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China’s SREB is a geo-strategic program that has been initiated based on Beijing’s judgment on its international and domestic environment. Building the SREB program servers the China grand strategy and satisfies the national demands. The Chinese government declared the ‘community with a shared future for Mankind’ is a national grand strategy and the guiding slogan of its foreign policy. This article interprets China’s governmental discourse on the guiding slogan and Chinese academic efforts to justify the grand strategy. From the Chinese perspective, the construction of the SREB needs to adopt omnidirectional diplomacy, which includes dealing with its relations with great powers, with neighboring nations, and building regional regimes and mechanisms. China’s grand strategy and three approaches sound ideal to some extent, but they demonstrate Chinese real concerns and ideas. In the long-term future, Russia will become more and more significant for China’s SREB program and the grand strategy as a whole.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the research done on Solzhenitsyn’s literary works in China from 1979 to 2021 on the basis of data from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The article highlights three stages in the process of publishing and perceiving the writer’s works, studies the opinions of various researchers about the artistic value of the writer’s work, and analyzes the specific features of the development of research about his works. Chinese researchers consider the literary heritage of the writer to be a complex phenomenon that consists of his artistic works and political beliefs. As a result of the analysis, it can be seen that Solzhenitsyn attracts more attention from readers and researchers. Their interest in the literary works of the writer has not disappeared for 42 years. Writer Solzhenitsyn is a more attractive figure in Chinese research works.

We study an assortment optimization problem under a multi-purchase choice model in which customers choose a bundle of up to one product from each of two product categories. Different bundles have different utilities and the bundle price is the summation of the prices of products in it. For the uncapacitated setting where any set of products can be offered, we prove that this problem is strongly NP-hard. We show that an adjusted-revenue-ordered assortment provides a 1/2-approximation. Furthermore, we develop an approximation framework based on a linear programming relaxation of the problem and obtain a 0.74-approximation algorithm. This approximation ratio almost matches the integrality gap of the linear program, which is proven to be at most 0.75. For the capacitated setting, we prove that there does not exist a constant-factor approximation algorithm assuming the Exponential Time Hypothesis. The same hardness result holds for settings with general bundle prices or more than two categories. Finally, we conduct numerical experiments on randomly generated problem instances. The average approximation ratios of our algorithms are over 99%.

The monitoring of mechanical equipment systems contains an increasing number of complex content, expanding from traditional time and frequency information to three-dimensional data of the time, space and frequency information, and even higher-dimensional data containing subjects , experimental conditions. For high-dimensional data analysis, traditional decomposition methods such as Hilbert Transform, Fast Fourier Transformation and Gabor transformation not only lose the integrity of the data, but also increase the amount of calculation and introduce a lot of redundant information. The phenomenon of feature coupling, aliasing and redundancy between the mechanical multi-source data signals will cause the inaccuracy of the evaluation, diagnosis and prediction of industrial production operation status. The analysis of the three-way tensor composed of channel, frequency and time is called Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC). The properties between the parallel factor analysis results and the input signals are studied through simulation experiments. Parallel factor analysis is used to decompose the third-order tensor composed of channel-time-frequency after continuous wavelet transformation of vibration signal into channel, time and frequency characteristics. Multi-scale parallel factor analysis successfully extracted nonlinear multi-dimensional dynamic fault characteristics by generating the spatial, spectral, time-domain signal loading value and three-dimensional fault characteristic expression. In order to verify the effectiveness of the space, frequency and time domain signal loading values of the fault characteristic factors generated by the centrifugal pump system after parallel factor analysis, the characteristic factors obtained after parallel factor analysis are used as the SPRT test sequence for identification and verification. The results indicate that the method proposed in this article improves the measurement accuracy and intelligence of mechanical fault detection.

Background:: The utilization of genetic data to investigate biological problems has recently become a vital approach. However, it is undeniable that the heterogeneity of original samples at the biological level is usually ignored when utilizing genetic data. Different cell-constitutions of a sample could differentiate the expression profile, and set considerable biases for downstream research. Matrix factorization (MF) which originated as a set of mathematical methods, has contributed massively to deconvoluting genetic profiles in silico, especially at the expression level. Objective: With the development of artificial intelligence algorithms and machine learning, the number of computational methods for solving heterogeneous problems is also rapidly abundant. However, a structural view from the angle of using MF to deconvolute genetic data is quite limited. This study was conducted to review the usages of MF methods on heterogeneous problems of genetic data on expression level. Methods: MF methods involved in deconvolution were reviewed according to their individual strengths. The demonstration is presented separately into three sections: application scenarios, method categories and summarization for tools. Specifically, application scenarios defined deconvoluting problem with applying scenarios. Method categories summarized MF algorithms contributed to different scenarios. Summarization for tools listed functions and developed web-servers over the latest decade. Additionally, challenges and opportunities of relative fields are discussed. Results and Conclusion: Based on the investigation, this study aims to present a relatively global picture to assist researchers to achieve a quicker access of deconvoluting genetic data in silico, further to help researchers in selecting suitable MF methods based on the different scenarios.

On the working face below shallow and close coal seams, there are residual pillars. The mine’s ability to operate safely is constrained by the coal pillars’ vulnerability to sudden instability and powerful ground pressure disasters during withdrawal. This paper uses the 31,106 working face of the Huoluowan coal mine as its research backdrop and employs field observation, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulation to examine the strong dynamic load mechanism of the overlying coal pillars. According to the analysis, the residual pillar’s stress diffusion angle is 29 degrees after mining the working face above it, which has an impact on the main roof’s stability above the working face’s retracement roadway. The main roof is impacted by the excavation disturbance and the remaining pillars during the working face’s final mining phase, displaying a complex stress superposition state. The retracement roadway is significantly deformed as a result of the plastic zone of the surrounding rock changing from small-scale damage to extensive damage. The proposed “hydraulic roof cutting + reinforcement support” prevention technology is based on the prevention idea of weakening important rock strata, changing the stress transmission path, and strengthening adjacent rock. Field testing shows how hydraulic fracturing reinforces the roof structure, lessens the heavy dynamic load on the supporting pillars of overlying residual coal, reduces rock deformation in the retracement roadway, and ensures the stability of the working face during withdrawal. The study’s findings are significant for the secure removal of a working face under similar circumstances.

In 1993, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council made a decision to gradually promote the reform of the higher education system, put forward the eight character policy slogan of “readjustment, restructuring, consolidation, and improvement”, and successively merged 637 colleges and universities into 70 multidisciplinary and comprehensive colleges and universities. Jilin University was formed on June 12, 2000 by the merger of the former Jilin University, Jilin University of Technology, Norman Bethune Medical University, Changchun University of Science and Technology and Changchun Institute of Posts and Telecommunications. On August 29, 2004, the former Quartermaster University of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was transferred to Jilin University. Jilin University is a typical case of university merger. It has been more than 30 years since the “wave of university merger” in the 1990s. Timely summarizing the relevant experience and lessons is conducive to providing reference experience for university decision-making in the future. Firstly, this paper analyzes the reasons for the merger of colleges and universities, analyzes the necessity of the merger of colleges and universities from three aspects: the lack of educational resources, the discipline structure not meeting the requirements of the time, and the reform of government institutions. The authors take Jilin University as an example to summarize the benefits of the merger of colleges and universities from both theoretical and empirical aspects. As a mode of university development, merger also has its problems in the choice of merger policy and the process of merger. Finally, in view of these existing problems, this paper summarizes the relevant solutions of Jilin University, and puts forward supplementary measures from the perspective of the government, universities and teachers and students, hoping to provide experience for the practice of university merger., В 1993 году ЦК КПК и Государственный совет приняли решение постепенно продвигать реформу системы высшего образования, выдвинули восьмизначную политику «совместного строительства, корректировки, сотрудничества и слияния» и последовательно объединили 637 колледжей и университеты в 70 многопрофильных и общеобразовательных колледжей и университетов. Цзилиньский университет был образован 12 июня 2000 года в результате слияния бывшего Цзилиньского университета, Цзилиньского технологического университета, Медицинского университета Нормана Бетьюна, Чанчуньского университета науки и технологий и Чанчуньского института почты и телекоммуникаций. 29 августа 2004 г. бывший квартирмейстерский университет Народно-освободительной армии Китая был переведен в Цзилиньский университет. Университет Цзилинь – типичный случай объединения университетов. Прошло более 30 лет с момента «волны слияния университетов» в 1990-х годах. Своевременное обобщение соответствующего опыта и уроков способствует предоставлению справочного опыта для принятия университетских решений в будущем. Во-первых, в данной статье анализируются причины слияния колледжей и университетов, анализируется необходимость слияния колледжей и университетов с трех сторон: нехватка образовательных ресурсов, структура дисциплин, не отвечающая требованиям времени, и реформа системы образования государственных учреждений. На примере Университета Цзилинь суммируются преимущества слияния колледжей и университетов как с теоретических, так и с эмпирических аспектов. Как способ развития университета, слияние также имеет свои проблемы в выборе Политики слияния и процесса слияния. Наконец, с учетом этих существующих проблем, в этом документе суммируются соответствующие решения Университета Цзилинь и предлагаются дополнительные меры с точки зрения правительства, университетов, преподавателей и студентов, надеясь предоставить опыт для практики слияния университетов.

In this paper, we propose a novel girth measurement system based on multi-view stereo images for garment design. Our system is set in a fixed location to capture three pairs of stereo images for the subject by six calibrated and synchronously triggered cameras. An important feature of this system is the use of an optimized semantic segmentation network that can efficiently segment the girth region in the captured six-view stereo images. Another important feature of this system is the use of color subspace classification and coordinate clustering that can effectively constrain the stereo matching within the scope of markers. Then, the system performs only on the corresponding clusters to extract stereo matching point pairs of markers correctly. The space coordinates of 3D point corresponding to each stereo matching point pair are calculated in each coordinate system of stereo cameras. The unified coordinates of these 3D markers are transformed from three different coordinate systems into one unified coordinate system. Girth is measured by curve fitting of these markers and calculating the length of the fitting curve. Our proposed system performs passive and intelligent girth measurement in garment design, and overcomes the problem of too many invalid stereo matching point pairs in girth measurement. Experimental results demonstrate its accuracy. Our system has a maximum bust measurement error of 1.28cm for woman and 1.31cm for man and a maximum waist measurement error of 1.18cm for woman and 0.99cm for man, which are within the error limit regulated by China national standards GB/T 2664-2017, 2665-2017, 2666-2017 and textile industry standard FZ/T 81004-2012.

Centered on parallel factor analysis(PARAFAC) and support vector machine(SVM), a method of centrifugal pump(CP) fault diagnosis is proposed. A non-stationary multi-fault mode single-source signal feature extraction method is proposed, based on the theory of parallel factor analysis, i.e. spatial information is introduced in time-frequency analysis, and after parallel factor analysis, the spatial signal, the spectral signal (mode2) and the time-domain signal (mode3) are generated. The latter two can obviously describe the natural or fault state of the mechanical equipment by comparing the experimental analysis, and this function is used to evaluate the mapping relationship between the centrifugal pumps in different states and their respective mode2 and mode3. A total of six components in mode2 and mode3 are used as feature vectors, which are input to the SVM classifier, optimized by the improved particle swarm algorithm for fault classification, by constructing an experimental platform to collect the nonlinear multi-fault mode feature signals of centrifugal pumps. Compared with the wavelet packet energy features, the proposed method is more convenient for feature extraction, the classification accuracy of the proposed classifier is significantly improved, and the complexity of the proposed classifier is not significantly increased.

A robust vehicle speed measurement system based on feature information fusion for vehicle multi-characteristic detection is proposed in this paper. A vehicle multi-characteristic dataset is constructed. With this dataset, seven CNN-based modern object detection algorithms are trained for vehicle multi-characteristic detection. The FPN-based YOLOv4 is selected as the best vehicle multi-characteristic detection algorithm, which applies feature information fusion of different scales with both rich high-level semantic information and detailed low-level location information. The YOLOv4 algorithm is improved by combing with the attention mechanism, in which the residual module in YOLOv4 is replaced by the ECA channel attention module with cross channel interaction. An improved ECA-YOLOv4 object detection algorithm based on both feature information fusion and cross channel interaction is proposed, which improves the performance of YOLOv4 for vehicle multi-characteristic detection and reduces the model parameter size and FLOPs as well. A multi-characteristic fused speed measurement system based on license plate, logo, and light is designed accordingly. The system performance is verified by experiments. The experimental results show that the speed measurement error rate of the proposed system meets the requirement of the China national standard GB/T 21555-2007 in which the speed measurement error rate should be less than 6%. The proposed system can efficiently enhance the vehicle speed measurement accuracy and effectively improve the vehicle speed measurement robustness.

In this paper, we propose a novel stereovision-based system for vehicle speed measurement. Our system is set in a fixed location to capture two view stereo videos for passing vehicles by using a calibrated binocular stereovision system. An important feature of this system is the use of an optimized single shot multibox detector network that can efficiently detect license plates in the captured two view stereo videos. Then, the system performs only on the detected license plate area to extract stereo matching point pairs rapidly. The world coordinates of 3D points corresponding to each stereo matching point pair are calculated. Abnormal 3D points are removed in accordance with distance distribution. The remaining 3D point closest to the license plate center is finally selected as the exact vehicle location of the current frame. Vehicle speed is measured by dividing the distance between two selected 3D points by frame intervals. Vehicle trajectory is depicted by connecting multiple selected 3D points. Our proposed system performs non-intrusive and stealth measurement in intelligent traffic surveillance and overcomes the challenges of speed measurement for multiple vehicles on multiple lanes in different motions simultaneously. Experimental results demonstrate its accuracy. Our system has a speed measurement error range of [-1.6, +1.1] km/h and a maximum error rate of 3.80%, which are within the [-3, +2] km/h error limit of several countries' regulatory authorities and the 6% error rate limit of China national standard GB/T 21255-2007.

[Objectives] The sortie generation capacity is an important index of the operational capability of an aircraft carrier and largely determined by the support operation scheduling of the carrier-based aircraft. Therefore a good scheduling of carrier-based aircrafts on the deck can effectively improve the operational capability of aircraft carrier. [Methods] This paper establishes the operation scheduling module by converting the carrier-based aircraft support operation scheduling into job-shop scheduling problem. And through improvement of initial solution, search strategy and tabu list length, an improved tabu search algorithm is proposed to solve the model, with the purpose of minimizing the makespan. [Results] The simulation test results show that the improved tabu search algorithm can solve the carrier-based aircraft support operation scheduling problem effectively, and it is better than the traditional tabu search algorithm in terms of speed calculation and result optimization. [Conclusions] The proposed algorithm provides an effective way to solve the carrier-based aircraft support operation scheduling problem.

This paper serves as a historical study of the development of China’s education for international students, based on which the authors try to summarize its effects on promoting China’s hard and soft powers. Since the implementation of the Reform and Opening-up Policy, the education of international students in China has made remarkable progress, boosting the internationalization process of China’s development. Its experience and implication deserve close observation and analysis. The paper uses data collected from Chinese government documents, public files and education reports, aiming to illustrate the facts and characteristics of the three stages of China’s international students education since 1978. The study was conducted using the historical approach to research, while combining the perspective of Education Science, Sociology and International Relations. The paper presents conclusions that the development of education for international students in China has: promoted the oversea popularity of Chinese culture and China’s soft power; created a positive effect on promoting bilateral relations and attracting foreign investment; facilitated human resources exchange; accelerated the internationalization process of Chinese universities. With the continuous growth of overall national strength and reputation, education for international students in China still has great potential., Проведено историческое исследование развития китайского образования для иностранных студентов, на основе которого авторы пытаются обобщить его влияние на продвижение жестких и мягких сил Китая. С момента принятия «Политики реформ и открытости», образование иностранных студентов в Китае достигло заметного прогресса, стимулируя процесс интернационализации развития Китая. Его опыт и последствия заслуживают пристального наблюдения и анализа. В статье использованы данные, собранные из китайских правительственных документов, публичных досье и отчетов об образовании, с целью проиллюстрировать факты и характеристики трёх этапов обучения иностранных студентов в Китае с 1978 года. Исследование проводилось в рамках подхода, сочетающего в себе точки зрения предметных областей педагогики, социологии и международных отношений. В статье приведены выводы о том, что развитие образования для иностранных студентов в Китае способствовало международной популярности китайской культуры и мягкой силы Китая; оказало положительный эффект на развитие двусторонних отношений, а также привлечение иностранных инвестиций; облегчило обмен человеческими ресурсами; ускорило процесс интернационализации китайских университетов. С непрерывным ростом общей национальной силы и репутации образование для иностранных студентов в Китае все еще имеет большой потенциал.

In 2005, the first Confucius Institute in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was established in Tashkent State Oriental Institute, Uzbekistan. With the continuous development of Confucius Institutes, by 2020, the Commonwealth of Independent States have been fully covered, with a total of 47. In the context of the global "Chinese fever," Confucius Institutes have been established and increased in Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States, playing an active role in spreading the Chinese language and Chinese culture. As a cultural bridge connecting China and the CIS countries, Confucius Institutes objectively promote people-to-people communication and have made a generous contribution to the cooperation. However, with development, Confucius Institutes have also faced more challenges. This article mainly studies the research of Chinese scholars and their opinions on the establishment and development of Confucius Institutes in Russia and the CIS countries, and aims to provide relatively detailed information and helpful research directions for subsequent studies of Confucius Institutes in the CIS countries., В 2005 году в Ташкентском государственном институте востоковедения был создан первый Институт Конфуция в Содружестве Независимых Государств (СНГ). При непрерывном развитии Институтов Конфуция к 2020 году Содружество Независимых государств будет полностью охвачено, в общей сложности 47. В условиях глобальной "китайской лихорадки" в России и Содружестве Независимых Государств создаются и расширяются Институты Конфуция, играющие активную роль в распространении китайского языка и китайской культуры. Являясь культурным мостом, соединяющим Китай и страны СНГ, Институты Конфуция объективно способствуют межличностному общению и внесли щедрый вклад в это сотрудничество. Однако с развитием Институты Конфуция также столкнулись с большими проблемами. В данной статье в основном рассматриваются исследования китайских ученых и их мнения о создании и развитии Институтов Конфуция в России и странах СНГ, а также ставится цель дать относительно подробную информацию и полезные направления исследований для последующих исследований Институтов Конфуция в странах СНГ.

On the new wave of Chinese University Student Union reform, university student unions in China have experienced obvious changes over the past years. However, some worrying signs such as unreasonable amount of student union members, lack of training mechanisms, inadequacy of work style formation of student unions and so on, remain hidden in the process of their development. The realities coming with the current situation need to be continuously explored and addressed in practice. After systematically combing through the existing literature on Chinese University Student Union reform, and through empirical research with Jilin University (China) as an example, we explore the status quo, conduct questionnaires and structured interviews, as well as analyze the existing problems in this Chinese university student union management structure, in terms of personnel scale, system of mechanisms, organizational structure, etc. Using social investigation methods and some other approaches, we summarize the challenges in Chinese University Student Union reform and present some corresponding measures and suggestions in order to provide general reference values., В условиях новой волны реформы Союза студентов китайских университетов за последние годы в студенческих союзах Китая произошли очевидные изменения. Однако некоторые тревожные признаки, такие как необоснованное количество членов студенческого союза, отсутствие механизмов обучения, неадекватность построения стиля работы студенческого союза и так далее, все еще скрываются в процессе его развития. Реалии, связанные с текущей ситуацией, необходимо постоянно изучать и учитывать на практике. После систематического изучения существующей литературы о реформе студенческого союза китайских университетов и эмпирических исследований на примере Цзилиньского университета (Китай) мы исследуем статус-кво, проводим анкетирование и структурированные интервью, а также анализируем существующие проблемы в структуре студенческого союза данного китайском университета с точки зрения масштаба персонала, системы механизмов, организационной структуры и т. д. Используя методы социальных исследований и некоторые другие подходы, мы суммируем проблемы реформирования студенческого союза китайских университетов и даем некоторые соответствующие меры и предложения, чтобы обеспечить общие справочные значения.

The functionalisation of textiles with electronic capabilities presents diverse applications where the electronics provide health monitoring, diagnostic and treatment platforms to the wearer [1]. However, the integration methods for incorporating such electronics into the textile in the research and commercial domains often compromise the natural characteristics and end-of-use recyclability of the textile [2], and more importantly the susceptibility of the wearer where the integrated electronics remain visible to the environment. This paper introduces a platform technology in the EPSRC funded project - Novel manufacturing methods for functional electronic textiles (FETT) in Figure 1, which combines standard microelectronic circuit fabrication and textile production techniques to hide modular electronics in bespoke pockets within textiles in the form 60 µm thick polyamide filament circuits [3]. The filament circuits are not visible after integration to the wearer or their environment. Unlike other integration methods where the textile is not detachable from the integrated circuits bonded to it mechanically or chemically, these filament circuits are loosely secured within the textile and are easily removable so as to enable end-of-use recycling of the textile and prevent electronic contamination. The key novelty of the project is the patented vacuum forming packaging of its filaments before integration within the textile filed with application number PCT/GB2019/052906. The filaments are conformally encapsulated with a thermoplastic film which enhances durability of the filaments by situating the electronic layer on the neutral axis. Prototypes are shown to be reliable surviving more than 1500 bending cycles around a 90ᵒ bending angle and 50 washing cycles at 60 ᵒC. Example demonstrator applications with this technology include accelerometer and temperature sensing e-textile circuits. Textiles with in-situ processing capability using miniaturised microcontrollers have also been demonstrated with digitally sequenced LED lighting patterns on the fabric.

This paper presents the novel use of screen printing and spray coating techniques to fabricate dye sensitized solar cells on textiles for wearable energy harvesting applications. Multiple functional layers of electrodes and active materials have been deposited on everyday use polyester cotton woven fabric and high-temperature resistant glass fiber fabric. The poly cotton fabric limits processing temperatures to 150 °C, while the glass fiber textile can withstand up to 1200 °C. The surface roughness of the textiles has been significantly reduced by screen printing a polyurethane interface layer on the polyester cotton fabric and a liquid polyimide on the glass fiber textile. A silver bottom electrode layer and a bespoke titanium dioxide electron transport layer formulated for each temperature range were then screen printed onto the planarized surfaces. The devices use Iodine/Iodide (I3-/I-) as the liquid electrolyte and were sealed with a plastic PET/ITO, which also forms the counter electrodes. The printed cells have demonstrated photovoltaic (PV) power conversion efficiencies of 3.24% on polyester cotton and 4.04% on glass fiber textiles, in ambient conditions. The polyurethane and polyimide interface layers significantly enhance the performance and stability of the fabricated cells providing extended operational lifetimes. This approach is potentially suitable for the low-cost integration of PV devices into clothing and other textile applications.

In order to detect the early fatigue crack of mechanical components simply, this paper puts forward the ultrasonic testing technology of different side collinear mixing. Firstly, based on the nonlinear ultrasonic theory, the method of calculating the difference frequency and sum frequency nonlinear coefficients of mixing ultrasonic is deduced. Then, the ram-5000 SINAP ultrasonic system is used to detect the aluminum alloy specimens with five different depth fatigue cracks, and the corresponding spectrum diagram is drawn. From the experimental results, we get that the crack depth is positively correlated with the nonlinear coefficients of difference frequency and sum frequency within a certain crack depth. Finally, by analyzing and fitting the experimental data, the prediction models of the difference frequency and sum frequency nonlinear coefficients on the crack depth are established. Through the analysis and combination of the above two prediction models, the prediction model of the mixing relative nonlinear coefficient is established, and the average error of the three prediction models is compared. The results show that the mixing relative nonlinear model has better results. The research work in this paper makes a useful exploration for crack detection and crack depth prediction.

Purpose – This paper aims to clarify the effect of metal ions added in the γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-GPS) solutions on the anti-corrosion properties of the γ-GPS coatings on cold-rolled iron (CRI). Design/methodology/approach – The transformations of functional groups involved in reactions during the coating process were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the thickness of the γ-GPS coatings on the CRI substrates was measured using high-powered microscopy. The anti-corrosion properties of γ-GPS-treated samples were evaluated by neutral salt spray tests, polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. Findings – The results show that Zn2+ and Mg2+ in the γ-GPS solutions promote the formation of Si-O-Si and Si-O-Fe bonds and improve the anti-corrosion properties of the γ-GPS coatings on CRI. However, Al3+ and Na+ in the γ-GPS solutions do not play this role. Originality/value – Although there have been previous research studies on the γ-GPS coatings on CRI, this paper is the first to study the effect of metal ions added in the silane solutions on the anti-corrosion properties of the γ-GPS coatings, and it has been confirmed that the anti-corrosion properties changed when Zn2+ (or Mg2+) is present.

An electronic textile (e-textile) is a textile with integrated electronic functionality. It can be used in many areas, for example, clothing, medical, furniture and aerospace applications. The combination of electronics with textiles requires the use of flexible circuit technology, with electronic components mounted on polymer substrates with conductive tracks, to ensure the textile retains as much as possible their normal physical characteristics and feel. E-textiles in wearable applications are subject to human motion activities and as such the integrated electronic components can be vulnerable to different kinds of stresses such as bending. These forces can potentially shear, pull off or damage the components despite the electronic packaging methods used to protect them. Similarly, temperature changes in the environment can induce thermal expansion stresses in the electronic packaging or components which may result in failure. Therefore the need to develop a new reliable electronic packaging method for e-textiles to mitigate these stresses becomes increasingly important.This thesis presents research into a new reliable packaging technique capable of protecting components against twisting, bending or shear stresses. The use of this packaging technique has been evaluated with the ultra-thin die mounted onto thin flexible polymer film strip which contains conductive tracks for electrical interconnections and power supply for electronics. This electronic strip can be subsequently formed into yarns or woven into a textile. The review of electronic packaging techniques for forming electronic connects between the die and substrate such as flip chip bonding, anisotropic adhesives bonding and wire bonding are also included in this thesis.Finite element analysis (FEA) of the electronic strip is also presented. FEA simulations are used to evaluate the mechanical performance of different electronic packaging assemblies. An FEA investigation is presented in the materials and component dimensions in order to maximize the reliability of the packaging method. The three-point bending, shear, tensile and thermal expansion modelling have been simulated and, in the case of shear load and bending, results validated against an experimental evaluation. The shear and bending experimental results show good agreement with the simulation results and verify the simulated optimal thickness of the adhesive layer. Three under-fill adhesives (EP30AO, EP37-3FLF and Epo-Tek 301 2fl), five highly flexible adhesives (MK055, Nu355, Loctite 4860, Loctite 480 and Loctite 4902) and three substrates (Kapton, Mylar and PEEK) have been evaluated and the optimal thickness of each is found. The Kapton substrate, together with the EP37-3FLF adhesive, was identified as the best materials combination, with the optimum under-fill and substrate thickness identified as 0.05 mm.A novel method for packaging electronics using a thermally deformed Kapton was introduced. The design process for the jig that was used to deform the Kapton and the minimum temperature (360 °C) and time (60 Sec) needed to deform the Kapton has been investigated. This is also the first demonstrated method for reliably incorporating electronic circuits in a textile and that can withstand up to 45, 150,000 and 1470 cycles of machine washing, 180 degree twist test and 90 degree bending test respectively. The new ultra-thin silicon chip (0.025 mm thickness) fabrication method has also been introduced in this thesis to increase the flexibility of the electronic packaging method for functional electronic textiles.

We designed a compact diode-end-close-pumped passively Q-switched composite Nd:YAG/Cr4+:YAG laser. By a single F-mount packaged fast-collimated laser diode without any optical pump coupling components, we achieved a 1.7 ns pulse width output with an 11.4 kHz pulse repetition rate at a 2 W continuous wave pump power in the resonator formed by the coated end surfaces of the crystal, and this agrees with numerical simulations. The corresponding pulse energy and average output power is 21 μJ and 240 mW at 1,064 nm, and the beam is near-diffraction-limited with M2∼1.5. To the best of our knowledge, these are the highest pulse energy and average power in directly close-pumped passive lasers. The laser overall size without the forced air cooling system is smaller than a one-pound coin, and such miniaturization will lead to more widespread applications.

We present an efficient high-power quasicontinuous-wave (QCW) all-solid-state laser at 532 nm with a simple and compact symmetrical resonator. We design a stable green laser at 532 nm with an average power of 123 W and a repetition rate of 10 kHz by combining a single side-pumped Nd:YAG laser module with a type II LBO crystal for intracavity frequency doubling. The corresponding electrical-to-green conversion efficiency is 12.5%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest electrical-to-green efficiency in 532 nm lasers with above 100 W output power ever reported. The pulse width is 62 ns at 123 W, so the peak power is calculated up to 198.4 kW. Such a compact and efficient resonator is promising for integration into laser-application systems.

The demonstration is reported of a diode-pumped passively Q-switched Nd:LuVO4 laser at 1064 nm using a transmission-type graphene oxide as the saturable absorber. The graphene oxide saturable absorber with a modulation depth of 10% was fabricated using a vertical evaporation method. With a pump of 11.5 W, a maximum output power of 1.353 W was obtained with 186-ns pulse duration and 336.7-kHz repetition rate, corresponding to a maximum pulse energy of 4 μJ per pulse.

The laser with high repetition rate, high peak power and narrow line width has important application value in the field of laser radar. In the amplification of high repetition frequency and narrow line width laser, in order to achieve both high magnification and high beam quality laser output at high repetition rate, narrow line width of passively Q-switched laser used to be the seed source, high gain amplifier using 888 nm diode laser end pumped Nd:YVO4 crystal, side pumped Nd:YVO4 slab crystal thermal lens effect of two stage amplification scheme were designed. At the repetition rate of 10 kHz, the average power of 31.5 W, and the laser beam quality of M2 1.98 were obtained. The peak power was 5 MW, the line width was 154 pm and the pulse width was 0.6 ns. Thus, the design idea of amplifier with high magnification ratio and high beam quality control individually was verified.

We report an efficient single-frequency ring laser pumped directly into emitting level by a fiber-coupled laser diode (FCLD) at 885 nm for the first time. 4.8 W laser at 1064 nm was obtained in a 0.7 at % Nd:YAG with 63% slope efficiency and 51.7% light-light efficiency in absorbed pump power. At the same time, the line width of the longitudinal mode was about 50 MHz, and the beam was nearly diffraction-limited with M2 ≈ 1.07.

Studies of the ultraviolet spectra and ab initio calculations have been carried out for vitamin E, p -benzoquinone and their complex in the present work. Steady-state absorption spectra have been experimentally measured with a Shimadzu UV-2100S spectrometer at room temperature. Measured values of maximum absorptions of vitamin E and p -benzoquinone in methanol are in excellent agreement with those reported in reference. In theoretical calculations, face-to-face conformations of the electron donor–acceptor (EDA) complex have been selected. The geometries of EDA complexes have been determined by searching for the energy minimum through the variation of the center to center distance between the isolated optimized geometries of the donor and the acceptor. The electronically excited states have been investigated by means of complete active space self-consistent field method associated with 6-31G* basis sets. The state optimizations of S 0 and S 1 for EDA complex reveal that the photoexcitation can directly yield an excited charge transfer (CT) state, and the CT absorption arises from the electron transition between two π-type molecular obitals. Based on the approximations of spherical cavity and point dipole, CT absorption in methanol has been investigated by considering the solvent reorganization energy correction.

A new method for flow injection analysis of norepinephrine bitartrate has been developed. It is based on ion association with anionic surfactant and piezoelectric detection. Sodium dodecyl phenylsulfate was used as the ion association reagent. The calibration curve was linear between 0.01 and 1.20 mg/ml. with a detection limit of 5 μg/ml, a relative standard deviation of 0.18% (10 replicates) and a sampling frequency of 120/h. The proposed method has been satisfactorily applied to the determination of norepinephrine bitartrate in pharmaceutical preparations.

We demonstrated a passively Q-switched Nd:YAG laser operating at 1.319 μm using a transmission-type single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) as the saturable absorber. This is the first report on using SWCNT as a Q-switcher for 1.319 μm Nd:YAG laser in a side-pumped configuration. A maximum output power of 780 mW was obtained with 1.15-μs pulse duration and 42.7-kHz repetition rate.

A rapid and simple method for the determination of lignocaine hydrochloride by ion-pairing flow injection analysis was developed. It is based on the formation of an ion pair between lignocaine hydrochloride and sodium dodecyl phenylsulfonate and piezoelectric detection. The calibration curve was linear between 0.01 and 2.00 mg ml - 1 , with a detection limit of 8 µg ml - 1 , an RSD of 0.29% (10 replicates) and a sampling frequency of 120 h - 1 . The proposed method was satisfactorily applied to the determination of lignocaine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations.