high-resolution rainfall products, which leads to much better agreement with rain gauge observations., 資料番号: PA1410041000

Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) is a rotational intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)technique capable of acquiring projection images for cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Respiratorycorrelatedcone-beam computed tomography, namely 4D-CBCT, serves to assess the displacement of a tumorposition between planning and treatment due to organ motion and respiration, and is important for more accurateradiation therapy. On the other hand, recently, a 320-detector row CT scanner, namely 4D-CT, hasbecome available that allows axial volumetric scanning of a 16-cm-long range in a patient without tablemovement. The goal of our research is to establish a new method of verification during treatment in stereotacticbody radiotherapy. In this study, we compare the movement of the tumor between “before treatment” using4D-CT and “in treatment” using 4D-CBCT. Three patients (55–68 years of age) with lung tumors underwentCT scans for radiotherapy planning using 4D-CT scans to analyze the movement of the tumor before treatment.The patients were treated by VMAT while acquiring projection images. 4D-CBCT datasets were reconstructedfrom the projection images using in-house programs. The tumor positions in 4D-CT and 4D-CBCTwere detected and the movement of the tumor between “before treatment” and “in treatment” was similar. Themovement of the tumors during treatment was predictable from 4D-CT before treatment. Furthermore,4D-CBCT clarified the tumor position during treatment and could reevaluate the actual tumor position anddose distribution. We have successfully shown the movement of the tumor between “before treatment” using4D-CT and “in treatment” using 4D-CBCT.

Our work on stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for primary and metastatic lung tumors will be described. The eligibility criteria for SBRT, our previous SBRT method, the definition of target volume, heterogeneity correction, the position adjustment using four-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (4D CBCT) immediately before SBRT, volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) method for SBRT, verifying of tumor position within internal target volume (ITV) using in-treatment 4D-CBCT during VMAT-SBRT, shortening of treatment time using flattening-filter-free (FFF) techniques, delivery of 4D dose calculation for lung-VMAT patients using in-treatment CBCT and LINAC log data with agility multileaf collimator, and SBRT method for centrally located lung tumors in our institution will be shown. In our institution, these efforts have been made with the goal of raising the local control rate and decreasing adverse effects after SBRT.

Lithium ion secondary batteries are one of the most important energy storage systems because of their higher energy density and power density. In particular, many different types of cathode materials are studied for increasing capacity and cell potential. Spinel-type LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 have been attracting significant attention due to higher redox potential, lower cost and low environmental load. The LNMO is possibly sorted into two type of spinel structure with different space group, ordered and disordered phase, which is typically identified due to formation of oxygen deficient, which cause reduction of Mn4+ to Mn3+ based on charge valance. Disordered spinel structures could also lead to improved rate capability due to higher electronic conductivity and Li-ion diffusive of Mn3+ ion, However, too much concentration of Mn3+ lead to structural distortion and disproportionation, and which can be reduce cyclability. Thus, suitable Mn cation adjustment as well as surface stabilization with thin layer for insulating the direct contact with liquid electrolyte is one of important factor for advanced LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrode. In this work, we performed two ways for the enhancement of high-voltage cyclability and rate capability in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4crystals through the substitution of F anion within oxygen deficient LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4- d .crystals as well as surface modification with self-assembled monolayer of fluorocabon containing organosilane compound. We further calculational studies on the effect of fluorine substitution on their LIBs characteristics, including rate capability and cyclability by using first-principle calculation.

We studied the phase stability of P4332-type LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4- d phase through the substitution of transition-metals by using ab initio DFT calculations as well as flux growth of their single crystals. Computational studies reveal that small quantities of Cu2+ substitution into Mn2+ site stabilizes LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4- d crystalized into P4332 lattice as compared to that of Fd-3m. Furthermore, Cu2+ substitution enhances its electronic conductivity through the d-electron doping effect and reduces activation energy for the Li+ transfer. As predict computationally, flux grown LiNi0.49Cu0.01Mn1.49O3.62 single crystalline particle-based composite electrodes show flat plateau in their charge-discharge curves at around 4.7V (vs Li+/Li) arose from the Ni2+/Ni4+ redox couples, and showed higher specific capacity of ca. 140 mAh/g under operation with current density of 0.2 C. And cyclic voltammetry, Raman spectroscopy, TEM coupled with SAED, and Rietvelt confinement reveals the LiNi0.49Cu0.01Mn1.49O3.62 particles are crystallized into highly ordered P4332 lattice. Interestingly, C rate and high voltage capability are also enhanced significantly with no any assistance of additives. More than 70% of original discharge capacity is retained under operation with current density of 10C. And 96 % of original discharge capacity is retained after 100 cycle charge-discharge test with cut-off voltage of 4.8-3.5V.

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