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Studying land comprehensive carrying capacity (LCCC) is the foundational and key requirement for determining land development planning and urban spatial development patterns of a region. However, the traditional evaluation method discounts the fuzziness and randomness of the evaluation index and its results. The cloud model combines randomness and fuzziness to reveal the correlation between randomness and fuzziness using numerical feature entropy and is used to represent the granularity of a qualitative concept. This study used the Liaoning Province as the study area, and developed a multi-dimensional evaluation index system for LCCC using a normal cloud model. Based on this, the relationship between the different elements of geological condition, resources and environment, economic scale and urban construction were studied using the coupling coordination degree model that reflected not only the system interactions but also the strengths of its degree of coordination. Our results were as follows: (1) numerical feature entropy were evaluated to determine the carrying capacity level of the land, and comprehensive land carrying capacity evaluations were conducted in terms of both quantitative results and the reliability of the results, promoting the scientific application of uncertainty theory in the field of comprehensive land evaluation as well as carrying capacity. (2) Liaoning Province’s prefecture-level cities had distinctly different LCCC, demonstrating “low in the west and high in the east” spatial distribution characteristics. Cities with established economies and relatively strong infrastructures had larger comprehensive land carrying capacities. Overall, there was considerable consistency across the region, though the “low in the west and high in the east” spatial distribution characteristics affected the degree of coordination.

The design and dynamics of a human settlement affect the health of its residents; for example, high-quality human settlements can improve the health of their residents. Accordingly, it is important to evaluate and improve the quality of human settlements, especially from a health perspective. Taking on this task, this study applied an entropy method and spatial autocorrelation analysis to evaluate the human settlement quality of 14 prefecture-level cities in Liaoning Province. The results provided the following three main insights. (1) The settlements were of ordinary quality and effective measures should be taken to improve their quality. (2) Regarding spatial characteristics, from 2009 to 2019, these settlements showed clear regional differentiation, with a low spatial distribution in the east, high spatial distribution in the west, high spatial distribution in the middle, and slightly lower spatial distribution at both ends. These characteristics reflect imbalances in the quality of the regional human settlements. (3) Regarding subsystem evolution characteristics, the quality of the settlements showed clear systematic differentiation during the evaluation period. In response to these findings, this paper proposes effective measures to improve the quality of urban human settlements and provides theoretical support for the healthy development of such settlements, including the revitalization and development of old industrial bases.

Due to the characteristics of sudden occurrence, fast disaster speed, and severe damage, debris-flow disasters can easily result in the loss of human lives and cause serious damage to property and social infrastructure. In this study, taking the debris-flow events in Liaoning province from 1960 to 2020 as the study period, the natural geographical characteristics and key influencing factors of the debris-flow-prone areas were explored utilizing the self-organization mapping clustering method and nonlinear global sensitivity analysis. The main conclusions were as follows: (1) The key influencing factors of debris flow are the content of clay, sand, and silt; the first type of debris flow is sensitive to the fluctuation in slope and elevation; the second and third types of debris flows are more significantly affected by changes in land use and geomorphology; the third type of debris flow is weakly sensitive the NDVI value, vegetation type, slope direction, and soil type; (2) The first type of debris flow was widely distributed, mainly located in most of the hills of eastern and the southwest part of Liaoning province; the focus of the second type of debris flow focus was further in Xiuyan County and scattered in the hills of northeast Liaoning province; the third type of debris flow was mainly distributed on the peninsula of Liaodong and the southwest of Liaoning province. (3) When the clay content is 12–27%, sand content is 49–70%, silt content is 18–29%, the elevation is 0–500 m, the slope is 0°–30°, and the land use is at the junction of arable land, medium cover grassland, and forested land, etc., debris flow disasters are very likely to occur.

To clarify the precipitation forecast skills of climate forecast operations in the flood season in Liaoning Province of China, this study examines the forecast accuracies of China’s national and provincial operational climate prediction products and the self-developed objective prediction methods and climate model products by Shenyang Regional Climate Center (SRCC) in the flood season in Liaoning. Furthermore, the forecast accuracies of the main influencing factors on the precipitation in the flood season of Liaoning are assessed. The results show that the SRCC objective methods have a relatively high accuracy. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) sub-seasonal forecast initialized at the sub-nearest time has the best performance in June. The National Climate Center (NCC) Climate System Model sub-seasonal forecast initialized at the sub-nearest time, and the ECMWF seasonal and sub-seasonal forecasts initialized at the nearest time, perform the best in July. The NCC sub-seasonal forecast initialized at the sub-nearest time has the best performance in August. For the accuracy of the SRCC objective method, the more significant the equatorial Middle East Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly is, the higher the evaluation score of the dynamic–analogue correction method is. The more significant the North Atlantic SST tripole is, the higher the score of the hybrid downscaling method is. For the forecast accuracy of the main influencing factors of precipitation, the tropical Atlantic SST and the north–south anti-phase SST in the northwest Pacific can well predict the locations of the southern vortex and the northern vortex in early summer, respectively. The warm (clod) SST in China offshore has a good forecast performance on the weak (strong) southerly wind in midsummer in Northeast China. The accuracy of using the SST in the Nino 1+2 areas to predict the north–south location of the western Pacific subtropical high is better than that of using Kuroshio SST. The accuracy of predicting northward-moving typhoons from July to September by using the SST in the west-wind-drift area is better than using the SST in the Nino 3 area. The above conclusions are of great significance for improving the short-term climate prediction in Liaoning.

Based on the data of existing warehouse supermarkets in Liaoning Province, China, spatial autocorrelation analysis, kernel density analysis, composite correlation coefficient analysis and other methods have been adopted to analyze their spatial-temporal evolution pattern to reflect the general law of the development of China’s existing warehouse supermarkets and fill the gap in this research field. The results show that the spatial distribution of warehouse supermarkets in Liaoning Province is extremely uneven, and areas with high nuclear density are distributed along the “Shenyang-Dalian” line belonging to the aggregation distribution. The Lorentz curve shows a downward trend with a large degree of spatial imbalance, that is, the regional concentration of warehouse supermarkets is high. Through global and local autocorrelation analysis, the regions with similar development levels of warehouse supermarkets in Liaoning Province tend to gather together, and the spatial distribution has a strong correlation. The distribution of warehousing supermarkets in Liaoning Province is affected by traffic location conditions, economic conditions, population quantity and population density, the number of urban functional areas, policy conditions and the role of the government, especially by economic conditions.

Export embodied carbon emissions (EECE) and their domestic spillover effects (DSE) are typical interregional carbon transfer phenomena. They have diversified impacts for different regions within a country, and result in the associated effect on the economy and environment. From 2007 to 2017, the EECE of China was mainly concentrated in five provinces, and EECE intensity mostly decreased. Liaoning Province had the largest EECE intensity and EECE growth from 2012 to 2017. Based on the multi-region input-output tables of China, we applied the Multi-region Input-output Model and constructed the Coupling Relationship Model for trade value and carbon emission, quantitatively assessed the EECE and its DSE for Liaoning Province, depicted the spatial-temporal evolution patterns, proposed sectoral adjustment countermeasures, and evaluated the adjustment effects. The research found that the EECE and its DSE of Liaoning Province was 32.08 MtCO2 and 5.43 MtCO2 in 2017. It was mainly concentrated in the metal smelting and rolling processing sector (MetalSmelt) and the petroleum processing, coking and nuclear fuel processing sectors (RefPetral). The spatial agglomeration effect was obvious, and Jilin Province was the largest DSE region. According to the Coupling Relationship Model of export trade value and export embodied carbon emissions, the sectors were divided into four types, and different adjustment countermeasures were proposed, such as encouragement, control, targeted promotion and targeted reduction. For the MetalSmelt and the RefPetral, if the export value reduced 100 million CNY, the EECE would be reduced by 21.57 ktCO2 and 23.35 ktCO2, respectively, and the DSE would be reduced by 1.59 ktCO2 and 1.65 ktCO2, respectively. The conclusions could provide a decision-making basis for the case area to formulate lower-cost and better-effective carbon reduction adjustment countermeasures. It could also provide reference and scientific support for the achievement of “Carbon Neutrality” and sustainable development in similar regions of the world with the rapid growth of EECE.

This study analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution and driving factors of the floating school-age population in Liaoning Province, China from 2008 to 2020 using county-level statistical education data combined with spatial autocorrelation and the multiscale geographically weighted regression model. The major findings are as follows. From 2008 to 2020, the distribution of the school-age migrant population exhibited obvious spatial imbalance characteristics both in terms of the number and proportion of school-age migrants. Specifically, the school-age migrant population was concentrated in the municipal districts of large and medium-sized cities and continued to increase over time in the suburbs of large and medium-sized cities. Over the past 12 years, the distribution of the school-age migrant population in Liaoning Province exhibited significant spatial autocorrelation. From the number of school-age migrants, the cold and hot spot area expanded. Conversely, from the proportion of school-age migrants, the cold and hot spot area decreased gradually, whereas the cold spot area became more diffuse. Regarding the driving factors, the quantity and quality of teaching staff, the quality of teaching equipment and conditions, and the quality of the education environment played a role in promoting or restraining the differentiation of the school-age migrant population in Liaoning Province. Moreover, the degree of influence of the driving factors exhibited substantial spatial differences.

Background Ticks (class Arachnida, subclass Acari) are vectors of transmitting a broad range of pathogenic microorganisms, protozoa, and viruses affecting humans and animals. Liaoning Province is rich in forests where different animals and, abundant Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks exist. Methods Using viral metagenomics, we analyzed the virome in 300 Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks collected from June to August 2015 in the forested region of Liaoning Province, China. Results From the 300 ticks, 1,218,388 high-quality reads were generated, of which 5643 (0.463%) reads showed significant sequence identity to known viruses. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed that viral sequences showing a close relationship with Dabieshan tick virus, Aleutian mink disease virus, adeno-associated virus, Gokushovirus, avian gyrovirus 2 were present in the virome of these ticks. However, the significance of these viruses to human and animal health requires further investigation. Notably, an hepe-like virus, named tick-borne hepe-like virus sequence, was obtained and was highly prevalent in these ticks with a rate of 50%. Nevertheless, one constraint of our study was the limited geographical distribution of the sampled ticks. Conclusion Our study offers an overview of the virome in ticks from a forest region of Liaoning Province and provides further awareness of the viral diversity of ticks.

Background: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is an endemic in China, accounting for 90% of HFRS cases worldwide and growing. Therefore, it is urgent to monitor and predict HFRS cases to make control measures more effective. In this study, we applied generalized additive models (GAMs) in Liaoning Province, an area with many HFRS cases. Our aim was to determine whether GAMs could be used to accurately predict HFRS cases and to explore the association between meteorological factors and the incidence of HFRS.Methods: HFRS data from Liaoning were collected from January 2005 to May 2019 and used to construct GAMs. Generalized cross-validation (GCV) and adjusted R-square (R2) values were used to evaluate the constructed models. The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used as an index to assess the quality of the proposed models.Results: HFRS cases of the previous month and meteorological factors with different lag times were used to construct GAMs for three cities in Liaoning. The three models predicted the number of HFRS cases in the following month. The ICCs of the three models were 0.822, 0.832, and 0.831. Temperature and the number of cases in the previous month had a positive association with HFRS.Conclusion: GAMs applied to HFRS case data are an important tool for HFRS control in China. This study shows that meteorological factors have an effect on the occurrence of HFRS. A mathematical model based on surveillance data could also be used in forecasting. Our study will inform local CDCs and assist them in carrying out more effective measures for HFRS control and prevention through simple modeling and forecasting.

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A new basal ornithopod dinosaur, based on two nearly complete articulated skeletons, is reported from the Lujiatun Beds (Yixian Fm, Lower Cretaceous) of western Liaoning Province (China). Some of the diagnostic features ofChangmiania liaoningensisnov. gen., nov. sp. are tentatively interpreted as adaptations to a fossorial behavior, including: fused premaxillae; nasal laterally expanded, overhanging the maxilla; shortened neck formed by only six cervical vertebrae; neural spines of the sacral vertebrae completely fused together, forming a craniocaudally-elongated continuous bar; fused scapulocoracoid with prominent scapular spine; and paired ilia symmetrically inclined dorsomedially, partially covering the sacrum in dorsal view. A phylogenetic analysis placesChangmiania liaoningensisas the most basal ornithopod dinosaur described so far. It is tentatively hypothesized that bothChangmiania liaoningensisspecimens were suddenly entrapped in a collapsed underground burrow while they were resting, which would explain their perfect lifelike postures and the complete absence of weathering and scavenging traces. However, further behavioural inference remains problematic, because those specimens lack extensive sedimentological and taphonomic data, as it is also the case for most specimens collected in the Lujiatun Beds so far.

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and trends of congenital hydrocephalus (CH) using a large population-based sample with cases retrieved from the Liaoning Birth Defects Registry, which included 14 cities, over a 10-year period. CH prevalence, percent change, average change, and contribution rates of each city were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using a Poisson regression model. There was a total of 3008 CH cases among 3,248,954 live births during the observational period (9.26 cases/10,000 live births). On average, the prevalence of CH had significantly decreased by 11.84% each year (P < 0.01). The three leading cities with the highest prevalence of CH were Chaoyang (13.73/10,000), Huludao (13.18/10,000), and Fuxin (12.71/10,000), while Yingkou (6.06/10,000), Dalian (6.27/10,000), and Anshan (6.56/10,000) had the lowest prevalence. Notably, significantly decreasing trends were observed in 10 (71.4%) of these 14 cities. In addition, the cities of Fushun, Shenyang, and Dalian had contributed to more than one-third of the decreasing trend in Liaoning province. In conclusion, this study provides evidence of the decreasing prevalence of CH over a 10-year period (2006–2015) in Liaoning province. Preventative efforts should be strengthened to further reduce the risk of CH in these high prevalence areas.

The present study was performed to investigate the seroprevalence and risk factors for Dirofilaria immitis infection in cats from Liaoning province, northeastern China. From October 2014 to September 2016, sera of 651 cats, including 364 domestic cats and 287 feral cats (332 females and 319 males) were assessed. They were tested for the presence of D. immitis antigen using SNAP Heartworm RT test kit. In this population, the average prevalence was 4.5%. Age and rearing conditions (feral or domestic) were found to be associated with the prevalence of D. immitis. The prevalence was significantly higher in feral cats compared with domestic cats (8.4% vs 1.4%, P0.05), but older cats (≥3 years old) showed a statistically higher prevalence compared with younger cats (0.05), all these results suggest that outdoor exposure time may be one of the most important factors for D. immitis prevalence in cats. Results reveal that D. immitis are prevalence in domestic and feral cats in northeastern China, which indicates that appropriate preventive measures should be taken to decrease the incidence of feline heartworm disease in Liaoning province, northeastern China.

// Ting-Ting Gong 1 , Qi-Jun Wu 2 , Yan-Ling Chen 3 , Cheng-Zhi Jiang 4 , Da Li 1 , Jing Li 5 , Li-Li Li 6 , Chen Zhou 7 and Yan-Hong Huang 5 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China 2 Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China 3 Liaoning Women and Children’s Health Hospital, Shenyang, China 4 School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, China 5 Department of Science and Education, Shenyang Women and Children Health Care Centre, Shenyang, China 6 Department of Children’s Health Prevention, Shenyang Women and Children Health Care Centre, Shenyang, China 7 Department of Information Statistics, Shenyang Women and Children Health Care Centre, Shenyang, China Correspondence to: Qi-Jun Wu, email: wuqj@sj-hospital.org Keywords: anencephaly, Liaoning province, prevalence, time trend Received: November 04, 2016 Accepted: February 22, 2017 Published: April 26, 2017 ABSTRACT The goal of this study was to assess the prevalence and trends of anencephaly on the basis of a large population-based cases identified by the Liaoning Birth Defects Registry, which included 14 cities over a 10-year period. Anencephaly prevalence, percent change, average changeand the contribution rates of each city were calculated. Statistical analysis was undertaken on the basis of a Poisson regression model. A total of 1600 anencephaly cases were collected during the observational period (4.92/10,000 live births). On average, the prevalence decreased 10.15% each year; this overall time trend was statistically significant (P

// Gen Ba 1 , Qi-Jun Wu 2 , Yan-Ling Chen 3 , Yan-Hong Huang 4 , Ting-Ting Gong 5 1 Department of Orthopaedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China 2 Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China 3 Liaoning Women and Children’s Health Hospital, Shenyang, China 4 Department of Science and Education, Shenyang Women and Children Health Care Centre, Shenyang, China 5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China Correspondence to: Qi-Jun Wu, email: wuqj@sj-hospital.org Keywords: Liaoning Province, prevalence, spina bifida, time trend Received: October 04, 2016 Accepted: January 08, 2017 Published: January 27, 2017 ABSTRACT The present study sought to assess the time trends of spina bifida on the basis of cases identified by the Liaoning Birth Defects Registry in 14 cities from 2006 to 2015. We calculated the prevalence of spina bifida, percent and average change of time trends, and contribution rates of each city. Poisson regression model was used to find the line of best fit for spina bifida prevalence by year, with year as a continuous independent variable. From 2006 to 2015, a total of 2,029 spina bifida cases were identified from 3,248,954 live births (6.25/10,000 live births). We observed statistically significant decreasing trend of overall time trend (11.57% each year). Chaoyang, Fuxin, and Huludao were the top three leading cities, with 14.30/10,000 live births, 9.70/10,000 live births, and 9.20/10,000 live births, respectively. Inversely, the bottom three cities with lowest prevalence were Anshan (2.64/10,000 live births), Dandong (3.43/10,000 live births), and Dalian (3.45/10,000 live births). Of note, we observed significant decreasing trends in over half of these cities ( n = 8). In addition, the decreasing trend of overall time trend could be mainly attributed to cities of Shenyang, Fushun, and Jinzhou which accounted for nearly one third. In summary, our study suggested a decreasing time trend of spina bifida during the past decade in the Liaoning province. The findings of this study provide evidence that the nationwide folic acid supplement program has been an effective strategy to prevent spina bifida.

Regional economic resilience provides a new perspective for explaining regional differences in response to recession shocks. This paper analyzed the regional economic resilience of Liaoning Province in China in terms of its resistance and recoverability dimensions from 1990 to 2015 and explored the determinants of regional economic resilience by constructing a spatial econometric model using panel data. There are three main findings. First, the level of regional economic resilience in Liaoning was low and its urban economy was more vulnerable to external shocks than that of the whole nation. Second, we found that factors such as the local governance arrangement, the regional innovation ability, and the level of economic diversification have significant positive effects on regional economic resilience. Factors such as the proportion of secondary industry and the GDP negatively affect regional economic resilience. Third, regional economic resilience demonstrates a spatial autocorrelation, and the improvement of economic resilience in the surrounding areas will lead to the decline of regional economic resilience.

The Saima deposit is a newly discovered niobium deposit which is located in the eastern of Liaoning Province, NE China. Its mineralization age and geochemical characteristics are firstly reported in this study. The Nb orebodies are hosted by the grey&ndash, brown to grass-green aegirine nepheline syenite. Detailed petrographical studies show that the syenite consists of orthoclase (~50%), nepheline (~30%), biotite (~15%) and minor arfvedsonite (~3%) and aegirine (~2%), with weak hydrothermal alteration dominated by silicification. In situ LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the aegirine nepheline syenite was emplaced in the Late Triassic (229.5 &plusmn, 2.2 Ma), which is spatially, temporally and genetically related to Nb mineralization. These aegirine nepheline syenites have SiO2 contents in the range of 55.86&ndash, 63.80 wt. %, low TiO2 contents of 0.36&ndash, 0.64 wt. %, P2O5 contents of 0.04&ndash, 0.11 wt. % and Al2O3 contents of more than 15 wt. %. They are characterized by relatively high (K2O + Na2O) values of 9.72&ndash, 15.51 wt. %, K2O/Na2O ratios of 2.42&ndash, 3.64 wt. % and Rittmann indexes (&sigma, = [&omega, (K2O + Na2O)]2/[&omega, (SiO2 &minus, 43)]) of 6.84&ndash, 17.10, belonging to the high-K peralkaline, metaluminous type. These syenites are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs, e.g., Cs, Rb and Ba) and light rare earth elements (LREEs) and relatively depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs, e.g., Nb, Zr and Ti) and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), with transitional elements showing an obvious W-shaped distribution pattern. Based on these geochronological and geochemical features, we propose that the ore-forming intrusion associated with the Nb mineralization was formed under post-collision continental-rift setting, which is consistent with the tectonic regime of post-collision between the North China Craton and Paleo-Asian oceanic plate during the age in Ma for Indosinian (257&ndash, 205 Ma). Intensive magmatic and metallogenic events resulted from partial melting of lithospheric mantle occurred during the post-collisional rifting, resulting in the development of large-scale Cu&ndash, Mo mineralization and rare earth deposits in the eastern part of Liaoning Province.

To provide information and a basis for improved hepatitis C prevention and treatment, we aimed to determine the distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes among patients with hepatitis C from 4 ethnic minorities in Liaoning Province of China over the past 8 years and analyze and explore the virus’ genotype evolution and possible clinical significance. For gene-sequencing, we collected peripheral blood samples of HCV-infected patients belonging to the Korean, Hui, Mongol, and Manchu ethnic minorities in Liaoning Province who were diagnosed at the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Anshan Central Hospital, and the Second People's Hospital of Fuxin City between November 2011 and November 2019. To analyze genotype evolution and possible influencing factors, we determined the ratio of various genotypes. Among the 102 HCV-infected patients from 4 ethnic minorities in Liaoning Province, 46 had gene typing (GT)1b (45.10%), 15 had GT2a (14.71%), 14 had GT3a (13.73%), 13 had GT6a (12.75%), 3 had GT1a (2.94%), and 11 had an unclassified genotype (10.78%). The distribution of various genotypes in the Korean, Mongol, and Manchu ethnic minorities was significantly different (χ2 = 10.788, P = .029; χ2 = 7.846, P = .049; and χ2 = 22.400, P = .000, respectively). All ethnic minorities exhibited >40% of GT1b. In the Korean (14/33) and Manchu (14/30) ethnic minorities, the proportion of GT1b was significantly higher than those of other genotypes (P

Background The development of assisted reproduction techniques (ART) has resulted in rapid advances in the treatment of infertility. However, a systematic assessment of ART and its processes and outcomes in China has never been carried out. The goal of this study was to assess the features of ART status from 2012 to 2016 in clinics and in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratories in Liaoning, the largest IVF province in the northeast of China. Methods Data from Jan 1, 2012 to Dec 31, 2016 was retrieved from the assisted reproductive certificate registry of Liaoning province. We extracted data from: i) fresh and thawed cycles; ii) donor sperm and donor egg cycles; iii) intrauterine insemination with husband semen and donor semen (AIH and AID). Results We showed that: (i) there has been a significant increase in the number of IVF fresh and thawed cycles, and the proportion of cases of primary infertility and secondary infertility has decreased and increased, respectively; (ii) standard long GnRH agonist was the major ovarian stimulation protocol. During the observation period, increasing trends in the use of GnRH antagonists, mild stimulation, and natural cycles were observed; (iii) significant differences in the number of cycles, number of retrieved oocytes, fertilization rates, implantation rates, and sex ratio were noticed between conventional IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection; (iv) significant differences in age at treatment for infertility, number of cycles, and ectopic pregnancy rates were noticed between donor sperm cycles and donor egg cycles; (v) significant differences in number of thawed cycles, number of thawed embryos, embryo recovery rates, implantation rates, and clinical pregnancy rates were noticed between day 3 and day 5 embryos; (vi) significant differences in age at treatment for infertility, number of cycles, clinical pregnancy rates, ectopic pregnancy rates, and live birth ratio were noticed between AIH and AID. Conclusions ART in Liaoning province has undergone substantial development from 2012 to 2016 in clinics and IVF laboratories. This presentation of detailed ART data will provide researchers, policy makers, and potential ART users a rich source of information about IVF characteristics in the northeast of China.

Aquaculture plays an important role in providing food and reducing poverty but it affects environmental change and coastal ecosystems. Remote sensing is a technology that is helpful in the spatial-temporal dynamic monitoring of aquaculture, coastal management, and environmental monitoring. Most research focuses on inland and coastal areas, and little attention is paid to the extensive distribution of marine aquaculture. As an example, we use the freely available Landsat data of the developed marine aquaculture Liaoning Province of China and use the object-oriented automatic extraction method to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution information of marine aquaculture from 2000 to 2018. The accuracy evaluation from the randomly distributed sample points in high-resolution remote sensing images shows that the extraction accuracy for all of the five individual years of aquaculture area was higher than 82%. The results showed that (1) in the past 19 years, the area of marine aquaculture in Liaoning Province showed an increasing trend, which increased from 35.41 km2 in 2000 to 201.83 km2 in 2018, approximately 5.7 times increase in total area, but the growth rate decreased slightly due to government policy and the environmental quality of the sea area. (2) The centroid of offshore aquaculture in Liaoning Province shows a migration pattern to the northeast, in general, extending from the Dalian Bay sea area to the eastern sea area of the Dalian Chengshantou National Nature Reserve of Coastal Landform in the northeastern direction, and the migration distance reached 48.78 km. Moreover, the migration distance between 2005 and 2010 was the largest of all of the periods, reaching 35.43 km. The new marine aquaculture areas are mainly concentrated in the eastern direction of Xiaoyao Bay, the Changshan Islands, and Guanglu Island in Changhai County. (3) The landscape pattern of marine aquaculture in Liaoning Province is split, large-scale aquaculture and small-scale aquaculture are symbiotic, and landscape ecological activities are active. For local managers, this study can provide valuable supporting data for the assessment of marine aquaculture yield in this region, comprehensive control and management of the marine environment, and stability of the marine ecosystem. For other countries or regions, this work provides a great reference value for monitoring the dynamic spatial distribution of marine aquaculture.

The global decline in estuarine and coastal ecosystems is affecting critical ecosystem services. The spatial agglomeration of population, industries and resources has led to the emergence of regionally-specific ecological problems. Therefore, identifying “ecological red lines”, based on specific natural and environmental features, could help to differentiate the economic development and ecological protection directions or potentials of different regions in future. The aim of this case study is to define the ecological red line in the coastal zone of Liaoning Province, China, by evaluating the ecological importance and environmental stress in its marine and terrestrial ecosystems. For this purpose, the ecological importance of this area was first classified into four conservation indices (species, wetland, water and coast and islands) and assigned values of 5, 3 and 1 for indications of high, moderate and minor importance. In the meantime, environmental stress was also classified into four indices (water environment, salinization, soil erosion and erosion of coasts and islands) and assigned values of 5, 3 and 1 for indications of high, moderate and low stress, respectively. Then, based on an overlay analysis and evaluation of the above results, we defined two grades of ecological red line zones. Grade I ecological red line zones contain the areas with critical and diverse ecosystem services, areas of high importance for species conservation and nature reserves, as well as ecologically-vulnerable and sensitive areas. It is important in these areas to maintain the biological diversity and to improve the quality of the ecological environment, which should be strictly protected and explicitly controlled. Grade II ecological red line zones display areas with minimum requirements for maintaining the basic needs of a livable environment and human health, moderate to minor levels of ecological importance and high to moderate levels of environmental stress. To better control and protect such ecological red lines, setting up an ecological inventory through remote sensing satellites and ground-level monitoring and appraising the effectiveness of dynamical protection are highly recommended.

Low-income settlement is a common problem existing in many countries. By using 2012 survey data of UN-HABITAT and CASS, this paper focuses on the change of original residents' subjective happiness during the process of low-income settlement reconstruction in six cities of Liaoning province. Several conclusions are obtained: (1) Low-income settlement reconstruction had significant effects on original residents' happiness, the relation between income level and happiness exhibits an inverted-U shape after reconstruction; (2) Quantile regression estimation shows that the community life quality improvement affected positively on different happiness levels of original residents, while new communication methods and the change of neighbor relationship after reconstruction cannot improve subjective well-being; (3) According to the low-income class, the influencing factors of happiness is so different with other groups and also government’s indirect pro-poor policies received slightly less positive effect. Therefore, authorities should pay more attention to both explicit and implicit effects of low-income settlement reconstruction.

Environmental inequality in animal husbandry is an important issue that matters in sustainable livestock production and environmental sustainability. In this context, the objective of this study is to measure and analyze the chemical oxygen demand (COD) discharge inequality from animal husbandry in the Liaoning province in China, as a case study in environmental inequality. Using the pollutant discharge coefficient method and environmental inequality indices, the study looks specifically at the impacts on unequal distribution and unequal economic efficiency in Liaoning in the period 2000 to 2016. The study explores the determinants of COD discharge inequality by constructing panel threshold regression models. The major findings are as follows. First, there is COD discharge inequality in distribution and in economic efficiency in Liaoning, and these were not reduced over time, despite a decline in the absolute quantity of COD discharge after 2013. Second, the impact of COD discharge inequality in economic efficiency lasted longer and was more serious across Liaoning compared with COD discharge inequality in distribution. Third, the quantitative upgrading of the agricultural industrial structure did not significantly reduce COD discharge inequality, and even led to a rise in inequality, especially in terms of economic efficiency. Ultimately, regional economic development turned out to be the key factor in inequality reduction. In addition, improvement in public fiscal support for science and technology also led to greater reduction in inequality.

Waste management is a distinct practice aimed at reducing its effects on health and the environment and increasing energy and material recovery. The urban waste management industry has been slow to adopt new technologies, such as sanitary landfills and incineration, which enable better treatment results. The aim of a thorough ecological-economic evaluation of different treatment technologies is to extract the maximum practical benefits from investments and to ensure the minimum environmental impacts of wastes. This paper compares four garbage treatment systems, including sanitary landfills systems, fluidized bed incineration system, grate type incineration system and the current landfills system in Liaoning Province, China. By considering the economic and environmental impacts of waste treatment and disposal, impact of emissions, and contribution of wastes input, this paper constructed an emergy-based urban solid waste model for evaluating the sustainability of the holistic systems. The results in Liaoning indicate that the human health losses caused by the harmful air emissions are ranked in this order: fluidized bed incineration > grate type incineration > current landfills > sanitary landfills, while the ecosystem losses are ranked: grate type incineration > fluidized bed incineration > sanitary landfills > current landfills. The electricity yield ratios are ranked: grate type incineration > fluidized bed incineration > sanitary landfills > current landfills. Taken together this suggests that in considering the incineration option, decision makers must weigh the benefits of incineration against the significant operating costs, potential environmental impacts, and technical difficulties of operating. Emergy analysis of the urban solid treatment systems can provide a set of useful tools which can be used to compare the comprehensive performances of different waste treatment processes for decision-making and optimizing the whole process.

Leisure agriculture in foreign countries has a long history of over 100 years, and China's leisure agriculture started in the 1980s. With the earlier reform and opening up, Shenzhen first opened "Lychee Festival" in the macroscopic background, and leisure agriculture in Liaoning Province was also developed by leaps and bounds. This paper describes the basic situation of leisure agriculture in Liaoning Province, analyzes the three stages of leisure agriculture in Liaoning Province, and expounds the leisure agriculture in Liaoning's product development mode. Finally, it puts forward strategies for the development of leisure agriculture in Liaoning Province, in order to contribute to the development of leisure agriculture in Liaoning Province.

Selecting fifty one 4A grade scenic spots in Liaoning Province as sample scenic spots, this paper analyzes spatial structure of tourism resources of Liaoning Province in quantitative and qualitative aspects by means of geographical and mathematical spatial analysis method. Results indicate that spatial distribution of resource type scenic spots is agglomerative, and the balance of regional distribution is not high; the degree of centralized distribution is relatively low, but it is still centralized distribution, the distribution uniformity is relatively low. Areas with high density of resource type scenic spot distribution include Shenyang, Dalian, and Dandong cities in Liaoning Province.

From the perspective of tourism resources elements, we use abundance and geographic concentration methods to analyze the spatial distribution differences in the resources of 149 rural leisure tourist destinations in Liaoning Province. The results show that most of Liaoning's rural leisure tourist destination resources are mainly concentrated in the central, southern and eastern regions of Liaoning Province; in the main category of rural leisure tourism resources, water scenery, geological landform and mountain ecosystem concentrate, while agricultural resources and rural scenic view present balanced distribution; rural leisure tourism resources are highly concentrated in Shenyang, Dalian, Anshan, Benxi, Liaoyang and Dandong.

This paper presents an analysis of the everyday practices of individuality among the migrant workers with whom I worked at “Lamb Buddha”, a hotpot restaurant in Anshan City, Liaoning Province, during the summer of 2007. The majority of the data comes from four young men, meaning that the analysis complements extant studies of Chinese female migrant workers by allowing male-gendered inflections of discourse prominence. The paper examines the internal structure of “symbolic boundaries” drawn and managed in judgements, positioning statements, and so forth, attempting to regress the modalities by which these migrants assert themselves, thus showing how individuality arises from a discursive environment structured by relation to similar peers and distinctly different others.

千葉大学公共研究センター21世紀COEプログラム「持続可能な福祉社会に向けた公共研究拠点」

We select 149 rural recreational tourism destinations in Liaoning Province as the samples, and use geographical mathematical method to analyze the travel spatial structure of rural recreational tourism destinations from aggregation degree of spatial distribution, the balance of spatial distribution, spatial connection and spatial accessibility. The results show that the spatial distribution of tourism destinations shows the gathering distribution pattern, and the evenness of the distribution is very low, displaying strong neighboring positive effect; the accessibility of traffic network is high, and basically the dense tourist traffic network is formed; the nodes with the best accessibility are mainly concentrated in the city groups of central Liaoning and the southern regions of Liaoning, while the nodes with poor accessibility are mainly concentrated in the city groups of western Liaoning and the eastern regions of Liaoning.

This paper presents the results of snow cover monitoring studies in Liaoning Province, northeastern China, using MODIS data. Snow cover plays an important role in both the regional water balance and soil moisture properties during the early spring in northeastern China. In addition, heavy snowfalls commonly trigger hazards such as flooding, caused by rapid snow melt, or crop failure, resulting from fluctuations in soil temperature associated with changes in the snow cover. The latter is a function of both regional, or global, climatic changes, as well as fluctuations in the albedo resulting from variations in the Snow Covered Area (SCA). These impacts are crucial to human activities, especially to those living in middle-latitude areas such as Liaoning Province. Thus, SCA monitoring is currently an important tool in studies of global climate change, particularly because satellite remote sensing data provide timely and efficient snow cover information for large areas. In this study, MODIS L1B data, MODIS Daily Snow Products (MOD10A1) and MODIS 8-day Snow Products (MOD10A2) were used to monitor the SCA of Liaoning Province over the winter months of November–April, 2006–2008. The effects of cloud masking and forest masking on the snow monitoring results were also assessed. The results show that the SCA percentage derived from MODIS L1B data is relatively consistent, but slightly higher than that obtained from MODIS Snow Products. In situ data from 25 snow stations were used to assess the accuracy of snow cover monitoring from the SCA compared to the results from MODIS Snow Products. The studies found that the SCA results were more reliable than MODIS Snow Products in the study area.

This paper presents an analysis of the everyday practices of individuality among the migrant workers with whom I worked at 'Lamb Buddha', a hotpot restaurant in Anshan City, Liaoning Province, during the summer of 2007. The majority of the data comes from four young men, meaning that the analysis complements extant studies of Chinese female migrant workers by allowing male-gendered inflections of discourse prominence. The paper examines the internal structure of 'symbolic boundaries' drawn and managed in judgements, positioning statements, and so forth, attempting to regress the modalities by which these migrants assert themselves, thus showing how individuality arises from a discursive environment structured by relation to similar peers and distinctly different others.