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The recent pandemic stimulated scientists to publish a significant amount of research that created a surge of citations of COVID-19-related papers in a short time, leading to an abrupt inflation of the journal impact factor (IF). By auditing the complete set of COVID-19-related publications in the Web of Science, we reveal here that COVID-19-related research worsened the polarization of academic journals: the IF before the pandemic was proportional to the increment of IF, which had the effect of increasing inequality while retaining the journal rankings. We also found that the most highly cited studies related to COVID-19 were published in prestigious journals at the onset of the epidemic, independent of their innate importance or quality. Through the present quantitative investigation, our findings caution against the belief that quantitative metrics, particularly IF, can indicate the significance of individual papers. Rather, such metrics reflect the social attention given to a particular study., 16 pages of main text including 4 figures + 6 pages of supplementary information including 1 supplementary table and 8 supplementary figures

In conclusion, there seems to be no significant relationship between the initial media attention and the academic attention as citations. In this study, we found that only the journal's reputation had some effect on the number of press reports.

In this paper, we quantitatively gauge the collective profile of questionable publishing with massive citation and publication data. The citation source reveals the self-favorable citation within the publisher that increase its academic impact. The country of questionable publications shows that large amount of questionable publications are produced by authors in academic center. Moreover, the distribution of country’s publications in the journal reveal that only a small amount of questionable journals are dominated by a single country, and authors in diverse countries publish in large amount of questionable journals. This study of massive trend provides the warning of questionable journals that a small case study may omit. The results show the overall trend of questionable publishing, but not highlight the individual behavior of predatory journals. For instance, our study reveal that the dominance of one country arose in a small number of journalsbut these questionable behavior should not be omitted. Constructing the comparive journals will provide a sophistigated comparison but may contains potentially questionable journals. Also, additional analysis with other massive dataset and lists will provide a more information on dynamics of questionable publishing. Questionable publishing has become an increasing problem in academia. The publication trajectory clearly reveal that more and more publications are produced by questionable publishing system, not only for the authors in low GDP countries, but also for authors in high GDP countries. Under the suspicion of unqualified publications from their poor peer review, the incremental of questionable publishing should be aware. Moreover, the high citation exchange in questionable journals makes the journals seem legitimate comprised with the authority. More sophisticated study to reveal their mechanism on how they survive from indexing services is left for a further study.

Additional file 1. Fig. S1: Alpha diversity indices of the cephalopod gut microbiota. (a) Number of observed species. (b) Chao1 index. (c) Shannon diversity. (d) Faith’s PD. The letters above the whisker indicate significant differences (p 1% are shown; those with an abundance of

The process of withdrawing publications is itself the inherent process of scholarly communication. The problem is how retracted publications are managed in the bibliographic database and used by researchers with citation. The increase of retraction is relevant to the reliability and reproducibility of the scientific research results. In this study, we review the main features of the retracted publications in Korea and examine how the retracted publications are managed in two frequently used bibliographic databases (Web of Science & Korea Citation Index) in Korea. Finally, we compare the times cited before and after retraction to understand how researchers cite the retracted publications.

Academic papers have been played as a protagonist to disseminate the expertise. Naturally, analysing paper citation pattern is an efficient and essential mean for investigating the knowledge structure of science and technology. For decades, it has been observed that citation of scientific literature follows a heterogeneous and fat-tailed distribution, and many of them suggest power-law distribution or its siblings. However, many studies are limited to small-scale approaches; it is thus hard to generalize. Tackling this issue, we investigate 21 years of citation evolution through systematic analysis entire citation history of 42,423,644 scientific literature published from 1996 to 2016 contained in SCOPUS. We tested six candidate distributions for the papers in three distinct levels of SJR (Scimago Journal & Country Rank) classification scheme. First, we observe the raw number of annual citation acquisitions tend to follow the log-normal distribution for all disciplines, except the first year of the publication. We also find the significant disparity of yearly acquired citation number among the journals, which suggests that it is essential to remove the citation surplus inherited from the prestige of the journals. Our simple method that separating citation preference of individual article from the inherited citation of the journals reveals unexpected regularity on the normalized annual acquisitions of citation for the entire fields of science. Specifically, the probability distributions of annual citation acquisitions behave as power-law with an exponential cut-off of the exponents around 2.3, regardless of its publication and citation year. Our result implies that intensity of attention for a scientific article also follows a fat-tailed distribution, which is power-law with an exponential cut-off.

Academic papers have been the protagonists in disseminating expertise. Naturally, paper citation pattern analysis is an efficient and essential way of investigating the knowledge structure of science and technology. For decades, it has been observed that citation of scientific literature follows a heterogeneous and heavy-tailed distribution, and many of them suggest a power-law distribution, log-normal distribution, and related distributions. However, many studies are limited to small-scale approaches; therefore, it is hard to generalize. To overcome this problem, we investigate 21 years of citation evolution through a systematic analysis of the entire citation history of 42,423,644 scientific literatures published from 1996 to 2016 and contained in SCOPUS. We tested six candidate distributions for the scientific literature in three distinct levels of Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR) classification scheme. First, we observe that the raw number of annual citation acquisitions tends to follow the log-normal distribution for all disciplines, except for the first year of the publication. We also find significant disparity between the yearly acquired citation number among the journals, which suggests that it is essential to remove the citation surplus inherited from the prestige of the journals. Our simple method for separating the citation preference of an individual article from the inherited citation of the journals reveals an unexpected regularity in the normalized annual acquisitions of citations across the entire field of science. Specifically, the normalized annual citation acquisitions have power-law probability distributions with an exponential cut-off of the exponents around 2.3, regardless of its publication and citation year. Our results imply that journal reputation has a substantial long-term impact on the citation., 8 pages, 7 figures

Scientometric indicators have been used for decades to evaluate research performance and establish R&D policies in many countries. There have been reports dealing with bibliometric and patent indicators. Although some approach based on the combination of publication and patent data are reported (e.g. A.F.J. van Raan, 2017; A.F.J. van Raan and J.J.Winnink, 2018), there are not many direct comparative studies on papers and patent indicators. In this study, we intend to perform a comparative study of paper and patent indicators focusing on graphene research which has been widely studied not only in the basic science but also in industrial applications in recent 15 years. By using the ‘Insightful Integrated Indicators Metrics(i*Metrics)’ system developed by Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information(KISTI), scientometric indicators are calculated to identify research activities, impact, collaboration and technological convergence by country. The mapping and clustering based on the similarity of the computed indicators is carried out to characterize the country profiles on graphene research.

The application of scientometric indicators is crucial to both research evaluation and the advance of science itself also (Chen & Song, 2017). In keeping with these factors, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) developed the 'Insightful Integrated Indicators Metrics (i*Metrics)' to calculate scientometric indicators for journal publications and patents. In this study, we investigate the research profiling of gender studies for 11 countries using journal papers published from 1999 to 2017 by KISTI i*Metrics system with 11 indicators.

Scientometric indicators have been used for decades to evaluate research performance and establish R&D policies in many countries. There have been reports dealing with bibliometric and patent indicators. Although some approach based on the combination of publication and patent data are reported (e.g. A.F.J. van Raan, 2017; A.F.J. van Raan and J.J.Winnink, 2018), there are not many direct comparative studies on papers and patent indicators. In this study, we intend to perform a comparative study of paper and patent indicators focusing on graphene research which has been widely studied not only in the basic science but also in industrial applications in recent 15 years. By using the ‘Insightful Integrated Indicators Metrics(i*Metrics)’ system developed by Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information(KISTI), scientometric indicators are calculated to identify research activities, impact, collaboration and technological convergence by country. The mapping and clustering based on the similarity of the computed indicators is carried out to characterize the country profiles on graphene research.

The process of withdrawing publications is itself the inherent process of scholarly communication. The problem is how retracted publications are managed in the bibliographic database and used by researchers with citation. The increase of retraction is relevant to the reliability and reproducibility of the scientific research results. In this study, we review the main features of the retracted publications in Korea and examine how the retracted publications are managed in two frequently used bibliographic databases (Web of Science & Korea Citation Index) in Korea. Finally, we compare the times cited before and after retraction to understand how researchers cite the retracted publications.

VCU Theses and Dissertations

In der vorliegenden Dissertation wird ein verbessertes numerisches System zum praktischen Entwurf von Offshore-Strukturen vorgestellt. Das System der hydrodynamischen Formoptimierung meerestechnischer Konstruktionen beruht auf drei eigenständigen numerischen Werkzeugen: der Geometriemodellierung (CAD), der hydrodynamischen Analyse (CFD) und der Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie zur Abschätzung der hydrodynamischen Eigenschaften im unregelmäßigen Seegang. Das Gesamtsystem wird durch Optimierungsalgorithmen gesteuert, um die Seegangseigenschaften in einem automatisierten Prozess zu verbessern. Ausgehend von einem vorgegebenen Entwurf oder zufällig ausgewählter Ausgangsstrukturen werden Formvariationen durchgeführt, bis ein Minimum der Zielfunktion gefunden ist. Zur Berechnung der Zielfunktionen stehen zwei unterschiedliche Programme zur Verfügung, die abhängig vom Typ der Struktur selektiv eingesetzt werden können: Für die Analyse hydrodynamisch kompakter Strukturen wird das 3D-Diffraktions-Radiations-Programm WAMIT verwendet, womit die zuverlässige Analyse der Kräfte und Bewegungen beliebig geformter Körper im Seegang möglich ist. Für hydrodynamisch transparente Strukturen wird das auf der Basis der vektoriellen Morisongleichung entwickelte Programm TFC (Transfer Function Calculation) eingesetzt, das erfolgreich mit Seegangsversuchsdaten validiert wurde. Damit werden die Üertragungsfunktionen für Kräfte und Bewegungen weitgehend analytisch und dadurch sehr viel schneller ermittelt, als mit einem 3D-Panelverfahren. Da das erweiterte Programm auch die zähigkeitsbedingte Widerstandskraft einbezieht, kann der Einfluss der Zähigkeit auf die Formoptimierung untersucht werden. Bei der Formoptimierung hydrodynamisch kompakter Strukturen wirdzur Vergrößerung der Formenvielfalt ein erweitertes Formgenerierungsverfahren eingesetzt. Aus den Formparametern werden die Grundkurven einer Strukturkomponente definiert und damit die Oberfläche der Komponente durch eine modifizierte Sweeping-Operation in Form einer Non-Uniform-Rational-B-Spline (NURBS) Fläche automatisch erzeugt, ohne jeglichen Eingriff des Benutzers. Zur Bewertung der Zielfunktion werden die relativen Häufigkeiten der Seegangszustände auf Grundlage der Langzeit-Seegangsstatistik ermittelt, bei denen der operationelle Betrieb unterbrochen werden muss. Die Summation dieser Seegangszustände, d.h. die seegangsbedingte Ausfallzeit, wird als Gütekriterium für die Formoptimierung herangezogen. Außerdem werden auch Ermüdungsschäden als Zielfunktion eingesetzt, um die Lebensdauer ausgewählter Konstruktionselemente zu maximieren. Alle Zielfunktionen werden mittels einer linearen Spektralanalyse im Frequenzbereich durchgeführt. Globale Optimierungsstrategien wurden mit einer deterministischen Methode (Sequential Quadratic Programming) hinsichtlich des Aufwandes und der Leistungsfähigkeit verglichen. An Beispielen wird illustriert, wie sich exzellente Ausgangsstrukturen mit deterministischen Verfahren noch erheblich verbessern lassen. Im multimodalen Fall kann bei der Anwendung lokaler Algorithmen das beste Optimum verfehlt werden. Hier können globale Optimierungsstrategien mit größerer Wahrscheinlichkeit bessere lokale Minima und eventuell das gesuchte globale Optimum erzielen. This thesis presents an improved numerical procedure for optimum adjustment of shapes to environmental conditions and presents new results in the design of offshore structures. By employing parametric shape generation, numerical hydrodynamic analysis and assessment tools as well as Nonlinear Programming algorithms the seakeeping characteristics of offshore structures are improved automatically. Starting from an initial design defined by form parameters or from randomly selected initial designs, free variables of the hull shape are to be modified, until new optimum offshore structures with significant improvement of seakeeping qualities are found within the provided constraints, such as hydrostatic stability at design draft. Two different Program System are available for the evaluation of objective functions. Depending on the type of structure -hydrodynamically transparent or compact hydrodynamic characteristics are evaluated by the Program TFC (Transfer Function Calculation) based on a Morison-type analysis or the 3-Ddiffraction-radiation software package WAMIT. Validated successfully by experimental results, the Program TFC can take viscous effects into consideration in the hydrodynamic shape optimization. For the shape optimization of hydrodynamically compact structures the extended surface generation procedure is applied to enhance the diversity of shape variations. Based on the selected form parameters basic lines of structure components are defined and a NURBS surface of the hull surface is generated by the modified sweeping operation without any user interaction. Rational design criteria based on short and long-term wave statistics are introduced and utilized as objective function in the optimization process. As a result, significant forces, motions, downtime and fatigue damage due to irregular sea states are minimized. Performance of a deterministic optimization algorithm (Sequential Quadratic Programming) is compared to stochastic methods like Simulated Annealing and Genetic Algorithms or combined algorithms (hybrid method). It is illustrated that favourable initial designs can be significantly improved by local methods. In the multimodal case local methods cannot ensure the best possible design. Here global optimization strategies may find better solution with greater probability and in some cases may even find the global optimum.