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In recent years, we have witnessed the great advancement of Deep neural networks (DNNs) in image restoration. However, a critical limitation is that they cannot generalize well to real-world degradations with different degrees or types. In this paper, we are the first to propose a novel training strategy for image restoration from the causality perspective, to improve the generalization ability of DNNs for unknown degradations. Our method, termed Distortion Invariant representation Learning (DIL), treats each distortion type and degree as one specific confounder, and learns the distortion-invariant representation by eliminating the harmful confounding effect of each degradation. We derive our DIL with the back-door criterion in causality by modeling the interventions of different distortions from the optimization perspective. Particularly, we introduce counterfactual distortion augmentation to simulate the virtual distortion types and degrees as the confounders. Then, we instantiate the intervention of each distortion with a virtual model updating based on corresponding distorted images, and eliminate them from the meta-learning perspective. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our DIL on the generalization capability for unseen distortion types and degrees. Our code will be available at https://github.com/lixinustc/Causal-IR-DIL., Accepted by CVPR2023

This paper reviews the Challenge on Super-Resolution of Compressed Image and Video at AIM 2022. This challenge includes two tracks. Track 1 aims at the super-resolution of compressed image, and Track~2 targets the super-resolution of compressed video. In Track 1, we use the popular dataset DIV2K as the training, validation and test sets. In Track 2, we propose the LDV 3.0 dataset, which contains 365 videos, including the LDV 2.0 dataset (335 videos) and 30 additional videos. In this challenge, there are 12 teams and 2 teams that submitted the final results to Track 1 and Track 2, respectively. The proposed methods and solutions gauge the state-of-the-art of super-resolution on compressed image and video. The proposed LDV 3.0 dataset is available at https://github.com/RenYang-home/LDV_dataset. The homepage of this challenge is at https://github.com/RenYang-home/AIM22_CompressSR., Camera-ready version

Compressed Image Super-resolution has achieved great attention in recent years, where images are degraded with compression artifacts and low-resolution artifacts. Since the complex hybrid distortions, it is hard to restore the distorted image with the simple cooperation of super-resolution and compression artifacts removing. In this paper, we take a step forward to propose the Hierarchical Swin Transformer (HST) network to restore the low-resolution compressed image, which jointly captures the hierarchical feature representations and enhances each-scale representation with Swin transformer, respectively. Moreover, we find that the pretraining with Super-resolution (SR) task is vital in compressed image super-resolution. To explore the effects of different SR pretraining, we take the commonly-used SR tasks (e.g., bicubic and different real super-resolution simulations) as our pretraining tasks, and reveal that SR plays an irreplaceable role in the compressed image super-resolution. With the cooperation of HST and pre-training, our HST achieves the fifth place in AIM 2022 challenge on the low-quality compressed image super-resolution track, with the PSNR of 23.51dB. Extensive experiments and ablation studies have validated the effectiveness of our proposed methods. The code and models are available at https://github.com/USTC-IMCL/HST-for-Compressed-Image-SR., Accepted by ECCV2022 Workshop (AIM2022)

Mongoloraphidia xinjiangana sp. nov. (Figs 1–7) Diagnosis. The new species is characterized by males with prominent posteroventral margin of gonocoxite 9, which lacks the posterior process, and the gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) strongly enlarged distally into a heart-shaped plate. Description. Male. Body length 8.5 mm; forewing length 8.3 mm, hind wing length 7.6 mm. Head ovoid, black with clypeus blackish brown. Compound eyes pale brown. Antennal sclerite, scape, and pedicel yellow; flagellum yellow, but gradually becoming yellowish brown on distal 2/3 (from 7th flagellomere). Mouthparts brown, but distal 1/2 of mandibles, maxillary and labial palpi dark brown. Pronotum long, slender, blackish brown, with a median yellowish brown stripe at anterior 1/3; laterally with a pair of narrow hook-like, yellowish brown markings; meso- and metanotum blackish brown, mesonotum anteriorly with a medial subtriangular yellowish brown marking medially, scutellum medially yellow; metanotum with scutellum yellow medially. Legs brown with blackish setae, femur blackish brown, tibia pale brown. Wings hyaline; pterostigma narrow, approximately four times as long as wide, medially crossed by a vein, pale yellowish brown throughout; veins blackish brown; proximal half of C, R and A veins on forewing and bases of most longitudinal veins on hind wing yellow; anterior branch of RP on forewing with two branches, one or two bifurcate to wing margin; anterior branch of RP on hind wing with one simple and one forked vein. Abdomen blackish brown; pregenital segments with a pair of yellowish vittae laterally, each tergum with a median and posterior yellowish spot posteriorly and each sternum with a transverse yellowish marking posteriorly. Genital segments blackish brown, but ectoproct yellow. Tergum 9 with anterior margin feebly notched. Sternum 9 arcuate, rather narrow, and posteromedially prominent (Figs 2, 5). Gonocoxite 9 (Figs 2, 5) obliquely directed dorsoventrally, ventral part much broader than dorsal part, posteroventrally prominent into an obtuse angle. Gonostylus 9 (Figs 2, 5) short, unguiform, feebly curved. Gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) (Figs 2, 4, 5, 7) directed posterodorsad, largely enveloped by gonocoxites 9, anteriorly separated as a pair of narrow short beams, remaining part flat and slightly inflated in lateral view, and strongly broadened into a heart-shaped plate in ventral view, laterally with numerous small teeth. Ectoproct slightly longer than tergum 9 (Figs 2, 5), feebly sclerotized, with posterodorsal corner pointed in lateral view. Fused gonocoxites 11 (gonarcus) reduced. Hypandrium internum trilobate (Figs 3, 6), lateral lobes slightly wider but shorter than median lobe, posterior end strongly narrowed. Female. Unknown. Type material. Holotype ♂ [preserved in alcohol], CHINA: Xinjiang, Urumqi, Shayibak District [乌ã木λ, 沙ff-克区], Xinjiang Agricultural University, 87°34′11.99″E, 43°48′36″N, 787.21 m, 2021.V.13, Bingchen Li (CAU). Distribution. China (Xinjiang). Etymology. The new species is named after Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region where the holotype was collected. Remarks. The new species appears to be closely related to Mongoloraphidia alaica H. Aspöck, U. Aspöck & Rausch, 1997 from Kyrgyzstan in having similar male gonocoxite 9 lacking posteroventral projection and generally flat male gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) posteriorly strongly enlarged. However, it can be distinguished from the latter species by the male gonocoxite 9 posteroventrally produced into an obtuse angle, and the male gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) posteriorly enlarged into a heart-shaped plate. In M. alaica, the male gonocoxite 9 is not produced on posteroventral margin, and the male gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) is posteriorly enlarged into a broad, pentagonal plate (see H. Aspöck et al. 1997: figs 26–28)., Published as part of Shen, Rongrong, Li, Bingchen, Ren, Jinlong, Shali, Yasen & Liu, Xingyue, 2022, New snakeflies of the genus Mongoloraphidia H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1968 (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae) from Xinjiang, China, pp. 575-582 in Zootaxa 5125 (5) on pages 577-579, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5125.5.7, http://zenodo.org/record/6457437, {"references":["Aspock, H., Aspock, U. & Rausch, H. (1997) Erstnachweis der Ordnung Raphidioptera in Turkmenistan und weitere neue Raphidiiden-Spezies aus Kirgisistan (Insecta: Neuropteroidea: Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae). Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte, 41, 77 - 95."]}

Mongoloraphidia xinjiangana sp. nov. (Figs 1–7) Diagnosis. The new species is characterized by males with prominent posteroventral margin of gonocoxite 9, which lacks the posterior process, and the gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) strongly enlarged distally into a heart-shaped plate. Description. Male. Body length 8.5 mm; forewing length 8.3 mm, hind wing length 7.6 mm. Head ovoid, black with clypeus blackish brown. Compound eyes pale brown. Antennal sclerite, scape, and pedicel yellow; flagellum yellow, but gradually becoming yellowish brown on distal 2/3 (from 7th flagellomere). Mouthparts brown, but distal 1/2 of mandibles, maxillary and labial palpi dark brown. Pronotum long, slender, blackish brown, with a median yellowish brown stripe at anterior 1/3; laterally with a pair of narrow hook-like, yellowish brown markings; meso- and metanotum blackish brown, mesonotum anteriorly with a medial subtriangular yellowish brown marking medially, scutellum medially yellow; metanotum with scutellum yellow medially. Legs brown with blackish setae, femur blackish brown, tibia pale brown. Wings hyaline; pterostigma narrow, approximately four times as long as wide, medially crossed by a vein, pale yellowish brown throughout; veins blackish brown; proximal half of C, R and A veins on forewing and bases of most longitudinal veins on hind wing yellow; anterior branch of RP on forewing with two branches, one or two bifurcate to wing margin; anterior branch of RP on hind wing with one simple and one forked vein. Abdomen blackish brown; pregenital segments with a pair of yellowish vittae laterally, each tergum with a median and posterior yellowish spot posteriorly and each sternum with a transverse yellowish marking posteriorly. Genital segments blackish brown, but ectoproct yellow. Tergum 9 with anterior margin feebly notched. Sternum 9 arcuate, rather narrow, and posteromedially prominent (Figs 2, 5). Gonocoxite 9 (Figs 2, 5) obliquely directed dorsoventrally, ventral part much broader than dorsal part, posteroventrally prominent into an obtuse angle. Gonostylus 9 (Figs 2, 5) short, unguiform, feebly curved. Gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) (Figs 2, 4, 5, 7) directed posterodorsad, largely enveloped by gonocoxites 9, anteriorly separated as a pair of narrow short beams, remaining part flat and slightly inflated in lateral view, and strongly broadened into a heart-shaped plate in ventral view, laterally with numerous small teeth. Ectoproct slightly longer than tergum 9 (Figs 2, 5), feebly sclerotized, with posterodorsal corner pointed in lateral view. Fused gonocoxites 11 (gonarcus) reduced. Hypandrium internum trilobate (Figs 3, 6), lateral lobes slightly wider but shorter than median lobe, posterior end strongly narrowed. Female. Unknown. Type material. Holotype ♂ [preserved in alcohol], CHINA: Xinjiang, Urumqi, Shayibak District [乌ã木λ, 沙ff-克区], Xinjiang Agricultural University, 87°34′11.99″E, 43°48′36″N, 787.21 m, 2021.V.13, Bingchen Li (CAU). Distribution. China (Xinjiang). Etymology. The new species is named after Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region where the holotype was collected. Remarks. The new species appears to be closely related to Mongoloraphidia alaica H. Aspöck, U. Aspöck & Rausch, 1997 from Kyrgyzstan in having similar male gonocoxite 9 lacking posteroventral projection and generally flat male gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) posteriorly strongly enlarged. However, it can be distinguished from the latter species by the male gonocoxite 9 posteroventrally produced into an obtuse angle, and the male gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) posteriorly enlarged into a heart-shaped plate. In M. alaica, the male gonocoxite 9 is not produced on posteroventral margin, and the male gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) is posteriorly enlarged into a broad, pentagonal plate (see H. Aspöck et al. 1997: figs 26–28).

Shen, Rongrong, Li, Bingchen, Ren, Jinlong, Shali, Yasen, Liu, Xingyue (2022): New snakeflies of the genus Mongoloraphidia H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1968 (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae) from Xinjiang, China. Zootaxa 5125 (5): 575-582, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5125.5.7

Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) kaszabi (H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1967) (Figs 8–12) Agulla kaszabi H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1967: 26. Type locality: Mongolia (Mt. Altai). Raphidia (Mongoloraphidia) kaszabi H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1968: 115. Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) kaszabi H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1985: 39. Diagnosis. This species is characterized by the male gonocoxite 9 with a long posteroventral and digitiform projection, which is distinctly curved dorsad, and the gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) present as a long tongue-shaped sclerite, which is flat, straightly directed posteriad, anteriorly elevated ventrad in lateral view, and anterolaterally produced into a pair of short, acutely tapering projections. Supplementary description of the specimen from Xinjiang. Male. Body length 9.3 mm; forewing length 9.2 mm, hind wing length 7.5 mm. Head ovoid, blackish brown with clypeus brown. Compound eyes grayish black. Antennae blackish brown. Mouthparts brown. Pronotum long, slender, blackish brown, posterior half with three yellowish brown stripes. Legs yellowish brown with blackish setae. Wings hyaline; pterostigma yellowish brown throughout; veins brown, but proximal half of C, R and A veins on forewings and bases of most longitudinal veins on hind wings yellow; anterior branch of RP in both fore- and hind wing with one simple and one bifurcate or trifurcate branch. Abdomen black; each pregenital segment with a pair of yellowish vittae laterally, a triangular yellowish marking medially on tergum and a yellowish transverse stripe on posterior margin of sternum. Tergum 9 laterally markedly flexed, anterior margin moderately notched. Sternum 9 arcuate, rather narrow, and posteromedially prominent. Gonocoxite 9 (Fig. 9) posteroventrally produced into a long digitiform projection, which is distally curved dorsad. Gonostylus 9 (Figs 9, 10, 12) short, unguiform, strongly curved. Gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) (Fig. 12) long, straightly directed posteriad and exceeding apex of ectoproct, flatly tongue-shaped, largely paired but distally fused, anteriorly elevated ventrad in lateral view, anterolaterally with a pair of short, acutely tapering projections, laterally with numerous small teeth. Fused gonocoxites 11 (gonarcus) (Figs 9–10) small, paired, strongly sclerotized. Endophallus (Figs 9–10) broad. Material examined. 1♂ [preserved in alcohol], CHINA: Xinjiang, Buerjin County, Kanas [布尔津县, 喀ṷ ª], 86°59′37.85″E, 48°41′4.62″N, 1470.8 m, 2017.VII.16, Jinlong Ren (CAU). Distribution. China (Xinjiang), Mongolia (Hovd), Russia (Gorno-Altaysk). Remarks. This species was originally described by H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck (1967) based on a single male specimen from Mt. Altai of Mongolia. Here Mongoloraphidia (M.) kaszabi is recorded from China for the first time based on the specimen from Xinjiang. The identification of this additional male specimen as M. (M.) kaszabi can be justified based on its male genital characters that are nearly identical to that of the holotype of this species (see H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck 1967: fig. 1). However, there is another species, namely Mongoloraphidia sajanica H. Aspöck, U. Aspöck & Martynova, 1968, which is morphologically very similar to M. (M.) kaszabi and has geographically close distribution with the latter species. At present, it is not practical to clearly distinguish them as two independent species, and further investigation based on more specimens and molecular data is necessary to confirm if both are synonyms., Published as part of Shen, Rongrong, Li, Bingchen, Ren, Jinlong, Shali, Yasen & Liu, Xingyue, 2022, New snakeflies of the genus Mongoloraphidia H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1968 (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae) from Xinjiang, China, pp. 575-582 in Zootaxa 5125 (5) on pages 579-581, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5125.5.7, http://zenodo.org/record/6457437, {"references":["Aspock, H. & Aspock, U. (1967) Agulla kaszabi nov. spec. (Insecta, Raphidiodea) aus der Mongolei. (Vorlaufige Beschreibung). Entomologisches Nachrichtenblatt, Wien, 14, 26 - 27.","Aspock, H., Aspock, U. & Rausch, H. (1985) Zur Kenntnis der Genera Tjederiraphidia n. g. und Mongoloraphidia H. A. & U. A. (Neuropteroidea: Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen, 37, 37 - 48.","Aspock, H., Aspock, U. & Martynova, O. M. (1968) Neue Arten der Gattung Raphidia L. (Insecta, Raphidiodea) aus der Sowjet- Union (Vorlaufige Beschreibung). Entomologisches Nachrichtenblatt, Wien, 15, 86 - 89."]}

Semiconductor optical switches utilizing carrier-induced refractive index change have tremendous potential for the application of optical processing because of their small size , single-mode operation , polarizationindependence and wavelength-insensitivity. These switches are generally based on total internal reflection , and have a requirement of precise control of reflection interface1, 2. The requirement causes a difficulty in developing silicon switches of the same kind. Because silicon is an indirect-gap semiconductor , the injected carriers in it diffuse a long distance due to their long lifetime. They can not be restricted within a specific region in the normal structure like what has been taken in InGaAsP or A1GaAs. Although some authors have reported that attempt to make use of the free-carrier effect in silicon for optical switching, the developed switches are all based on mode-interference other than internal reflection3, 4. These switches are devoid of the advantages mentioned above. From the viewpoint of practical application , a kind of silicon switch with these advantages is more essential.

We successfully used the metal mediated-wafer bonding technique in transferring the as-grown cubic GaN LED structure of Si substrate. The absorbing GaAs substrate was removed by using the chemical solutions of NH4OH : H2O2=1 : 10. SEM and PL results show that wafer bonding technique could transfer the cubic GaN epilayers uniformly to Si without affecting the physical and optical properties of epilayers. XRD result shows that there appeared new peaks related to AgGa2 and Ni4N diffraction, indicating that the metals used as adhesive and protective layers interacted with the p-GaN layer during the long annealing process. It is just the reaction that ensures the reliability of the integration of GaN with metal and minor contact resistance on the interface.