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Two new species, Thelopsis ullungdoensis and Phylloblastia gyeongsangbukensis are described from Ullung-Do (Island), South Korea. The closest relatives from Europe and Korea are epiphytic Thelopsis flaveola which differs by their immersed or semi-immersed yellow ascomata, ascospores without halo and their habitat of smooth bark (mainly Fagus) in humid and cold climates. Thelopsis gangwondoensis differs by its bigger semi-immersed ascomata (600–700 µm in diam.), oblong halonate ascospores (8–12 × 6–8 µm) and its habitat of smooth bark of deciduous trees. P. gyeongsangbukensis differs from its relatives within the genus in having 5-septate ascospores (22–26 × 6–8 µm), semi-immersed, subglobose ascomata with a flattened top (250–400 µm) and a thin, matt, uneven gray-brown to gray-green continuous thallus without isidia.

Six new Micarea species are described from Europe. Phylogenetic analyses, based on three loci, i.e. mtSSU rDNA, Mcm7 and ITS rDNA and ancestral state reconstructions, were used to evaluate infra-group divisions and the role of secondary metabolites and selected morphological characters on the taxonomy in the M. prasina group. Two main lineages were found within the group. The Micarea micrococca clade consists of twelve species, including the long-known M. micrococca and the newly described M. microsorediata, M. nignz and M. pauli. Within this Glade, most species produce methoxymicareic acid, with the exceptions of M. levicula and M. viaikprosa producing gyrophoric acid. The M. prasina dade includes the newly described M. azorica closely related to M. prasina s.str., M. aeruginoprusina sp. nov. and M. isidiopnzsina sp. nov. The species within this Glade are characterised by the production of micareic acid, with the exception of M. herbarum which lacks any detectable substances and M. subviridescens that produces prasinic acid. Based on our reconstructions, it was concluded that the ancestor of the M. prasina group probably had a thallus consisting of goniocysts, which were lost several times during evolution, while isidia and soredia evolved independently at multiple times. Our research supported the view that the ancestor of M. prasina group did not produce any secondary substances, but they were gained independently in different lineages, such as methoxymicareic acid which is restricted to M. micrococca and allied species or micareic acid present in the M. prasina clade.

We report new records of 19, predominantly rare, Micarea species, mostly from dead wood in mixed montane forests characterized mainly by Norway spruce, European beech and silver fir in the Bavarian Forest National Park on the German-Czech border. Their ecology and key morphological features are discussed. Micarea contexta, M. fallax, M. melanobola, M. pseudomicrococca, M. pusilla, M. soralifera and M. tomentosa are reported for the first time from Germany. Micarea anterior, M. byssacea, M. elachista, M. laeta, M. micrococca and M. nowakii, in addition to the aforementioned, are reported as new for the Bavarian Forest National Park. We report new records of 19, predominantly rare, Micarea species, mostly from dead wood in mixed montane forests characterized mainly by Norway spruce, European beech and silver fir in the Bavarian Forest National Park on the German-Czech border. Their ecology and key morphological features are discussed. Micarea contexta, M. fallax. M. melanobola, M. pseudomicrococca, M. pusilla, M. soralifera and M. tomentosa are reported for the first time from Germany. Micarea anterior, M. byssacea, M. elachista, M. laeta, M. rnicrococca and M. nowakii, in addition to the aforementioned, are reported as new for the Bavarian Forest National Park.

Societal Impact Statement Research and publication of the planet's remaining plant and fungal species as yet unknown to science is essential if we are to address the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 15 “Life on Land” which includes the protection of terrestrial ecosystems and halting of biodiversity loss. If species are not known to science, they cannot be assessed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species and so the possibility to protect them from extinction is reduced. Furthermore, until species are known to science they cannot be fully scientifically evaluated for their potential as new foods, medicines, and products which would help address SDGs 1,2,3, and 8. Summary Scientific discovery, including naming new taxa, is important because without a scientific name, a species is invisible to science and the possibilities of researching its ecology, applications and threats, and conserving it, are greatly reduced. We review new scientific discoveries in the plant and fungal kingdoms, based largely on new names of taxa published in 2019 and indexed in the International Plant Names Index and Index Fungorum. Numbers of new species in both kingdoms were similar with 1942 new species of plant published and 1882 species of fungi. However, while >50% of plant species have likely been discovered, >90% of fungi remain unknown. This gulf likely explains the greater number of higher order taxa for fungi published in 2019: three classes, 18 orders, 48 families and 214 genera versus one new family and 87 new genera for plants. We compare the kingdoms in terms of rates of scientific discovery, globally and in different taxonomic groups and geographic areas, and with regard to the use of DNA in discovery. We review species new to science, especially those of interest to humanity as new products, and also by life‐form. We consider where future such discoveries can be expected. We recommend an urgent increase in investment in scientific discovery of plant and fungal species, while they still survive. Priorities include more investment in training taxonomists, in building and equipping collections‐based research centers for them, especially in species‐rich, income‐poor countries where the bulk of species as yet unknown to science are thought to occur.

A new species Enterographa assamica, in the family Roccellaceae sensu lato is described from Assam, India. It is characterized by whitish grey thallus, rounded to elongate ascomata with yellowish-white thalline margin and presence of lichexanthone and confluentic acid in the thallus. A key to all the known species of Enterographa in India is also provided.

This paper reports 120 species of lichens and one lichenicolous fungus from the Stanovoye Nagor’e Highlands in southeastern Siberia, including 64 species new for the area. Some of the newly recorded species are extremely rare in Russia [e.g., Bryonora curvescens (Mudd) Poelt, Gyalideopsis alnicola Noble & Vězda and Pilophorus strumaticus Nyl. ex Cromb.]. The distribution and habitat preferences of several rare species are briefly discussed.

The paper provides data on 21 Caloplaca Th. Fr. species from central European Russia. Two species are new for Russia: C. atroflava (Turner) Mong. s.l. and C. soralifera Vondrák & Hrouzek. A further seven are new for European Russia [C. flavocitrina (Nyl.) H. Olivier, C. inconnexa (Nyl.) Zahlbr., C. marmorata (Bagl.) Jatta, C. oasis (A. Massal.) Szatala] or central European Russia [C. dichroa Arup, C. interfulgens (Nyl.) J. Steiner, C. monacensis (Leder.) Lettau]. Short taxonomic notes together with information on habitat and distribution are provided for the newly recorded species. An additional twelve Caloplaca species recognized in the area are also briefly presented. © by Karina Wilk 2015. Acknowledgments. We thank Lyudmila Konoreva ?St. Petersburg) for assistance in collecting lichens, Williams O. Purvis ?London) for pre-submission line-editing, and the anonymous reviewer and Lucyna Śliwa ?Kraków) for critical comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by the Russian Academy of Science Fundamental Research Program entitled ‘Wildlife: Current Status and Problems of Development’, by grant NSh-1858.2014.4 from the President of the Russian Federation for state support of leading Russian science schools, by the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research ?RFFR 14-04-31024) and by the Grant Agency of the Faculty of Environmental Sciences, CULS, Prague, 42900/1312/3114. Financial support to KW was provided by the National Sciences Centre ?NCN, grant no. N N303 821740).

The paper presents a descriplion, figures and locations of the species Epigloca pleispora, E. bactrospora and E. soleifomis, new to Poland, found on the shores of lakes in the Tuchola Forests (Bory Tucholskie) region (NW Poland).

Members of the lichen genus Lecanora Ach. are important but still poorly known components of almost all vegetation types in Bolivia. In this paper, seven species new for Bolivia are presented: Lecanora bicincta Ramond, L. fulvastra Kremp., L. hagenii (Ach.) Ach., L. muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh., L. percrenata H. Magn., L. stramineoalbida Vain. and L. strobilina (Spreng.) Kieff. Their distributions are described and information on their diagnostic characters and chemistry is given

A preliminary study of the Lecanora dispersa group in Argentina is presented. Two species (L. dispersa and L. hagenii) have been previously recorded and their known distribution is extended, one species (L. semipallida) is a new record from Argentina, and five taxa (L. flowersiana, L. persimilis, L. torrida, L. wetmorei and L. zosterae var. zosterae) are reported for the first time from South America. Three species (L. albescens, L. crenulata and L. populicola) previously recorded for Argentina have not been confirmed as occurring in this country. Lecanora aff. fugiens is also treated and compared to the related species. The morphology, anatomy, secondary metabolites, distribution and ecology of the nine studied taxa are described and discussed, and a key to the taxa is included. Fil: de la Rosa, Iris Nadia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Messuti, Maria Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Śliwa, Lucyna. Polish Academy of Sciences; Polonia

São apresentados 25 novos registros para o Estado (toponímia) de Alagoas, sendo uma espécie novo registro para a região Nordeste e quatro outras novas ocorrências para o Brasil. Uma lista com todas as espécies atualmente conhecidas para o semi-árido de Alagoas é apresentada. As amostras foram coletadas na região do Município de São José da Tapera, estado de Alagoas, onde ocorre uma rica vegetação de Caatinga arbóreo-arbustiva.az de regenerar e recrutar em ambientes sombreados, mas o crescimento é limitado pelas condições de pouca luminosidade._________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT: A total of 25 species are here reported for the first time for Alagoas State, with one new record for the Northeastern Region of Brazil and four new records for Brazil. A list of all known species for the semi-arid region in Alagoas is presented. Sampling took place near the municipality of São José da Tapera, in the semi-arid region of Alagoas, where a very rich Caatinga vegetation of trees and shrubs occurs.

São apresentados 25 novos registros para o Estado (toponímia) de Alagoas, sendo uma espécie novo registro para a região Nordeste e quatro outras novas ocorrências para o Brasil. Uma lista com todas as espécies atualmente conhecidas para o semi-árido de Alagoas é apresentada. As amostras foram coletadas na região do Município de São José da Tapera, estado de Alagoas, onde ocorre uma rica vegetação de Caatinga arbóreo-arbustiva.az de regenerar e recrutar em ambientes sombreados, mas o crescimento é limitado pelas condições de pouca luminosidade.A total of 25 species are here reported for the first time for Alagoas State, with one new record for the Northeastern Region of Brazil and four new records for Brazil. A list of all known species for the semi-arid region in Alagoas is presented. Sampling took place near the municipality of São José da Tapera, in the semi-arid region of Alagoas, where a very rich Caatinga vegetation of trees and shrubs occurs.

WOS: 000370953800011, Ninety-three lichen taxa belonging to 43 genera are recorded from the Sundiken Mountains, Eskisehir (Turkey), of which 34 are reported for the first time from this area. Calicium parvum and C. trabinellum are new records for Turkey. The lichen diversity in three forests in different phytogeographical regions in the study area is discussed., Anadolu University [104F119], We are indebted to Prof. H. Mayrhofer for suggestions to improve the manuscript, to Prof. M.R.D. Seaward for further helpful criticism and linguistic improvement, and to Mehmet Candan for his help during field studies. Financial support from the Anadolu University (Project No. 104F119) is gratefully acknowledged.

The springtail species Pachytullbergia scabra Bonet (Pachytullbergiidae), previously recorded in austral America inhabiting the surfaces of Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst. bark, has been collected growing on the epiphytic lichen species Pseudocyphellaria granulata (C. Bab.) Malme. This is the first record of an arthropod-lichen association in the cool temperate forest of Argentina.El colémbolo Pachytullbergia scabra Bonet (Pachytullbergiidae), previamente registrada en América austral como habitante de la superficie de la corteza de Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst., fue coleccionada sobre la especie liquénica Pseudocyphellaria granulata (C. Bab.) Malme. Éste es el primer registro de una asociación artrópodo-líquen en los bosques templado-fríos de la Argentina.

The new species Miriquidica invadens Hafellner, Obermayer & Tretiach is described and reported from Austria, Bulgaria, Italy, Switzerland, France and Spain. From a morphological point of view the species belongs to the M. griseoatra group, in which it is, so far, the only constantly lichenicolous taxon. Chemically it is characterized by the regular presence of miriquidic acid, stictic acid, and constictic acid (in variable amounts). It starts its ontogenetic life cycle as an obligate youth parasite on Sporastatia, usually S. polyspora.Morpho-anatomical treatments of other species of the Miriquidica griseoatra group occurring in Europe, based on the examination of type material, are also presented. According to the characters exhibited by the lectotype of Lecidea contigua var. griseoatra Flot., M. griseoatra (Flot.) Hertel & Rambold is the correct name for a montane species with subdivided areoles and immersed, laterally adnate apothecia with a pigmented hypothecium. Specimens exhibiting this set of characters were usually named M. obnubila auct. According to the characters observed on the lectotype of Lecidea (Biatora) obnubila Th. Fr. & Hellb., M. obnubila (Th. Fr. & Hellb.) Hertel & Rambold is a species with sessile apothecia with a hyaline hypothecium. Lecidea subplumbea Anzi does not constitute a heterotypic synonym of Lecidea griseoatra (Flot.) Schaer. but is the legitimate name at the species level for Miriquidica griseoatra sensu auct., and therefore M. subplumbea (Anzi) Cl. Roux is the correct name for that taxon. Lecidea inserena Nyl. is confirmed as a heterotypic synonym of Lecidea subplumbea Anzi. Lecidea plumbea Garov. ex A. Massal. is an earlier heterotypic synonym of Miriquidica limitata Hertel & Rambold and, therefore, the new combination M. plumbea (Garov. ex A. Massal.) Hafellner, Obermayer & Tretiach is introduced.Lectotypes are designated for Lecidea contigua var. griseoatra Flot., Lecidea inserena Nyl., Lecidea obnubila Th. Fr. & Hellb., Lecidea plumbea Garov. ex A. Massal., and Lecidea subplumbea Anzi. A key to the taxa of the M. griseoatra-group and other Miriquidica taxa with a grey thallus is provided.

Everniastrum is a pantropical genus that has been recorded for the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul. In this work, we present the first records of E. cirrhatum and E. vexans for the Brazilian state of Parana. Comments and illustrations are provided.

Sixty taxa (59 species and 1 variety) of lichenized fungi are reported from a chestnut grove in Livari. The majority of them (55 species and 1 variety) occurred on Castanea sativa. The recently described Xylographa soralifera is new to the Balkan Peninsula.The lichenicolous fungus Monodictys epilepraria growing on Lepraria rigidula is new to Montenegro. The lichen mycota is compared with similar localities in Italy and Switzerland.The species composition in Livari is most similar to the Montieri site in Tuscany.

Usnea is a highly diverse lichen genus, currently including ca. 350 species that are widely distributed from polar to tropical regions. The exceptional plasticity of morphological traits towards environmental parameters causes difficulties in the circumscription of species, and taxonomic revisions are needed, especially in tropical regions. In this taxonomic treatment of Usnea in tropical South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, incl. the Galapagos Islands, Paraguay, Peru and Venezuela), we identified 51 species, representing ca. half of the total diversity of species occurring in this region. Out of these 51 species, 16 are so far endemic to South America, whereas several species have a wide distribution, sometimes across several continents. Twelve species were newly described and 15 species were newly reported for South America, indicating that the diversity of Neotropical Usnea species is particularly high and that numerous discoveries are yet to be made. In addition to taxonomic studies, the phylogeny of Usnea was investigated using the nuclear ribosomal genes ITS rDNA and nuLSU, as well as two protein-coding genes RPB1 and MCM7. The concatenated dataset revealed that Usnea is subdivided into four highly-supported clades, corresponding to the traditionally circumscribed subgenera Eumitria, Dolichousnea, Neuropogon and Usnea. However, phenotypic characters that have been used to characterize these subgenera are often homoplasious in the phylogeny and a parallel evolution of these characters is suggested. On the other hand, the majority of species described from phenotypic characters are monophyletic in our phylogeny. We conclude that the combinations of phenotypic characters are suitable discriminators for the delimitation of species. On the other hand, most of these characters have evolved several times independently during the diversification of the genus Usnea and are therefore inadequate to describe generic subdivisions.

As with most disciplines in biology, molecular genetics has revolutionized our understanding of lichenized fungi. Nowhere has this been more true than in systematics, especially in the delimitation of species. In many cases, molecular research has verified long-standing hypotheses, but in others, results appear to conflict with existing morphological species concepts. This work reports on recent progress regarding two main issues: (i) cryptic species, i.e., two or more independent lineages exhibiting similar morphology; and (ii) species pairs, two species with similar morphology but exhibiting different reproductive modes. Both concepts have in common a lack of correlation between phylogenetic and morphological data, at least for characters normally used in lichen systematics. We review the available literature on cryptic species and species pairs, focusing especially on the family Parmeliaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota). Molecular data have repeatedly demonstrated the existence of cryptic species in lichenized fungi, although taxonomists have often been slow to recognize the resulting taxa. However, careful observation of fine-scale morphological, ecological and/or geographical features tends to provide support for the recognition of these species. In the case of species pairs, by contrast, few if any of the pairs studied to date have been confirmed to consist of independent lineages. Differences in reproductive mode alone appear not to be a sufficient reason to recognise new species.Como en otras disciplinas, el impacto producido por la filogenia molecular en el conocimiento de los hongos liquenizados ha producido avances y cambios conceptuales importantes. Esto ha sido especialmente cierto en la sistemática y ha afectado de una manera muy notable en aspectos relacionados con la delimitación de las especies. En muchos casos los datos moleculares han verificado las hipótesis tradicionalmente aceptadas en relación con la definición y el reconocimiento de especies, pero en otros han producido conflictos con el concepto morfológico todavía en uso. Este trabajo trata de los recientes progresos en dos direcciones principales: (i) las especies crípticas, es decir, dos o más linajes independientes que exhiben o aparentan una morfología similar; y (ii) los pares de especies, que son especies con morfología similar pero que exhiben diferentes modos de reproducción. Ambos conceptos tienen en común la falta de correlación entre datos filogenéticos y morfológicos, al menos en lo que se refiere a los caracteres normalmente utilizados en la sistemática de líquenes. Hemos analizado la literatura disponible sobre especies crípticas y pares de especies, centrando los ejemplos preferentemente en la familia Parmeliaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota). En los hongos liquenizados, los datos moleculares han demostrado reiteradamente la existencia de especies crípticas, pero los investigadores han sido a menudo muy prudentes a la hora de reconocer como tales los nuevos táxones que se vislumbran. De hecho, las investigaciones se han esforzado en la observación cuidadosa de caracteres morfológicos informativos o de caracteres ecológicos o geográficos; ello está proporcionando un buen apoyo para un sólido planteamiento biológico que va parejo al reconocimiento formal de las especies crípticas. Al contrario, en el caso de los pares de especies, raro es el par de especies, entre los estudiados, en que se haya podido confirmar que realmente se trata de linajes independientes. Por tanto parece que las diferencias en el modo de reproducción no son, de por sí, razón suficiente para el reconocimiento de especies distintas.

Duisburg, Essen, Univ., Diss., 2008 A taxonomic revision of the Australian members of trentepohlioid, ecolumellate thelotremataceaen Graphidaceae (Ostropales, lichenized Ascomycota) is presented. This species-rich group of crustose, predominantly tropical and subtropical lichens has been neglected for a long time, and is still poorly known. Particularly the studies for Australia are highly fragmentary. Approximately 4000 specimens, including a total of c. 500 type specimens, herbaria collections, and almost 1000 samples collected during two field trips, were examined morphologically, anatomically, and chemically. A total of 103 species of 13 genera (including one newly described genus) could be identified. 33 species are new records for Australia, and 20 species were described new to science. Of the currently listed 71 names of this group for Australia, 50 are accepted as valid species. The remaining names and species, listed in an appendix, proved to belong to other genera, be synonymous to other taxa or falsely identified collections. 21 species (including species not known for Australia) are newly combined and several new synonyms are proposed. In the taxonomic part an introduction is provided, including a historical overview of the development of generic concepts and delimitations within the treated group. This is followed by a brief presentation of earlier taxonomic studies and collections of thelotrematoid lichens in Australia. It also provides a general treatment of the climatic and biogeographical conditions of the continent. Further, the main characters are described, including anatomical, morphological and chemical features. The ecology and distribution of thelotrematoid lichens are discussed. All treated species are described and illustrated, their distribution is mapped, and a key for the identification provided. An overview of the distinguishing characters between genera is presented in a table. To illuminate the phylogenetic relationships within this group, three phylogentic analyses were carried out using partial sequences of nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA loci. The first analysis employed a combined dataset of the mitochondrial SSU (mtSSU) and the nuclear LSU (nuLSU) of 105 species of Ascomycetes. As a result, it could be shown that the hitherto separted two families of Ostropales, Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae, are not monophyletic, but form several lineages within one strongly supported monophyletic group. Consequently, Thelotremataceae is reduced to synonymy with Graphidaceae. The second and third analyses were carried out using a single dataset of nuLSU and mtSSU sequences respectively. In the nuLSU analysis 40 specimens of 38 species were included, in the mtSSU analysis 50 specimens of 25 species were examined. These analyses showed that all genera of thelotrematoid lichens included in the study are para- or polyphyletic, with the sole exception of Diploschistes, and that the present generic concept within Graphidaceae needs revision. The new genus Melanotopelia is introduced based on molecular and morphological evidence.