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Ledarskap i klassrummet (på engelska Classroom Management) tycks för många pedagoger helt enkelt innebära en process som går ut på att hålla ordning i klassrummet. En ordning som skyddar både lärare och elever och möjliggör lärande för eleverna i teore­tiska ämnen, som första och andra språk, matematik och naturvetenskap, såväl som i estetiska ämnen. Detta kan åstadkommas genom att göra eleverna lydiga och följsamma, och generellt sett framstår denna inställning som normativ

We investigated the effects of adaptation to a ketogenic low carbohydrate (CHO), high fat diet (LCHF) during 3 weeks of intensified training on metabolism and performance of world-class endurance athletes. We controlled three isoenergetic diets in elite race walkers: high CHO availability (g kg−1 day−1: 8.6 CHO, 2.1 protein, 1.2 fat) consumed before, during and after training (HCHO, n = 9); identical macronutrient intake, periodised within or between days to alternate between low and high CHO availability (PCHO, n = 10); LCHF ( < 50 g day−1 CHO; 78% energy as fat; 2.1 g kg−1 day−1 protein; LCHF, n = 10). Post-intervention, ˙V O2peak during race walking increased in all groups (P < 0.001, 90% CI: 2.55, 5.20%). LCHF was associated with markedly increased rates of whole-body fat oxidation, attaining peak rates of 1.57±0.32 gmin−1 during 2 h of walking at 80% ˙V 2peak.However, LCHFalso increased the oxygen (O2) cost of race walking at velocities relevant to real-life race performance: O2 uptake (expressed as a percentage of new ˙V O2peak) at a speed approximating 20 km race pace was reduced in HCHO and PCHO (90% CI:−7.047,−2.55 and−5.18,−0.86, respectively), but was maintained at pre-intervention levels in LCHF. HCHO and PCHO groups improved times for 10 km race walk: 6.6% (90% CI: 4.1, 9.1%) and 5.3% (3.4, 7.2%), with no improvement (−1.6% (−8.5, 5.3%)) for the LCHF group. In contrast to training with diets providing chronic or periodised high-CHO availability, and despite a significant improvement in ˙V O2peak, adaptation to the topical LCHF diet negated performance benefits in elite endurance athletes, in part due to reduced exercise economy.

Interest among medical students in a career in internal medicine has recently declined. We propose that lack of recognition of general internal medicine as a specialty may be one factor in students' decisions to enter other fields. A survey of 300 first-year and second-year medical students at the Medical College of Georgia showed that 84% of the respondents plan to specialize, yet only 49% recognized general internal medicine as a specialty. Significantly higher percentages of students correctly classified six other specialties. Only family practice was less likely than internal medicine to be recognized as a specialty. Earlier recognition of general internal medicine as a specialty among students who want to specialize might result in an increased number of students entering internal medicine residency programs.

Increased capillary permeability in tumors within the brain causes a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier 1 : and in tumors within the subarachnoid space, a breakdown of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. 2 It seemed likely, therefore, that this capillary leakage could explain the accumulation of fluid in a cystic brain tumor. To investigate this possibility, protein fractionation studies were made on the fluids and sera of patients with cystic brain tumors. Materials and Methods Twenty-four patients, 12 males and 12 females, ranging in age from 7 to 67 years, who had cystic brain tumors provided the materials for study. Twenty-one had primary intracranial tumors. Three had metastatic tumors. Cyst fluid and blood were collected simultaneously at the time of operation. Total protein was determined by the biuret method 3 or by the micro-Kjeldahl technique. 4 Electrophoresis was carried out by Longsworth's 5 modification of the Tiselius technique, using barbiturate buffer pH