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Raphidiomimidae Vishniakova, 1973 Genus Graciliblatta Liang, Huang & Ren, gen. n. Type species. Graciliblatta bella Liang, Huang et Ren, sp. n. Composition. Monotypic. Derivation of name: Graciliblatta is a combination of gracilis (Latin for slim), alluding to elongated body and head, and the genus name Blatta. Differential diagnosis. The new genus can be distinguished from other representatives of the family by the richly branched Sc. The new genus additionally differs from Liadoblattina Handlirsch, 1906 (Vr��ansk�� and Ansorge 2007) from Early Jurassic of Germany and England in having a larger body and reticulations present in the CuA-CuP area. Graciliblatta is also different from Raphidiomima and Cameloblatta in the elongated pronotum (the length-to-width ratio of the pronotum of the new genus is 1.5, those of Raphidiomima and Cameloblatta 1.2), and distinctive divided eyes located basally, which are undivided in the other genera, which originate from the Late Jurassic of Kazakhstan. The head and pronotum of Graciliblatta are extremely long and narrower than in Fortiblatta (Liang et al. 2009); vein R of the forewing is more arcuate and R 1 has secondary branching not found in Fortiblatta, which is from the same locality and age as Graciliblatta. In addition, the body is smaller (length/width of head in the new genus is 2.25 vs. 1.9 in Fortiblatta; the pronotal length/width of the new genus is 1.5 vs. 1.2 in Fortiblatta). Coloration in the tip of wings is absent, but Graciliblatta has two dark stripes on pronotum, unlike Fortiblatta. Description. Head and pronotum elongated. Forewing long and narrow. Sc richly branched, with 7���8 branches; R not reaching the tip of margin, slightly curved and basally with dark coloration. CuA and CuP slightly curved. Anal veins with tertiary branches. Diagonal fold present. Hind wing with simple Sc; R 1 and Rs differentiated, and R 1 secondarily branched., Published as part of Liang, Jun-Hui, Huang, Wei-Long & Ren, Dong, 2012, Graciliblatta bella gen. et sp. n. ��� a rare carnivorous cockroach (Insecta, Blattida, Raphidiomimidae) from the Middle Jurassic sediments of Daohugou in Inner Mongolia, China, pp. 62-68 in Zootaxa 3449 on page 63, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.214288, {"references":["Vishniakova, V. N. (1973) New cockroaches (Insecta: Blattodea) from the Upper Jurassic deposits of Karatau. In: Narchuk, E. P. (ed.). Voprosy paleontologii nasekomykh. Doklady na 24 - m Ezhegodnom chtenii pamyati N. A. Kholodkovskogo, 1971. [Problems of the Insect Palaeontology. Lectures on the XXIV Annual Readings in Memory of N. A. Kholodkovsky (1 - 2 April, 1971)]. Nauka, Leningrad, 64 - 77 [in Russian].","Vrsansky, P. & Ansorge J. (2007) Lower Jurassic cockroaches (Insecta: Blattaria) from Germany and England. African Invertebrates, 48 (1), 103 - 126."]}

Graciliblatta bella Liang, Huang et Ren, sp. nov. (Figs. 1���5) Holotype. TNP 42441 - 1, TNP 42441 - 2, part and counterpart. Type locality. Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Monglia, China. Type horizon. Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation. Derivation of name. The specific epithet is after bellus (L., beautiful), referring to the clear veins. Description. Middle-sized species (RFW: length/width: 19.0 mm/ 5.2 mm; LFW: 17.5 mm / 5.5 mm). Line) 2. holotype of drawing Line) 1. counterpart and part, 2 - 42441 TNP, 1 - 42441 TNP. nov.sp, Ren & Huang, Liang bella Graciliblatta. 2, 1 FIGURES . head of drawing. holotype of Photographs. nov. sp, Ren & Huang, Liang bella Graciliblatta. 4,3 FIGURES Head prognathous, prolonged and narrow (length/width: 3.6 mm / 1.6 mm), unconcealed by pronotum, (Figs. 3, 4). Mandibles sclerotised, a single tooth preserved. Preserved labial palp two-segmented: first segment invisible, second and third segments the same length. Maxillary palp four-segmented, first segment invisible, third and fourth segments longer and wider than others (length of maxillary palp segments: third: 1.10 mm; fourth: 1.43 mm; fifth: 0.62 mm). Antennal socket ovoid, slightly transverse, scape quadrate. Eyes located at the base of head, elongate, divided. Pronotum elongate (length/width: 5.0 mm/ 3.3 mm), with a colored stripe along lateral margins, and two dark stripes in the center. Intercalary veins well developed in all wings and wings strongly sclerotised, especially hind wings. Coloration dark along fore margin of wings. Sc richly branched, with 7 (RFW) and 8 (LFW) branches; R expanded, with 17 (RFW) and 16 (LFW) branches, not reaching the tip of forewing, base of R with dark coloration; M divided basally into two straight branches, with a total of 10 (RFW) and 8 (LFW) veins at margin; CuA with 8 branches. Clavus elongate, anal veins with 7 (RFW) and 10 (LFW) branches, with tertiary braches. A diagonal kink present in anal field (Figs. 1 a, 3 b). Hind wing with simple Sc; R differentiated into R 1 and Rs, R 1 secondarily branched, 6 (RFW) and 4 (LFW) branches, Rs with 10 (RHW) and 9 (LHW) branches; M with 5 (RHW) and 6 (LHW) branches; CuA not preserved completely, basally most branches strong, sclerotised and with dark coloration; CuP simple. Reticulations present in CuA-CuP space., Published as part of Liang, Jun-Hui, Huang, Wei-Long & Ren, Dong, 2012, Graciliblatta bella gen. et sp. n. ��� a rare carnivorous cockroach (Insecta, Blattida, Raphidiomimidae) from the Middle Jurassic sediments of Daohugou in Inner Mongolia, China, pp. 62-68 in Zootaxa 3449 on pages 63-66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.214288

Highly-catalytic, cost-effective, well process-compatible, and highly-stable hydrogen-evolving catalysts are increasingly becoming key catalysts in realizing monolithic electrochemical solar water-splitting devices. However, the typical noble metallic catalysts seriously restrict the industrialization of electrochemical solar water-splitting devices on account of their poor storages and high costs. Low-cost, high-catalytic and non-metallic catalysts pave the promising way for the industrialization process. Molybdenum sulfide has emerged as a type of potential catalyst with high-activity and stability for the hydrogen-evolving reaction (HER) in the acidic condition, nowadays gradually becoming a research hotspot in solar-water-splitting. The process preparation of high-efficient molybdenum sulfide catalyst is consequently extremely important for enhancing the solar-to-hydrogen efficiency. In this paper, we synthesize highly-catalytic, low-cost, and highly-compatible non-metallic amorphous molybdenum trisulfide catalyst based on a simple wet chemical approach at room temperature for hydrogen-evolving reaction, followed by extensive studies of the effects of the mass loading of catalyst on the catalytic capacity and the solar-to-hydrogen performance of solar-water-splitting devices in series. When the mass loading is 0.5 mgcm-2, the MoS3 catalyst exhibits the promising HER activity. the surface of catalyst appears to be rough, porous, nano-sized architecture and the thickness is around 2.0 m, which simultaneously enlarges the electrochemically active area and reduces charge transfer impedance, accelerating the electron transport to electrochemically active site and improving the interfacial charge transfer. Besides, the HER catalytic activity is illustrated in a wired solar-water-splitting device. The current density can achieve the maximum values of 7.51 and 3.28 mA/cm2 corresponding to 0 and 0.8 V vs. RHE, and the onset potential is 1.83 V, comparable to the open circuit voltage (1.90 V) of two amorphous silcon cells in series. Therefore, we conclude that for amorphous molybdenum trisulfide catalyst there exists an optimized mass loading, with which an optimized catalytic capacity (260 mV vs. RHE at 10 mA/cm2 and tafel slope of 68 mV/dec) can be achieved. Further, by using the catalyst as a cathode for the solar-water-splitting devices in series, the catalyst can efficiently reduce the overpotential and improve the current output for the device, thereby potentially achieving a higher solar-to-hydrogen efficiency.

To verify that the molybdenum metals exhibit similar catalysis characteristics as the related molybdenum compounds, i.e. molybdenum selenide (MoSe2) and molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) which have been well known as the high-performing catalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions, we may thus seek a low-cost, process-simplified, scalable, and highly-catalytic counterpart. We have grown periodic molybdenum (Mo) metal catalytic electrodes by employing self-assembled polystyrene (PS) spheres prepared by a sauna-like method as templates, followed by a reactive ion etching (RIE) process with oxygen gas and a double-layer deposition by low-temperature magnetron sputtering. By controlling the etching time of oxygen gas on PS spheres during the RIE process, the lateral and vertical feature sizes of Mo catalytic electrodes can be efficiently controlled, thereby having various surface area ratios. According to surface morphologies from atomic force microscopy, electrochemical linear sweep voltammetry, Tafel, and impendency measurements, we have found that the surface roughness and surface area ratios of Mo metal catalytic electrodes can be enhanced by prolonging the etching times of PS spheres, thereby reducing the charge transfer resistances and Tafel slopes, and then improving the hydrogen evolution reactions at the catalysts/electrolyte interfaces. We attribute this improvement to the fact that the Mo metal catalytic electrodes can efficiently form beneficial Schottky junctions with the electrolyte to enhance the carrier transportation, and the increased surface area ratios can improve the effective area of the Schottky junctions, thereby enhancing the carrier transportation at the catalysts/electrolyte interfaces. Tafel slope of the periodic molybdenum (Mo) metal catalytic electrodes in our work is as low as about 53.9 mV/dec, equivalent to highly catalytic materials MoS2 (55 mV/dec) and MoSe2 (105-120 mV/dec). The proposed periodic Mo catalytic electrodes, which combine a simple sauna-like self-assembly process with a double-layer Mo architecture is scalable and simple; and the surface area of periodic molybdenum (Mo) metal catalytic electrodes can also be flexibly controlled, so that the low-temperature magnetron sputtered Mo metal catalytic electrodes are cost-effective and highly compatible with various photovoltaic devices, highlighting the great potential to form high efficient monolithic solar-water-splitting devices.

Genus Habroblattula gen. nov. Type species. Habroblattula drepanoides sp. nov. Diagnosis. Wings, pronotum and legs with bright and dark colour. Forewing Sc terminally branched, CuP strongly curved, all branches strong and dark, intercalaries and cross-veins distinct. Hindwing with pterostigma (dark macula in the R 1), R 1 and RS differentiated, CuA with abundant secondary branches. Description. Forewings with more or less parallel margins and characteristic forewing coloration (with falciform dapple of the R and M area and with macula along with the basal part of the posterior margin). Costal space very short and narrow; Sc terminally branched; R slightly curved, multiple simple branches, ending before wing apex; apically descending M simplified; CuA with branches long, running parallel to margin; CuP strongly curved; Anal veins simple and with thick cross-veins (visible even in poorly preserved specimens). Hindwing with pterostigma (dark macula in the R 1). Sc simple; R 1 and RS differentiated; M without tertiary branchings; CuA with abundant secondary branches; CuP simple. Apex distinctly colored. Pronotum with anomalous dapple, wider than long. Legs long with bright dark macula, femur shorter than tibia; all tibiae very short, with numerous spurs. Body soft, terminal segments with multisegmented cerci and styli. Remarks. Habroblattula is assigned to the family Blattulidae, because the forewing has long Sc, regular venation with distinct intercalaries and hindwing has simple CuP, branched A 1. (Vishniakova 1983) Habroblattula gen. nov. is closely related to Svabula Vr��ansk��, 2005 b from the Berriasian Lower Cretaceous sediments of Sharin-gol in Mongolia. Synapomorphies include wider forewing with margins parallel, branches strong, straight and dark, clavus with cross-veins. Svabula differs in small forewing size, different coloured pattern, having less apparent intercalaries and thick cross-veins. Hindwing of the new genus resembles Kridla Vr��ansk��, 2005 a from the Albian or Cenomanian Upper Cretaceous sediments of the Kyndalskaya Formation in having distinct pterostigma and distinct apex coloration, but differs from the latter by secondarily branched R 1, and A 2, simple M and more abundant cross-veins. The new genus differs from genus Tarakanula Vr��ansk��, 2003 by prominently coloured wings, pronotum and legs of new genus, with more dense veins and with apparent thick cross-veins. Habroblattula gen. nov. is easily differentiated from Elisama Giebel, 1856 and Blattula Handlirsch, 1906 ���1908 by having coloured wings, pronotum and legs, the forewing with strong, dark branches and apparent cross-veins in clavus and Cu area. Xonpepetla Cifuentes-Ruiz et Vr��ansk��, 2006 from the Campanian of Mexico differ in being robust body with very short and very wide forewings. Etymology: The name is derived from the Greek prefix habr (meaning ���elegancy���) and the type genus Blattula (the type genus of this family)., Published as part of Wang, Tian-Tian, Liang, Jun-Hui & Ren, Dong, 2007, Variability of Habroblattula drepanoides gen. et. sp. nov. (Insecta: Blattaria: Blattulidae) from the Yixian Formation in Liaoning, China, pp. 17-27 in Zootaxa 1443 on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176061, {"references":["VrSansky, P. (2005 b) Lower Cretaceous cockroaches and mantids (Insecta: Blattaria, Mantodea) from the Sharin-Gol in Mongolia. Entomological Problems, 35, 163 - 167.","VrSansky, P. (2005 a) A fossil insect in a drilling core sample-cockroach Kridla stastia gen. et sp. nov. (Blattulidae) from the cretaceous of the Verkhne-Bureinskaya Depression in Eastern Russia. Entomological Problems, 35, 115 - 116.","VrSansky, P. (2003) Unique assemblage of Dictyoptera (Insecta-Blattaria, Mantodea, Isoptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Bon Tsagaan Nuur in Mongolia. Entomological Problems, 1 - 2, 119 - 151.","VrSansky, P. & Ansorge, J. (2006) Lower Jurassic cockroaches (Insecta, Blattaria) from Germany and England. African Invertebrates, 47, 27 pp."]}

Genus Habroblattula gen. nov. Type species. Habroblattula drepanoides sp. nov. Diagnosis. Wings, pronotum and legs with bright and dark colour. Forewing Sc terminally branched, CuP strongly curved, all branches strong and dark, intercalaries and cross-veins distinct. Hindwing with pterostigma (dark macula in the R 1), R 1 and RS differentiated, CuA with abundant secondary branches. Description. Forewings with more or less parallel margins and characteristic forewing coloration (with falciform dapple of the R and M area and with macula along with the basal part of the posterior margin). Costal space very short and narrow; Sc terminally branched; R slightly curved, multiple simple branches, ending before wing apex; apically descending M simplified; CuA with branches long, running parallel to margin; CuP strongly curved; Anal veins simple and with thick cross-veins (visible even in poorly preserved specimens). Hindwing with pterostigma (dark macula in the R 1). Sc simple; R 1 and RS differentiated; M without tertiary branchings; CuA with abundant secondary branches; CuP simple. Apex distinctly colored. Pronotum with anomalous dapple, wider than long. Legs long with bright dark macula, femur shorter than tibia; all tibiae very short, with numerous spurs. Body soft, terminal segments with multisegmented cerci and styli. Remarks. Habroblattula is assigned to the family Blattulidae, because the forewing has long Sc, regular venation with distinct intercalaries and hindwing has simple CuP, branched A 1. (Vishniakova 1983) Habroblattula gen. nov. is closely related to Svabula Vršanský, 2005 b from the Berriasian Lower Cretaceous sediments of Sharin-gol in Mongolia. Synapomorphies include wider forewing with margins parallel, branches strong, straight and dark, clavus with cross-veins. Svabula differs in small forewing size, different coloured pattern, having less apparent intercalaries and thick cross-veins. Hindwing of the new genus resembles Kridla Vršanský, 2005 a from the Albian or Cenomanian Upper Cretaceous sediments of the Kyndalskaya Formation in having distinct pterostigma and distinct apex coloration, but differs from the latter by secondarily branched R 1, and A 2, simple M and more abundant cross-veins. The new genus differs from genus Tarakanula Vršanský, 2003 by prominently coloured wings, pronotum and legs of new genus, with more dense veins and with apparent thick cross-veins. Habroblattula gen. nov. is easily differentiated from Elisama Giebel, 1856 and Blattula Handlirsch, 1906 –1908 by having coloured wings, pronotum and legs, the forewing with strong, dark branches and apparent cross-veins in clavus and Cu area. Xonpepetla Cifuentes-Ruiz et Vršanský, 2006 from the Campanian of Mexico differ in being robust body with very short and very wide forewings. Etymology: The name is derived from the Greek prefix habr (meaning “elegancy”) and the type genus Blattula (the type genus of this family).

Habroblattula drepanoides gen. et sp. nov. Fig 1. A���B, Fig 2. A���H Holotype. A complete specimen, No. CNU-B-LB- 2006369 - 1. Locatity and horizon. Yixian Formation, Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous, Huangbanjiegou, Chaomidian Village, Beipiao City, Liaoning Province, China. Additional Material. CNU-B-LB- 2006305, CNU-B-LB- 2006378, CNU-B-LB- 2006386, CNU-B-LB- 2006389, CNU-B-LB- 2006392 (Forewings); CNU-B-LB- 2006301, CNU-B-LB- 2006302, CNU-B-LB- 2006303, CNU-B-LB- 2006304, CNU-B-LB- 2006369 - 2, CNU-B-LB- 2006390 - 1, CNU-B-LB- 2006390 - 2, CNU-B-LB- 2006306, CNU-B-LB- 2006391 (Complete specimens); Yixian Formation, Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous, Huangbanjigou, Chaomidian Village, BeiPiao City, Liaoning Province, China. CNU-B- LB- 2006387, CNU-B-LB- 2006380, CNU-B-LB- 2006384 (Forewings); CNU-B-LB- 2006372, CNU-B-LB- 2006383, CNU-B-LB- 2006377, CNU-B-L-B- 2006320, CNU-B-LB- 2006373, CNU-B-LB- 2006375, CNU- B-LB- 2006381, CNU-B-LB- 2006382, CNU-B-LB- 385, CNU-B-LB- 2006376 (Complete specimens); Yixian Formation, Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous, Jianshangou, Chaomidian Village, Beipiao City, Liaoning Province, China. Description. (Figs 1���6) Large species. Head length/width: 2.0��� 2.7 /2.0��� 2.2mm, more or less globular; antennae filiform, shorter than body length; mandibles strong with sharp dentition; maxillary palps 5 -seg- Forewing elongate, elliptical, length/width=11.0���12.0mm/ 3.2���4mm, with more or less parallel margins and characteristic coloration (dark macula apically of the R and M, look like ���falcate��� and in the basal part of the posterior margin); Cross-veins distinct, mainly in clavus and Cu area; intercalaries pale; apex oval; costal space narrow, occupies 1 / 3 of the wing length; Sc straight and somewhat thickened, simple or with several simple branches (1���4) (Fig 2. D); R space taking 43.0% of wing width, R slightly curved, terminated prior to the apex, forming 12���17 branches; M reaching apex, with 3���8 veins; CuA gently curved, with 3���6 branches; CuP simple; Clavus occupies 1 / 3 the length of the posterior margin of the wing, anal veins numerous (6���8). Hindwing length 10.0���11.0mm. Simple weak Sc reach 1 / 3 the wing length; Pterostigma present in the R 1 (5���6), RS (9���11), diverged from R basally; M with 2���5 simple branches, reaching the apex; CuA with 6���9 veins; thin CuP simple straight; A 1 forked; Intercalaries and cross-veins apparent, apex distinctly coloured. Legs cursorial, colored (Figs 2. G. H). Fore legs thin compare with mid and hind legs, femora narrow, as wide (0.35mm) as tibiae; Mid legs longer than fore legs, femora (3.0 mm) shorter than tibiae (3.5 mm); tarsus (2.5mm) longer than 1 / 2 length of tibia; Hind legs longer than fore legs and mid legs, tibiae (5.0mm) gracile and 1.4 times as long as femora (3.5mm), tarsus (3.0mm) longer than half length of tibia. Fourth tarsal segment shorter than total length of other four segments; both femora and tibiae with long spines bearing very smooth helical ridges. Body elongate; Cerci short, with 9 and more segments (Fig 2. B). Remarks. Forewing venation fusion (Fig 2. F) is present in 4 of 28 specimens, mainly in different Cu and A branches. Hindwing venation fusion (Fig 2. E) is present in Cu area (2 of 28 specimens). Fusions might have been caused by some environmental factors (Vr��ansk�� 2005 a). The hindwing pterostigma and the branched SC in forewing probably represent plesiomorphic characters within the Blattulidae (Vr��ansk�� 2002 a). Variability. (Tables 1���4) The total number of the forewing veins (23���27, exclude Sc and A) meeting the forewing margin has the lowest CV (5.72). Comparatively, low CV value (8.22) is observed in R+M system (17���22). M (3���8) seems to be the most variable (CV= 30.99) vein. Limited variation in the anterior part of the wing suggests enhanced flight capabilities when compared with the representatives of the Spiloblattinidae, Poroblattinidae, Mylacrididae, Caloblattinidae, Mesoblattinidae, supporting the hypothesis that the Blattulidae were active flyers (Vr��ansk�� 2000). Variability is lower than that found in Blattula langfeldi and Elisama tsaganica possibly due to relatively small sample size (Vr��ansk�� 2003). It is notable that the variation in hindwing is higher than that in the forewing, which is also the case for advanced Mesozocic blattulids. The higher variation in the hind wing may be caused by the regulation of the vein strength (Vr��ansk�� 2003). The difference between left and right wings in the same individual in Blattaria is a common phenomenon in Fossil of cockroaches. It was observed in H. drepanoides, with the left forewings differing from right ones in the following characters: CV of the total number of the veins meeting the right forewing margin is slightly higher CV (5.82) than the left forewing (CV= 5.64) as well as the CV of the R, M, A, R+Cu. The CV of the Cu R+M of the right forewing is a bit lower than the left forewing. It is notable that M+Cu in the right forewing (CV= 12.86) is much higher than the left forewing (CV= 6.77). The asymmetry between left and right wings in one specimen suggests that the specimen had limited flight capability. An appreciation of the asymmetry of the venation is very important for identifying fossil Blattaria. It clarifies which features of venation are important for identification of fossils. Etymology: after Greak for drepanoides (falcate), refers to the forewing falcate dapple. Character of preservation. 20 complete specimens and 8 isolated forewings. Yixian Formation is characterised by a high ratio of H. drepanoides, a colored cockroach species, possibly indicating warm and moist climate. In the wing venation for H. drepanoides, the total number of veins (excluding SC and A) reaching the wing margin is found to be the least variable character, suggesting active flight, supported by the asymmetrical difference between left and right forewings. Higher variability of the hind wing might suggest habroblattula was an advanced genus, with vein strength control mechanisms. Habroblattula gen. nov. is most closely related to Svabula Vr��ansk��, 2005, supporting its near the J/K boundary age., Published as part of Wang, Tian-Tian, Liang, Jun-Hui & Ren, Dong, 2007, Variability of Habroblattula drepanoides gen. et. sp. nov. (Insecta: Blattaria: Blattulidae) from the Yixian Formation in Liaoning, China, pp. 17-27 in Zootaxa 1443 on pages 19-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176061, {"references":["VrSansky, P. (2005 a) A fossil insect in a drilling core sample-cockroach Kridla stastia gen. et sp. nov. (Blattulidae) from the cretaceous of the Verkhne-Bureinskaya Depression in Eastern Russia. Entomological Problems, 35, 115 - 116.","VrSansky, P. (2002 a) Origin and the early evolution of mantises. Amba projekty, 6, 16 PP.","VrSansky, P. (2000) Decreasing variability-from the Carboniferous to the present! (Validated on Independent Lineages of Blattaria) Paleontological J. Vol. 34 Suppl. 3, 374 - 379.","VrSansky, P. (2003) Unique assemblage of Dictyoptera (Insecta-Blattaria, Mantodea, Isoptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Bon Tsagaan Nuur in Mongolia. Entomological Problems, 1 - 2, 119 - 151."]}

In-situ and nonintrusive 3D temperature measurement is very important for combustion diagnosis and controlling of pollutants. The temperature reconstruction technique based on radiation inverse analysis has received intensive attention. In order to reduce the computation cost and take boundary temperature into consideration, a discrete method is presented for 3D temperature distribution determination for an absorbing, emitting and scattering combustion medium and its boundary by using the emission image measured by four CCD cameras. First the radiative source term is retrieved through the discrete transfer method. Then, the temperature is inferred from the blackbody intensity obtained by subtracting the media scattering and boundary reflecting contribution from the source term by the discrete ordinate approximation. The least squares minimum residual algorithm is improved to solve the ill-posed reconstruction equations. The performance of the proposed method is examined by numerical test. The effects of measurement noise and radiative properties on the reconstruction accuracy are investigated. The results show that the method proposed in this paper is capable of reproducing the temperature of the medium and its boundary accurately, even with noise. The reconstruction time cost is reduced significantly compared with those of other methods.