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International audience; Orange Protein (Orp) is a small bacterial metalloprotein of unknown function that harbors a unique molybdenum/copper (Mo/Cu) heterometallic cluster, [S2MoS2CuS2MoS2]3−. In this paper, the performance of Orp as a catalyst for the photocatalytic reduction of protons into H2 has been investigated under visible light irradiation. We report the complete biochemical and spectroscopic characterization of holo-Orp containing the [S2MoS2CuS2MoS2]3− cluster, with docking and molecular dynamics simulations suggesting a positively charged Arg, Lys-containing pocket as the binding site. Holo-Orp exhibits an excellent photocatalytic activity, in the presence of ascorbate as the sacrificial electron donor and [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 as the photosensitizer, for hydrogen evolution with a maximum turnover number of 890 after 4 hours irradiation. DFT calculations were used to propose a consistent reaction mechanism in which the terminal sulfur atoms are playing a key role in promoting H2 formation. A series of dinuclear [S2MS2M’S2MS2](4n)− clusters, with M = MoVI, WVI and M’(n+) = CuI, FeI, NiI, CoI , ZnII, CdII were assembled in Orp, leading to different M/M’-Orp versions which are shown to display catalytic activity, with the Mo/Fe-Orp catalyst giving a remarkable TON of 1150 after 2.5 hours reaction and an initial turnover frequency (TOF°) of 800 h-1 establishing a record among previously reported artificial hydrogenases.

The high turnover rates of [FeFe]-hydrogenases under mild conditions and at low overpotentials provide a natural blueprint for the design of hydrogen catalysts. However, the unique active site (H-cluster) degrades upon contact with oxygen. The [FeFe]-hydrogenase fromClostridium beijerinckii (CbA5H) is characterized by the flexibility of its protein structure, which allows a conserved cysteine to coordinate to the active site under oxidative conditions. Thereby, intrinsic cofactor degradation induced by dioxygen is minimized. However, the protection from O2 is only partial, and the activity of the enzyme decreases upon each exposure to O2. By using site-directed mutagenesis in combination with electrochemistry, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the kinetics of the conversion between the oxygen-protected inactive state (cysteine-bound) and the oxygen-sensitive active state can be accelerated by replacing a surface residue that is very distant from the active site. This sole exchange of methionine for a glutamate residue leads to an increased resistance of the hydrogenase to dioxygen. With our study, we aim to understand how local modifications of the protein structure can have a crucial impact on protein dynamics and how they can control the reactivity of inorganic active sites through outer sphere effects.

Cinétique enzymatique; La cinétique enzymatique est la discipline scientifique, à l'interface de la chimie et de la biochimie, qui applique les concepts de la cinétique chimique à l'étude des réactions catalysées par des enzymes : il s'agit, par cette approche, de chercher à comprendre comment fonctionnent les enzymes par l’examen de la manière dont les vitesses de ces réactions varient en fonction des conditions expérimentales.

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International audience; Potential for nitrogenase: Milton, Minteer, and co-workers report the first evidence for the bioelectrochemical reduction of N2 to ammonia by nitrogenase. This complex enzyme could be wired to an electrode by using the soluble mediator methyl viologen; this very simple approach makes it possible to develop a variety of biotechnological devices.

International audience; FeFe hydrogenases are the most efficient H$_2$-producing enzymes. However, inactivation by O$_2$ remains an obstacle that prevents them being used in many biotechnological devices. Here, we combine electrochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, molecular dynamics and quantum chemical calculations to uncover the molecular mechanism of O$_2$ diffusion within the enzyme and its reactions at the active site. We propose that the partial reversibility of the reaction with O$_2$ results from the four-electron reduction of O$_2$ to water. The third electron/proton transfer step is the bottleneck for water production, competing with formation of a highly reactive OH radical and hydroxylated cysteine. The rapid delivery of electrons and protons to the active site is therefore crucial to prevent the accumulation of these aggressive species during prolonged O$_2$ exposure. These findings should provide important clues for the design of hydrogenase mutants with increased resistance to oxidative damage.

International audience; This chapter presents the fundamentals of electrochemistry in the context of protein electrochemistry. We discuss redox proteins and enzymes that are not photoactive. Of course, the principles described herein also apply to photobioelectrochemistry, as discussed in later chapters of this book. Depending on which experiment is considered, electron transfer between proteins and electrodes can be either direct or mediated, and achieved in a variety of configurations: with the protein and/or the mediator free to diffuse in solution, immobilized in a thick, hydrated film, or adsorbed as a sub-monolayer on the electrode. The experiments can be performed with the goal to study the protein or to use it. Here emphasis is on mechanistic studies, which are easier in the configuration where the protein is adsorbed and electron transfer is direct, but we also explain the interpretation of signals obtained when diffusion processes affect the response.This chapter is organized as a series of responses to questions. Questions 1–5 are related to the basics of electrochemistry: what does “potential” or “current” mean, what does an electrochemical set-up look like? Questions 6–9 are related to the distinction between adsorbed and diffusive redox species. The answers to questions 10–13 explain the interpretation of slow and fast scan voltammetry with redox proteins. Questions 14–19 deal with catalytic electrochemistry, when the protein studied is actually an enzyme. Questions 20, 21 and 22 are general.

International audience; A long-range transmission demonstrator for low data rate environmental sensor networks is under development. It uses the ISM free-access frequency band at 433 MHz. In addition to distance attenuation, a major issue is the presence of numerous radio frequency interferences in this band. With a view to optimizing the sensor life and cost, the system complexity has been shifted to the central station which will be based on array processing techniques. In this paper, we describe a spatial cyclostationary detector for triggering the acquisition of sensor data frames in this highly corruptive radio environment.

In humans CT imaging is a validated method for the study of adipose tissue distribution and for quantification of visceral and subcutaneous fat. Equivalent methods adapted to murine models of obesity are still lacking. Indeed most attempts to quantify fat tissues in vivo, using dedicated small animal micro-CT, involve long-term X-ray exposure which limits longitudinal studies. We have overcome this limitation by using a human clinical CT which allows very fast 3D imaging and minimal radiation exposure for the study of adipose tissue distribution in mice in vivo. Moreover, we have developed an automatic image analysis method for the segmentation of Hounsfield units of adipose tissues and for the localization of abdominal regions of interest.

International audience; In this communication, we expose the classical steps used in medical imaging to reconstruct dynamical organs such as the human heart. We indicate the limitations still encountered nowadays, and propose some potential perspective to improve the segmentation and reconstruction of the cardiac surfaces as a function of time.

International audience; Bioluminescence imaging is a recent modality to visualize biological effects more especially for small animals. However the acquired images are degraded by diffusion and absorption phenomena from the tissue and by the acquisition system itself. In this paper, we use restoration methods to enhance the quality of bioluminescence images. We propose a model for image formation and an experimental determination of the PSF (Point Spread Function). Several methods of restoration are compared on test images generated according to the model and on real data. This comparison is insured by using MSE (Mean Square Error) and two quantitative criteria. Results establish that the statistical methods give more accurate restoration and well adapted for Bioluminescence Imaging.

International audience; Image registration is a valuable technique for medical diagnosis and treatment. In this paper, we present an enhanced implementation of the popular iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm developed for the registration of 3D free-form closed surfaces. The main step of the ICP consists of finding the closest points between data sets which are then used to estimate the parameters of the global rigid transformation. We propose a new technique based on the use of a look up matrix for finding the best correspondence pairs. The algorithm, called Comprehensive ICP (CICP) algorithm, is then successfully applied for the registration of 3D data of the left ventricle of the heart, acquired using two different medical imaging modalities.

International audience; In this paper, a new local quasi-interpolant is constructed for fitting a 3D data defined on the sphere-like surface S. After mapping the surface S onto a rectangular domain, we use the tensor product of cubic polynomial B-splines and recently developed 2¼-periodic uniform algebraic trigonometric B-splines (UAT B-splines) to introduce a new expression of the associated quasi-interpolant Q. The use of UAT B-splines is necessary to enforce some boundary conditions which are useful to ensure the C1 continuity of the associated surface. The new method has been successfully applied to reconstruct human organs such as lung and left ventricle of the heart.

Les travaux présentés dans cette Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches concernent la restitution des déformations volumiques du ventricule gauche du cœur au cours du temps. Les données sont des images échocardiographiques acquises pendant un seul cycle cardiaque avec un nouveau prototype de sonde ultrasonore, dont le capteur est mis en rotation rapide (jusqu'à 8 tours par seconde) à l'intérieur de la tête de la sonde. Ces recherches s'inscrivent dans la thématique scientifique des modèles dynamiques déformables de la discipline " Traitement du Signal et de l'Image ". Elles portent plus particuliè-rement sur les modélisations harmoniques multidimensionnelles. En 2D, les contours du ventricule sont modélisés pour restituer simplement des portions absentes (frontières virtuelles) ou déformées de ces contours, en fournissant des paramètres de forme directement interprétables et en nombre limité. En 3D, un volume du ventricule est reconstruit à partir de quelques contours en utilisant un modèle dont les paramètres sont les coefficients de Fourier basses fréquences de ces contours. En 4D, les déformations du ventricule sont obtenues pendant un cycle cardiaque en étendant le modèle précédent. L'ajustement des paramètres du modèle aux données (itératif, mais robuste et rapide) réalise une pseudo-interpolation circulaire de Shannon sur les données, même lorsque la répartition spatiale de celles-ci n'est pas uniforme ou qu'elle varie au cours du temps. Un protocole clinique, VG4D, a été développé pour valider l'ensemble des travaux. Il est utilisé dans les services de Cardiologie et de Médecine Nucléaire du Centre Hospitalier Régio¬nal d'Orléans et Universitaire de Tours. Les campagnes d'expérimentation menées ont montré l'intérêt de VG4D pour visualiser la contraction du ventricule au cours du temps.

International audience; L'électronique, après avoir été une discipline très prisée par les étudiants, est maintenant l'une des matières d'ingénierie qui les attire le moins. Cela a amené Polytech Orléans à réfléchir à une pédagogie plus adaptée aux étudiants actuels: ce sont le contexte complexe et les modalités de cette réforme: réorganisation et pédagogie par projets qui sont présentées dans l'article

4 pages; International audience; In [1], the authors have approached the sphere-like surfaces using the tensor product of an algebraic cubic spline quasiinterpolant with a 2¼-periodic Uniform Algebraic Trigonometric B-splines (UAT B-splines) of order four. In this paper, we improve the results given in [1], by introducing a new quasi-interpolant based on the tensor product of an algebraic cubic spline quasi-interpolant with a periodic cubic spline quasi-interpolant, obtained by the periodization of an algebraic cubic spline quasi-interpolant. Our approach allows us to obtain an approximating surface which is of class C2 and with an approximation order O(h4). We show that this method is particularly well designed to render 3D closed surfaces, and it has been successfully applied to reconstruct human organs such as the left ventricle of the heart.

Symposium PSDR 3 "les chemins du développement rural", Clermont-Ferrand, FRA, 19-/06/2012 - 21/06/2012; National audience; La nécessité de préserver les espaces agricoles des zones périurbaines est aujourd'hui largement affirmée dans le discours public. Dans le contexte actuel de territorialisation de l'action publique, les décideurs des différents échelons territoriaux sont interpellés dans leur capacité à assurer la préservation de ces espaces dont les enjeux se cristallisent souvent autour de la question foncière. Pour construire une véritable gouvernance foncière territoriale à laquelle les agriculteurs soient intégrés, il est nécessaire de comprendre leurs logiques d'action foncière et leur positionnement vis-à-vis des acteurs locaux, notamment de la puissance publique : notre communication apporte des éléments de réponse à ces questions.Dans le cadre du projet POPFONGO (PSDR Rhône-Alpes), nous avons conduit une enquête auprès d'un échantillon d'agriculteurs de trois zones périurbaines de la région Rhône-Alpes. Nous avons identifié dans les propos des agriculteurs interrogés leurs décisions foncières et leurs positionnements autour de la question foncière, ainsi que les raisons qu'ils citent eux-mêmes pour les justifier. Nous avons mis en évidence l'influence du contexte périurbain sur ces décisions et ces positionnements. Nous avons ensuite identifié quatre logiques d'action foncière dans lesquelles s'inscrivent les décisions et les positionnements des agriculteurs, faisant apparaître une soumission ou différentes natures de réactivité au contexte. Les agriculteurs enquêtés ont également exprimé les difficultés qu'ils ressentent dans leurs relations aux autres acteurs locaux et les points de blocage qui les empêchent d'exprimer leurs attentes et de prendre une part effective à la décision publique foncière territoriale. Ces différents éléments nous ont permis de préciser la position actuelle des agriculteurs parmi les acteurs locaux et de suggérer des pistes pour une meilleure prise en compte des agriculteurs dans une gouvernance foncière territoriale en construction. Il s'agirait notamment d'assurer une meilleure connaissance mutuelle des acteurs, de mettre en place des structures permettant une véritable coordination de ces acteurs, de revoir les règles d'organisation de la décision foncière et des règles d'urbanisme.L'originalité de ce travail réside notamment dans la méthodologie adoptée, qui vise à identifier dans les propos des agriculteurs les déterminants de leurs décisions foncières tels qu'ils les ressentent eux-mêmes. Cette approche permet de rendre compte de leur univers de décision et de mieux comprendre les postures qu'ils adoptent face aux autres acteurs locaux.

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We are interested in studying the mechanism of enzymes which catalyse redox reactions involved in bacterial bioenergetic metabolisms.A significant difference between the chemist’s synthetic inorganic catalysts and the large multicenter enzymes we study is that the mechanism of the latter involves a number of different steps (intramolecular and intermolecular electron transfers, intramolecular mass transport, proton transfers, active-site chemistry...) which occur in a concerted manner on distinct sites of the protein that may be very far apart from one another. Some of these steps remain difficult to study using conventional techniques, and very little is known about how the interplay between these chemical events gives the enzyme its global properties, in terms of substrate specificity and catalytic directionality.

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International audience; The discovery of hydrogenases in hyperthermophiles has important ramifications not only in microbial physiology and evolution but also in biotechnologies. These organisms are the source of extremely stable enzymes (regarding temperature, pressure, and O2 ). Aquifex aeolicus is a microaerophilic, hyperthermophilic bacterium containing three [NiFe] hydrogenases. It is the most hyperthermophilic bacterium known to date and grows at 85 °C under a H2/CO2/O2 atmosphere. The Aquificales represent the earliest branching order of the bacterial domain indicating that they are the most ancient bacteria. Two Aquifex hydrogenases (one membrane-bound and one soluble) have been purified and characterized. In contrast to the majority of the [NiFe] hydrogenases, the hydrogenases from A. aeolicus are rather tolerant to oxygen. The molecular basis of the oxygen resistance of Aquifex hydrogenases has been investigated. The great stability of Aquifex hydrogenases with respect to oxygen and high temperatures make these enzymes good candidates for biotechnological uses.

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One of the objectives of current research in echocardiography relates to the visualization of the volumic deformations of some heart cavities using image sequences. As part of a global strategy in three-dimensionnal and real-time restitution, this thesis proposes to modelize the spatial and temporal ventricle evolution, at every step of the processing line : sampling of an initial boundary on one image of a sequence ; if need be, closing then tracking of this sampled boundary through all the other images of the sequence ; modeling of every boundary, and then of ventricle volume ; visualisation of the ventricle, reconstructed from the model parameters. All the theoretical proposals were validated on echocardiographic images acquired with a prototype rotating probe. The basic idea consists in using the properties of Shannon circular interpolation and Fourier orthogonal smoothing, by taking advantage of the four problem periodicities : double 2π spatial periodicity for the volume divided into meridian (apical sections) and parallel planes (parasternal sections), double temporal periodicity issuing from the heartbeats and from the revolution of the rotating probe. The algorithms are applied on boundaries drawn manually on the tomographic images of the sequence, but we propose an automatic tracking method that works from a single initial hand-drawn boundary. Concerning the spatial periodicities, the smoothing-interpolation method is used on the polar developments of a ventricle boundary, around the inertia center of its samples. This allows, without loss of accuracy, to reduce model parameters. Relating to the temporal periodicities, this method is applied on the parameters, restored in attitude in a referential bound to the ventricle, by a technique that uses the properties of the analytic signal. As part of a feasibility study, the results obtained show that the proposed modeling strategy is well suited to the problem., Un des objectifs des recherches actuelles en échocardiographie est la visualisation des déformations volumiques de certaines cavités du coeur à partir de séquences d'images. Dans le cadre d'une stratégie globale de restitution tri-dimensionnelle en temps réel, cette thèse propose de modéliser les évolutions spatiale et temporelle du ventricule gauche, à toutes les étapes de la chaîne de traitement : échantillonnage d'un contour initial sur une image de la séquence ; fermeture éventuelle et suivi de ce contour échantillonné sur les autres images de la séquence ; modélisation de tous les contours puis du volume du ventricule ; visualisation du ventricule reconstruit à partir des paramètres du modèle. Toutes les propositions théoriques ont été validées sur des images écho¬cardio¬graphiques acquises avec une sonde tournante prototype. L'idée de base consiste à utiliser les propriétés de l'interpolation circulaire de Shannon et du lissage orthogonal de Fourier, en exploitant les quatre périodicités du problème : double périodicité spatiale 2π pour le volume découpé en plans méridiens (coupes apicales) et parallèles (coupes parasternales), double périodicité temporelle provenant des battements cardiaques et de la rotation de la sonde tournante. Les algorithmes sont appliqués sur des contours tracés manuellement sur les images tomographiques de la séquence, mais nous proposons une méthode de suivi automatique d'un contour à partir d'un seul tracé initial. Pour les périodicités spatiales, la méthode d'interpolation-lissage est mise en oeuvre sur le développement polaire d'un contour du ventricule, autour du centre d'inertie de ses échantillons. Ceci permet, à précision égale, d'économiser les paramètres du modèle. Pour les périodicités temporelles, cette méthode est appliquée sur les paramètres restitués en attitude dans un repère lié au ventricule, par une technique qui utilise les propriétés du signal analytique. Dans le cadre d'une étude de faisabilité, les résultats obtenus indiquent que la stratégie de modélisation proposée est bien adaptée au problème.

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International audience; In the transgenic research era, the understanding of the functional consequences of the genes deletions or mutations in order to investigate the origin of human transgenic disease, requires the development of non invasive study methods on murine models. Our aim is to develop new Down syndrome models and a 3D reconstruction software using MEMRI at 9.4T. To improve contrast and spatial resolution at high magnetic field, the Mn2+ contrast agent shows powerful paramagnetic properties leading to a significant increase of MRI signal [1]. Mn2+ is a unique marker for neuroarchitecture, neuronal connections and functions therefore particularly interesting for neuropathological studies in vivo. In order to investigate the morphological and structural consequences on the central nervous system development in new mice models of human chromosome 21 aneuploïdies, we used MEMRI and. we also developed a powerful tool in order to perform an automatic segmentation and 3D reconstruction of three brain structures.

International audience; In this paper, we propose a modified variational splines fitting (MVSF) algorithm for the reconstruction and comparison of medical surfaces. The MVSF algorithm presents the advantage to use high precise and low complex approximation of the equations of energy in the discrete temporal domain, compared to previously presented methods. It also takes into account the periodicity constraints encountered when reconstructing sphere-like shape closed surfaces. Moreover, it gives straightly the mean square error (MSE) between the original data and the reconstructed data, which is useful to quantify the approximation introduced by the reconstruction. The developed model has been successfully applied for real biomedical data; in particular for the reconstruction and comparison of the left ventricle of human heart, acquired by SPECT and ultrasound imaging modalities.

International audience; In digital image processing, skeletonization is a valuable technique for the characterization of complex 3D porous media, such as bone, stone and soils. 3D thinning algorithms are usually used to extract one-voxel wide skeleton from 3D porous objects while preserving the topological information. Models based on simplified skeletons have been shown to be efficient in retrieving morphological information from large scale disordered objects at a local level. In this paper, we present a series of 3D skeleton-based image processing techniques for evaluating the micro-architecture of large scale disordered porous media. The proposed hybrid skeleton method combines curve and surface thinning methods with the help of an enhanced shape classification algorithm. Results on two different porous objects demonstrate the ability of the hybrid skeleton method to provide significant topological and morphological information.

International audience; In this paper, a semi automatic active contour method based on Chan-Vese model is proposed for the segmentation of mouse brain MR images. First, a 2 ½ D strategy is applied on the axial images to segment the 3D volume of interest. The method takes into account the special shape of the object to segment. Moreover, the user defines the limits where to search these contours and also provides an initial contour. This semi automatic method makes that human intervention is limited and the tedious manual handling is greatly reduced. Results have shown that the brain volumes estimated by the method are identical to expert manually estimated volumes. Last but not least, the new method was used in the analysis of the cerebral malformations linked to Trisomy 21: no significant difference of the brain volumes between Tri-somy 21 mice and the control ones were found.

International audience; The segmentation of different cerebral structures of mice is becoming more and more important due to the growing interest in finding small animal models of human diseases. In this work, variational atlases are constructed by manual segmentation of various MRI brain images of reference and trisomy 21 mice. These atlases are then registered to assist the segmentation of fine cerebral structures such as the cerebellum and the hippocampus. A modified Chan-Vese segmentation method is used for the detection of these structures. Global as well as local comparison of the reconstructed surfaces and volumes are hence conducted to better understand the gene involved in the morphological malformations associated to trisomy.

International audience; This paper presents a Modified Variational Splines Fitting (MVSF) algorithm for surface reconstruction using thin plate splines on scattered patches or points of originally smooth surfaces. In particular, a more accurate derivation of the discrete equations for the energy corresponding to the thin plate model is introduced. The results obtained on simulated data show that the proposed algorithm converges faster than the original VSF algorithm. Additionally, we discuss an approach for choosing the algorithm's parameters using a cross validation technique. Results obtained with the modified algorithm are compared to those using a Frequency Fourier-based 3D Harmonic modelling (3DHM) algorithm and show that the proposed algorithm gives an improved performance under the small sample size condition. The developed model has been successfully applied for real biomedical data; in particular for the reconstruction of left ventricle of human heart.

The first part of the work presented here focuses on the optimization of an oxygen cathode. First, the use of a new enzyme (BOD from Magnaporthe oryzae) permit to increase the current of reduction of oxygen into water by a factor nine. Then the synthesis of a suitable redox polymer greatly improved the diffusion coefficient of electrons in the hydrogel, resulting in an increase of the current density. Finally we switched from a two-dimensional carbon electrode to a three-dimensional porous gold fiber. After modification of the fiber with the redox hydrogel based on BOD from M. oryzae, we assessed its biocompatibility: in vitro the tests showed the total absence of cytotoxicity and only a very low inflammatory response; in vivo noinfection appeared during the 8 weeks of implantation in mice and the formation of afibrotic capsule around the device reflects its successful integration into the animal tissues.The second part concerns the full biofuel cell, elaborated from the optimized cathode and an adapted GDH-based anode. It could generate up to 240 μW.cm-2 at 5mMglucose in Pipes/CaCl2 buffer. The biofuel cell was then tested in whole human blood. A maximum of 129 μW.cm-2 was obtained in a sample with 8,2 mM glycaemiaunder air. In addition we observed that the delivered power density increased proportionally with the glycaemia of the different blood samples tested, making the biofuel cell both a power source and a glucose biosensor at the same time which had never been shown before., La première partie du travail présenté ici se concentre sur l’optimisation d’une cathode à oxygène. Tout d’abord, l’utilisation d’une nouvelle enzyme (la BOD de Magnaporthe oryzae) permet de multiplier le courant de réduction de l’oxygène en eau jusqu’à neuf fois. Ensuite la synthèse d’un polymère rédox adapté a permis d’améliorer le coefficient de diffusion des électrons dans l’hydrogel résultant en l’augmentation de la densité de courant générée. Enfin nous sommes passés d’uneélectrode de carbone en 2 dimensions à une fibre d’or poreuse tridimensionnelle. Après modification de cette fibre avec l’hydrogel rédox à base de BOD de M. oryzaenous avons évalué sa biocompatibilité : in vitro les tests ont montré l’absence totale de cytotoxicité et seule une très faible réponse inflammatoire ; in vivo aucune infection ne s’est déclarée pendant les 8 semaines d’implantation dans les souris etla formation d’une capsule fibrotique autour de l’électrode traduit sa bonne intégration dans les tissus de l’animal. La seconde partie concerne la biopile dans son intégralité, construite à partir de la cathode optimisée et d’une anode adaptée à base de GDH. Elle permet de générer jusqu’à 240 μW.cm-2 dans du tampon Pipes/CaCl2 à 5mM de glucose. La biopile a ensuite été testée dans du sang humain total. Un maximum de 129 μW.cm-2 a été obtenu dans un échantillon avec une glycémie de 8,2 mM sous air. De plus nous avons constaté que la densité de puissance délivrée augmente proportionnellement avec la glycémie des différents échantillons de sang testés, faisant de la biopile à la fois une source d’électricité et un biocapteur à glucose ce qui n’avait jamais été démontré auparavant.

Colibri (Collaboration and Innovation for Better, Personalized and IT-SupportedTeaching) is a three year project co-funded by the Erasmus + Strategic Partnership,starting in 2014. The project is being carried out by seven academic, two industrial,and one governmental organisation partners from eight different countries [1].The main objective of the project is enhancing the quality and relevance of thelearning offer in education by developing and systematically testing new andinnovative approaches, and by supporting the dissemination and spreading of bestpractices. This is in the focus of increasing labour market relevance of learningprovision and qualifications and promoting the take-up of innovative practices ineducation by supporting personalised learning approaches, collaborative learning, bymaking use of ICT and Open Educational Resources, and by exploring the use ofblended and virtual mobility.The overall idea of Colibri is to implement new and innovative teaching methods, andto establish a Living Lab of students from different universities, study directions andcountries/cultures for a systematic testing and evaluation of these methods. Aninterdisciplinary joint master course on Future Internet Opportunities is part of the Living Lab, followed by 28 students and given by more than 10 different teachers.Both the teachers and the students represent different fields within computer science,electrical engineering, telecommunications, business informatics, management oftechnology, and entrepreneurship.When organizing the course, we needed to face some of the fundamental challengesof diversity that are also being seen, at a smaller scale, in everyday teachingsituations due to student mobility and an increasing amount of students: A) Not allstudents in the class have the same academic background and B) Students comewith different learning styles and traditions.We try to overcome this challenge by using self-assessment activities, PersonalizedIT-supported teaching approaches, and by practicing collaborative learning evenacross physical locations.This paper presents the process we followed when developing the course. Complexmatters had to be carefully considered when structuring and preparing it, such asremote student group work, blended mobility, and interdisciplinarity. The ideasdescribed may serve as guidelines when preparing similar activities in the future.