Search

Rural heritage that involves agricultural heritage could be critical to enhancing community identity through a conservational approach. The purpose of this research is to develop conservational methods for rural heritage that include agricultural heritage areas through the use of ecomuseums. To conduct the research, we first reviewed the concepts of ecomuseum and rural heritage. Secondly, we defined the concept of the Korean rural ecomuseum by taking into consideration the concept defined by Riviere, Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), the rural heritage policy of Europe, and the agricultural heritage systems of Korea. Thirdly, we also describe methods that are applicable to Korean rural ecomuseums, which include type classification and components. Finally, we applied the ecomuseum concept to two pilot models in the Cheongsando and Gurae areas, both Korea Important Agricultural Heritage System (KIAHS) sites. We conclude that it is desirable to expand the range of targets fo...

The first solid-solution of a zeolite and a FOMS has been demonstrated and the overall results of this work strongly suggest that other families of zeolite–FOMS solid solutions can in principle exist., The structure of the as-made, hydrated form of ECR-40C, synthesized in the presence of (2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium (HTMA+) ions as an organic structure-directing agent (OSDA) and 2 wt% (relative to alumina in the synthesis mixture) of aluminosilicate zeolite UZM-22 with the MEI topology as seeds, has been determined using synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analyses. Two different types of organic species were suggested to exist in ECR-40C: the encapsulated HTMA+ ions with one intramolecular C–H···O hydrogen bond, typical of OSDA molecules in as-made UZM-22, and the framework-bound cations. A combination of elemental and thermal analyses, Na+ ion exchange, and multinuclear MAS NMR and IR spectroscopies clearly shows the coexistence of the zeolite and framework-bound OSDA-containing molecular sieve (FOMS) domains with a proportion of approximately 3 : 2 in ECR-40C crystals. TEM elemental mapping reveals that the Na+ ions exchanged with the HTMA+ ions into as-made ECR-40C are uniformly distributed throughout the ECR-40C crystals. Therefore, ECR-40C is not a pure FOMS but a solid solution of a zeolite and a FOMS (i.e., UZM-22 and ECR-40-type FOMS), which has never been recognized or addressed before. The overall characterization results of this work demonstrate that the proportion of the zeolite domain in such solid-solutions varies significantly with the number of OH groups in OSDAs.

Organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs) combining the dual functions of electrical switching and light emission are promising devices to push large amounts of charge carriers into an isolated recombination area. Most OLETs proposed so far, however, suffer from hole-electron current imbalance when driven at high currents. This results in a light emission zone very close to one of electrodes. The proximity of the electrode is detrimental to efficient light emission as the metal significantly quenches excitons. In addition, in single gate OLETs, the emission zone can unpredictably switch from one contact to the other upon small bias changes since electron and hole currents are not controlled individually. Dual-gate architectures have been proposed to independently control the transport of both types of charge carriers towards the recombination zone. In the split-gate OLET, where both gates lie side by side in the same plane, light is exclusively emitted from the center of the channel, far from the electrodes. But the unavoidable horizonal gap between the gates creates a highly resistive region in the vicinity of the recombination zone that lowers the electrical efficiency of the device. Here, we introduce the overlapping-gate OLET, a novel dual-gate architecture in which one gate partially covers the other, leaving no horizontal gap between the gates. By accumulating charge carriers in the transport layer, each gate independently opens a unipolar gapless channel to transport and inject charge directly into the recombination zone, thereby avoiding transport through highly resistive ungated regions. For the active layer, we propose a vacuum-evaporated multi-layered structure of organic semiconductors: The transport layers are based on high mobility p- and n-type materials for efficient lateral transport. The recombination zone is made of a fluorescent host-guest emissive layer. Thanks to this architecture, the red light emitted by the overlapping-gate OLET is precisely located along the edge of the top gate that overlaps with the bottom gate. Therefore, light emission stays localized in the center of the channel, isolated from the quenching electrodes. Besides, the independent control over the supply of both types of charge carriers enables balanced transport up to high current densities. As a result, high performance red-emitting OLETs are demonstrated with an external quantum efficiency of 5.6% at a high luminance over 2000 cd m-2. Furthermore, the device shows no efficiency roll-off up to a current density of 30 mA/cm2. The conditions for balanced transport are rationalized through the development of an equivalent-circuit model. This shows that balanced transport is achieved when both transport channels are biased in the linear regime and that charge densities at the boundaries of the emissive layer are equal. The overlapping gate light emitting transistor is a promising step towards the development of bright organic light emitting devices that combine high efficiency at high current densities. shorttitle: Organic Light-Emitting Transistors with Overlapping Gate Structure ispartof: pages:1068711-1068711 ispartof: Organic Electronics and Photonics: Fundamentals and Devices vol:10687 pages:1068711-1068711 ispartof: SPIE Photonics Europe location:Strasbourg, France date:23 Apr - 27 Apr 2018 status: published

In vehicle, there are many ECU (Electronic Control Unit)s, and ECUs are connected to networks such as CAN(Controller Area Network), LIN(Local Interconnect Network), FlexRay, and so on. The CAN is the most used technology in automotive network. If the 3GPP technology is used for the purpose of V2I (Vehicle to Infrastructure) in automotive network, it would need an Inter-connection of CAN network and 3GPP to deliver messages. In this paper, we propose the software architecture and functions of CAN over 3GPP gateway to transfer an In-vehicle logging message, automotive diagnostic status or safety-related information, etc to user or server in the internet.

Plants are considered as an alternative platform for recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb) production due to the improvement and diversification of transgenic techniques. The diversity of plant species offers a multitude of possibilities for the valorization of genetic resources. Moreover, plants can be propagated indefinitely, providing cheap biomass production on a large scale in controlled conditions. Thus, recent studies have shown the successful development of plant systems for the production of mAbs for cancer immunotherapy. However, their several limitations have to be resolved for efficient antibody production in plants.

This dissertation consists of three essays on corporate finance. In the first chapter, I investigate how a liquidity cost associated with debt- `debt servicing cost' affects a firm's capital structure policy. In contrast to the standard capital structure theory prediction that builds on a trade-off between interest tax shields and expected bankruptcy costs, public firms use debt quite conservatively. To address this well known debt conservatism puzzle (Graham 2000), I argue that servicing debt drains valuable liquidity for a financially constrained firm and hence endogenously creates `debt servicing costs,' which have received little attention in the literature. To examine the influence of debt servicing costs on capital structure choices, I develop and estimate a dynamic corporate finance model with interest tax shields, liquidity management, investment, external debt and equity financing costs, and capital adjustment costs. By using the marginal value of liquidity as a natural measure of the debt servicing costs, I find that (1) an increase in financial leverage results in higher debt servicing costs, even with risk-free debt. (2) a smaller firm tends to experience greater debt servicing costs because of its endogenously large investment demands; and (3) in the majority of cases, equity proceeds are used for cash retention as well as capital expenditure, especially when a firm faces large current and future investment needs. In addition, I quantitatively show that large debt servicing costs are closely associated with low leverage and frequent equity financing by analyzing the role of fixed operating costs and convex capital adjustment costs. In the second chapter, I empirically support the theoretical debt servicing costs analysis of the previous chapter. I firstly examine the structural estimation method used for the calibration of my model in the first chapter. The statistical property of the simulated method of moments estimator and detailed identification scheme for the calibration are investigated in the first half of this chapter. Then I cross-sectionally confirm the validity of debt servicing costs predictions on capital structure choices. I study how each firm's convex capital adjustment costs, operating leverage, profit volatility, and future investment needs influence capital structure policies. Consistent with the debt servicing costs predictions, firms with higher convex capital adjustment costs, higher operating leverage, higher profit volatility and larger future investment demands show lower leverage ratios and more frequent equity financing activities. These findings shed new lights on pervasively conservative debt policy in U.S. public firms. A higher profitability observed in large future investment demands firms also suggests the importance of debt servicing costs consideration in resolving the puzzling negative correlation between profitability and leverage ratios. In the third chapter, I examine how macroeconomic conditions affect the cyclical variations in capital structure policies. As in the financial crisis of 2008, economic contractions affect a firm's profitability, investments and external financing conditions altogether. To address the effects of these simultaneous changes on capital structure dynamics, I develop and estimate a dynamic trade-off model with investment, payouts, and liquidity policies with macroeconomic profitability and financing shocks. Investment dynamics and a higher value of liquidity of economic downturn are pivotal in capital structure dynamics; the former drives the issuance of debt and equity, and the latter leads to active debt retirements and conservative debt issues in upturns. My model yields the following main results: (1) Equity issues are pro-cyclical, and concentrated for small, low profit, and large investment demand firms in earlier stage of economic upturns. (2) Payouts peak in later stages of upturns and co-move positively with equity issues; (3) Debt policies move counter-cyclically, and leverage ratios after debt issuance and retirement are even higher during economic downturns. My comparative static analysis predicts pro-cyclical debt policy for financially constrained firms, and pervasively conservative use of debt for firms expecting financial market shutdowns, a sharp profitability drop, or a longer stay in economic downturns.

The flowering time of plants is affected by modest changes in ambient temperature. However, little is known about the regulation of ambient temperature-responsive flowering by small RNAs. In this study, we show that the microRNA156 (miR156)-SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE3 (SPL3) module directly regulates FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) expression in the leaf to control ambient temperature-responsive flowering. Overexpression of miR156 led to more delayed flowering at a lower ambient temperature (16°C), which was associated with down-regulation of FT and FRUITFULL expression. Among miR156 target genes, SPL3 mRNA levels were mainly reduced, probably because miR156-mediated cleavage of SPL3 mRNA was higher at 16°C. Overexpression of miR156-resistant SPL3 [SPL3(-)] caused early flowering, regardless of the ambient temperature, which was associated with up-regulation of FT and FRUITFULL expression. Reduction of miR156 activity by target mimicry led to a phenotype similar to that of SUC2::rSPL3 plants. FT up-regulation was observed after dexamethasone treatment in GVG-rSPL3 plants. Misexpression and artificial microRNA-mediated suppression of FT in the leaf dramatically altered the ambient temperature-responsive flowering of plants overexpressing miR156 and SPL3(-). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that the SPL3 protein directly binds to GTAC motifs within the FT promoter. Lesions in TERMINAL FLOWER1, SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE, and EARLY FLOWERING3 did not alter the expression of miR156 and SPL3. Taken together, our data suggest that the interaction between the miR156-SPL3 module and FT is part of the regulatory mechanism controlling flowering time in response to ambient temperature.

CONSTANS (CO) regulates flowering time by positively regulating expression of two floral integrators, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1 (SOC1), in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). FT and SOC1 have been proposed to act in parallel pathways downstream of CO based on genetic analysis using weak ft alleles, since ft soc1 double mutants showed an additive effect in suppressing the early flowering of CO overexpressor plants. However, this genetic analysis was inconsistent with the sequential induction pattern of FT and SOC1 found in inducible CO overexpressor plants. Hence, to identify genetic interactions of CO, FT, and SOC1, we carried out genetic and expression analyses with a newly isolated T-DNA allele of FT, ft-10. We found that ft-10 almost completely suppressed the early flowering phenotype of CO overexpressor plants, whereas soc1-2 partially suppressed the phenotype, suggesting that FT is the major output of CO. Expression of SOC1 was altered in gain- or loss-of-function mutants of FT, whereas expression of FT remained unchanged in gain- or loss-of-function mutants of SOC1, suggesting that FT positively regulates SOC1 to promote flowering. In addition, inactivation of FT caused down-regulation of SOC1 even in plants overexpressing CO, indicating that FT is required for SOC1 induction by CO. Taken together, these data suggest that CO activates SOC1 through FT to promote flowering in Arabidopsis.

Organic electroluminescence devices were made from 1,4-bis-(9-anthrylvinyl)benzene (AVB) and 1,4-bis-(9-aminoanthryl)benzene (AAB) anthracene derivatives. Device structure was ITO/AVB/PANI(EB)/Al (multi-layer device) and ITO/AAB:DCM/Al(single-layer device). In these devices, AVB, polyaniline(emeraldine base) (PANI(EB)) and AAB were used as the emitting material. 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-p-(dimethylamino)styryl-4H -pyran(DCM) was used as red fluorescent dopant. We studied change of fluorescence wavelength with concentration of DCM doped in AAB. The ionization potential (IP) and optical band gap (Eg) were measured by cyclic voltammetry and UV-visible spectrum. We compared with difference of emitting wavelength between photoluminescence and electroluminescence spectrum. In case of the multi-layer device, PANI and AVB EL spectra have similar wave pattern to each PL spectrum and when PAM and AVB were used at the same time, and multi-layer device showed that a balanced recombination and radiation kom PANI and AVB. In case of the single-layer device, with the increase of DCM concentration, the blue emission decreases and red emission increases. This indicates that DCM was excited by the energy transfer from AAB to DCM or the direct recombination at the dopant sites due to carrier trapping, or both. The device with DCM concentration gave white light.