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Additional file 4. The concentration of DAG (a) and free fatty acids (b) under moderate light and high-light conditions.

Additional file 1. Southern blotting for confirmation of integrated pCrMGD1 vectors into Chlamydomonas gDNA.

Additional file 3. Total fatty acid composition in Cr-mgd1 mutant.

Additional file 6. Primer list in this study.

Additional file 5. The ROS level of Cr-mgd1 mutant.

Additional file 2. Relative expression of fatty acids desaturases in Chlamydomonas cells.

Objectives: Currently, for the assessment of skill in drives, iron shots, and approach shots for admission to golf departments in Korean Colleges, an applicant’s golf ability is evaluated based on the sum of successful shots made regardless of the difficulty level. Methods/Statistical Analysis: To address this problem, the lowest weight and the highest weight were determined based on face validity, and then weights were determined in proportion to the difficulty levels estimated from applying the Rasch partial credit model statistically. Findings: Results showed that, the lowest weight (1.00) was assigned to drives, the highest weight (1.50) to approach shots, and the interpolated weight (1.42) to iron shots. For female students, the lowest weight (1.00) was also assigned to drives, the highest weight (1.50) to approach shots, and the interpolated weight (1.47) to iron shots. Application/Improvement: Accordingly, for male students, the difficulty level of approach shots was the highest, followed by those of iron shots and drives. For female students, the difficulty level of approach shots was also highest, followed by those of iron shots and drives.

The objective of this study was to determine which mixture types are suitable for maintaining grazing pasture at alpine area. The mixtures types were evaluated by the botanical composition and dry matter (DM) of forage. The experiment was carried out on the grazing pasture at Daekwanryeong area (altitude ; 840m) from 1991 to 1993. Treatments were composed of seven mixture types made of both different components and amounts of sowing. The components of each mixture were Orchardgrass (OG), Tall fescue (TF), Timothy (TI). Kentucky bluegrass (KBG), Reed cannarygrass (RCG), Red clover (RC) and Ladino clove. (LC). The seeding .ate of OG, TF, TI, KBG and LC in control(C) was 18:9:8:3:2 kg/ha, respectively and those of treatments of T1 (OG:TF:KBG:LC), T2 (OG:TF:KBG:RC), T3 (OG:TI:KBG:LC), T4 (OG:TF:KBG:LC), T5 (OG:TI:KBG:LC) and T6 (OG:RCG:KBG:LC) were 24:8:2:2, 24:8:2:2, 26:8:2:2, 8:28:2:2, 5:24:2:2 and 8:26:2:2 kg/ha, in seeding rate. respectively. The plant heights of mixtures in 1991, 1992 and 1993 were 33, 37, and 33 cm on average of before and after grazing, respectively. The 12cm of stubble height was left after grazing during 3 years which can result in the reduction of forage intake and utilization. This result indicates the grazing period will be needed to adjust. The proportions of TI, OG, KBG and LC in mixtures were increased constantly, and the proportions of weeds and bare lands were little. The T5, in which the smaller amounts of seeds were sown, is considered as proper mixture type for Alpine pasture. The DM yield tended to increase with the increased grazing period, and the highest DM yield was occurred in 1993. No significant difference among treatments was observed for the DM yield, however the 75 was highest (9,344 kg/ha) in the DM yields which is greater than the C (8,840 kg/ha). This result indicates that T5 (OG:TI:KBG:LC : 8:24:2:2 kg/ha) is considered to be proper mixture type at alpine pasture considering the botanical composition and forage yield.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of cutting frequency and level of fertilizer application on the botanical composition and forage yield of alpine pasture. Field experiment was established at 600 m (a.s.1) altitude with two cutting frequency schedules (two and three times annually) and two levels of fertilizer application (lower level of fertilizer, 200-200-200 kg / ha and standard level of fertilizer, 280-200-240 kg / ha; N, and , respectively). Higher grass to clover ratio was observed in two cutting frequencies. The clover ratio was highest as in thee cutting frequencies with lower level of fertilizer application End the ratio of weed was low in all treatments (). No significant difference was observed in forage dry matter (DM) yield among treatments, however forage DM yield in three cutting frequencies tended to be greater in standard level of fertilizer application compared to lower level of fertilizer application. The forage quality was greater in three cutting frequencies, but not changed with different levels of fertilizer application. This result indicates that three cutting frequency and standard level of fertilizer application system are considered to be proper management methods at alpine grassland of 600 m altitude considering the botanical composition, forage DM yield md forage quality.

Background In the case of the elderly who highly depend on family, serious health problems can be caused due to the reduction of family meals. Therefore, this study aims to suggest the fundamental data for management of cardiovascular disease, one of the major causes of death in elderly Koreans, by investigating the effects of family meal frequency on the risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Korean elderly males and females. Methods The raw data of the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES III) were utilized. Data of 1,236 respondents were extracted for analysis regarding anthropometry, blood, blood pressure, nutrients and total energy intake. For collected data, using SPSS 18.0 and Amos 18.0, the mean and standard deviation, and the path coefficient between groups through a multi-group analysis by structural equation model were checked Results As family meal frequency increased, triglyceride and fasting blood glucose in Korean elderly males were likely to decrease, which led to conflicting results with those of Korean elderly females. Conclusion Frequent family meal makes a positive effect on reducing several risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Korean elderly.

White quantum dot light-emitting devices (WQLEDs) are promising candidates for high-brightness, high-efficiency, and color-saturated displays. However, it is still challenging to integrate various quantum dot (QD) emitters into one device and overcome their low blue luminous efficiencies. In this paper, we report the design and fabrication of all-solution-processed WQLEDs using a trichromatic hybrid with red, green, and blue (RGB)-emitting colloidal QDs and a blue-emitting homopolymer (poly[9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl]-end capped with N,N-Bis(4-methylphenyl)-aniline, ADS329BE) in the device emission region. The white emission results from the integration of the RGB emission from the QDs and the blue emission generated by ADS329BE. The obtained results indicate that the hybrid WQLEDs exhibit pure white emission with an optimized concentration and charge balance in the emission layer (EML) and the occurrence of fluorescent resonance energy transfer between ADS329BE and the RGB QDs. The proposed devices show excellent performance with a maximum luminance of 15,950 cd/m2, a current efficiency at maximum luminance of 1.43 cd/A, and a low turn-on voltage of ≤2.0 V, with Commission Internationale de l'Enclairage coordinates of (0.33, 0.34). These results indicate that the proposed method is an alternative and effective approach to achieve high performance in WQLEDs as well as other optoelectronic devices. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

We demonstrate the first-ever surface modification of green CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) using bromide anions (Br-) in cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The Br- ions reduced the interparticle spacing between the QDs and induced an effective charge balance in QD light-emitting devices (QLEDs). The fabricated QLEDs exhibited efficient charge injection because of the reduced emission quenching effect and their enhanced thin film morphology. As a result, they exhibited a maximum luminance of 71,000 cd/m2 and an external current efficiency of 6.4 cd/A, both significantly better than those of their counterparts with oleic acid surface ligands. In addition, the lifetime of the Br- treated QD based QLEDs is significantly improved due to ionic passivation at the QDs surface.