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Many plant species that occur at the high-altitudes such as Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) under extreme climate conditions have potential medicinal functions. To explore the potential use of such plants, we extracted the essential oil from Artemisia dracunculus var. qinghaiensis Y. R. Ling collected from QTP at the flower-buds stage (0.67% v/w) by the hydro-distillation method. The chemical compositions and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil were determined using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and agar disk-diffusion methods, respectively. Thirty-seven compounds accounting for 60.88% of the total detected components, with a high proportion of monoterpenes (42.12%) were identified in the essential oil. Of these, sabinene (19.19%), β-terpinene (8.94%), terpinen-4-ol (3.83%), and α-pinene (3.08%) were identified as the major compounds. The essential oil showed inhibitory activity against seven microbial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella paratyphi, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at the minimum concentrations (MICs) of 1.25–5.0 μl/ml. Our results suggest that the essential oil of the QTP A. dracunculus var. qinghaiensis can be used as a potential biomedical resource.

Garra yajiangensis, new species (Figs. 5���6) Holotype. IHB 20161577, 165.0 mm SL; China: Tibet Autonomous Region: Motuo County: lower Yarlung Tsangpo River, 29��19'22"N, 95��18'13"E, 708 m above sea level; collected by Zheng Gong, Jian Wang, & Huaming Hu, October 2016. Paratypes. IHB 20161578���20161592, 15 specimens, 125.8���175.1 mm SL; same data as holotype. Diagnosis. Garra yajiangensis, a member of the proboscis species group, is distinguished from the other members of this group by the following combination of characters: a quadrate and slightly bilobed proboscis covered with 2���7 middle-sized unicuspid tubercles, including two large-sized tubercles on the anterior margin of each lobe; some small unicuspid tubercles on the transverse lobe and the lateral surface of snout; anus situated substantially closer to the anal-fin origin than to the pelvic-fin origin (distance from anus to anal fin 19���24% of pelvic-anal distance); 34���36 lateral-line scales; 12 circumpeduncular scales; and morphometric features: body depth 17.4���19.5% SL, caudal-peduncle length 15.7���19.2% SL, snout length 43���49% HL, eye diameter 13���18% HL, and disc length 49���58% HL. Description. Morphometric data of 16 type specimens in Table 4. Body elongate; cylindrical anteriorly, laterally compressed posteriorly. Head moderately large; head length greater than width, head width greater than depth; interorbital region slightly convex. Snout rounded with transverse lobe covered with some small unicuspid tubercles, demarcated posteriorly by deep transverse groove; some small unicuspid tubercles on lateral surface. Proboscis quadrate, moderately prominent, and slightly bilobed, each lobe slightly protruding; anterodorsal region of proboscis covered with 2���7 middle-sized unicuspid tubercles, including two large-sized tubercles on anterior margin of each lobe; tubercles more conspicuous in larger individuals. Eyes moderately large, situated dorsolaterally behind middle of head. Barbels in two pairs; rostral barbels situated antero-laterally, shorter than eye diameter; maxillary barbels shorter than rostral barbels. Rostral cap with crenulated margin and numerous tiny papillae, separated from upper jaw by deep groove, posteriorly continuous with lower lip on each side. Edge of upper and lower jaws covered with thin horny sheath. Mental adhesive disc large, elliptical; disc length shorter than width, slightly longer than half head length; anteromedian fold densely covered by tiny papillae, separated from lower jaw by deep groove, posteriorly bordered by shallow notch from central callous-pad; lateral and posterior margins free; lateroposterior flap with densely arranged tiny papillae. Dorsal fin with 3 simple and 8�� branched rays; distal margin slightly concave; first branched ray longest, almost equal to head length; origin closer to snout tip than to caudal-fin base. Pectoral fin with 1 simple and 13 (10), or 14 (6*) branched rays; length shorter than head length; distal tip not reaching pelvic-fin origin, reaching vertically to dorsal-fin origin. Pelvic fin with 1 simple and 8 branched rays; length shorter than head length, equal to pectoral-fin length; distal tip reaching beyond anus; origin closer to caudal-fin base than to snout tip. Anal fin with 3 simple and 5�� branched rays; distal tip reaching base of caudal fin; origin closer to caudal-fin base than to pelvic-fin origin. Caudal fin forked; lower lobe slightly longer. Lateral line complete and horizontal; with 32 (3), 33 (10), or 34 (3*) scales plus 2 scales on the caudal-fin base. Transverse scale rows above lateral line 4 (8) or 4�� (8*), between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 2�� (3*) or 3 (13). Circumpeduncular scales 12. Predorsal scales 9 (7*), 10 (8), or 11 (1); smaller than flank scales. Chest and belly scaled; scales on chest smaller than on belly. One long axillary scale at base of pelvic fin. Anus situated very closer to anal-fin origin than to pelvic-fin origin (see Fig. 5, distance from anus to anal fin 19���24% of pelvic-anal distance), separated from anal-fin origin by 3 scale rows. Coloration. In preserved specimens, head, dorsum, and side of head pale brown or gray. Mouth, chest, and belly faint yellow or light brown. Dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins gray or grayish white; pectoral fin darker than other fins. A gray submarginal band on distal half of dorsal fin. Lower lobe and distal margin of upper lobe of caudal fin dark gray. Distribution. Known only from the lower Yarlung Tsangpo River drainage in Motuo County, southeastern Tibet (Fig. 3). Ecology. This new species was primarily caught in the mainstem of the Yarlung Tsangpo (occasionally found in the tributaries), where it inhabits swift-flowing waters with numerous rocks (Fig. 7). The spawning period occurs from March to May when water temperature ranges from 12���17��C according to macroscopic visual examination of the gonads. The eggs are yellow and demersal. Examinations of intestinal contents show that this species mainly feeds on periphytic algae. Etymology. Named after its type locality, Yajiang (the Chinese abbreviation of the Yarlung Tsangpo River). An adjective. Molecular phylogenetic analysis. After alignment, 1137 bps of Cyt b gene sequences belonging to 86 individuals of 40 species of Garra and two species of Labeo were used for analysis. Of all 1137 bps, 182 were variable sites and 151 were parsimony informative sites. Based on the K2P model, paired genetic divergences between these two new species and their congeners are given in Table 5. The genetic divergences between G. motuoensis and its sampled congeners known from the Brahmaputra and the adjacent river drainages ranged from 2.6% (vs. G. cf. gotyla A) to 19.8% (vs. G. poecilura); between G. yajiangensis and its congeners ranged from 6.3% (vs. G. cf. gotyla B) to 16.1% (vs. G. poecilura). Phylogenetic trees from two inference methods (BI and ML) showed identical topologies for the most part, although some shallow nodes varied. Only the Bayesian Inference tree is shown, with node support values displayed from the two inference methods (Fig. 8). Topology of the phylogenetic tree indicated that all sampled individuals of G. motuoensis grouped into a monophyletic clade with high probabilities (0.99/100), which was sister to G. cf. gotyla A. Similarly, all sampled individuals of G. yajiangensis clustered into a monophyletic clade with high probabilities (1/99), which was the closest to G. cf. gotyla B. Both G. motuoensis and G. yajiangensis were independent from their sister taxon with high probabilities (1/100 and 0.9/66, respectively)., Published as part of Gong, Zheng, Freyhof, J��rg, Wang, Jian, Liu, Meng, Liu, Fei, Lin, Pengcheng, Jiang, Yueliang & Liu, Huanzhang, 2018, Two new species of Garra (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the lower Yarlung Tsangpo River drainage in southeastern Tibet, China, pp. 367-384 in Zootaxa 4532 (3) on pages 375-378, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4532.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2615429

Garra motuoensis, new species (Figs. 1���2) Holotype. IHB 20161470, 162.5 mm SL; China: Tibet Autonomous Region: Motuo County: Xigong River, a tributary of the Yarlung Tsangpo River, 29��16'44"N, 95��14'56"E, 680 m above sea level; collected by Zheng Gong, Jian Wang, & Huaming Hu, October 2016. Paratypes. IHB 20161471, 1 specimen, 120.8 mm SL, April 2016; IHB 20161472, 1 specimen, 154.1 mm SL, June 2016; IHB 20161473, 1 specimen, 154.4 mm SL, July 2016; IHB 20171474���20171475, 2 specimens, 129.8��� 140.3 mm SL, November 2017; other data same as holotype. Diagnosis. Garra motuoensis, a member of the proboscis species group, is distinguished from the other members of this group by the following combination of characters: a prominent, quadrate, and slightly bilobed proboscis covered with 6���20 small to middle-sized unicuspid tubercles; some middle-sized unicuspid tubercles on the transverse lobe of the snout and several small unicuspid tubercles on the lateral surface of snout; anus slightly closer to anal-fin origin than to pelvic-fin origin (distance from anus to anal fin 36���46% of pelvic-anal distance); 36���37 lateral-line scales; 12 circumpeduncular scales; and other morphometric features: body depth 16.7���22.5% SL, caudal-peduncle length 16.8���20.3% SL, snout length 42���49% HL, eye diameter 15���18% HL, and disc length 42���51% HL. Description. Morphometric data of 6 type specimens in Table 3. Body elongate; cylindrical anteriorly, laterally compressed posteriorly. Head moderately large; head length greater than width, head width greater than depth; interorbital region slightly convex. Snout moderately rounded with transverse lobe covered with some middle-sized prominent unicuspid tubercles, demarcated posteriorly by deep transverse groove; several small unicuspid tubercles on lateral surface. Proboscis prominent, quadrate, and slightly bilobed, each lobe slightly elevated; anterodorsal region of proboscis covered with 6���20 irregularly arranged small to middle-sized unicuspid tubercles; tubercles more conspicuous in larger individuals. Eyes moderately large, situated dorsolaterally behind middle of head. Barbels in two pairs; rostral barbels situated antero-laterally, shorter than eye diameter; maxillary barbels shorter than rostral barbel. Rostral cap with crenulated margin and numerous tiny papillae, separated from upper jaw by deep groove, posteriorly continuous with lower lip on each side. Edge of upper and lower jaws covered with thin horny sheath. Mental adhesive disc large and elliptical; disc length shorter than width, slightly shorter than half of head length; anteromedian fold densely covered with tiny papillae, separated from lower jaw by deep groove and posteriorly bordered by shallow notch from central callous-pad; lateral and posterior margins free; lateroposterior flap with densely arranged tiny papillae. Dorsal fin with 3 simple and 8�� branched rays; distal margin slightly concave; first branched ray longest, nearly equal to head length; origin closer to snout tip than to caudal-fin base. Pectoral fin with 1 simple and 13 (1) or 14 (5*) branched rays; length shorter than head length; distal tip not reaching pelvic-fin origin and dorsal-fin origin. Pelvic fin with 1 simple and 8 branched rays; length nearly equal to head length; distal tip reaching beyond anus; origin closer to caudal-fin base than to snout tip. Anal fin with 3 simple and 5�� branched rays; distal tip not reaching to base of caudal fin; origin closer to caudal-fin base than to pelvic-fin origin. Caudal fin forked; lower lobe slightly longer. Lateral line complete and horizontal; with 34 (2*) or 35 (4) scales plus 2 scales on the caudal-fin base. Transverse scale rows above lateral line 3��, between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 2�� (5*) or 3 (1). Circumpeduncular scales 12. Predorsal scales 10 (2*) or 11 (4); smaller than flank scales. Chest and belly scaled; scales on chest smaller than on belly. One long axillary scale at base of each pelvic fin. Anus slightly closer to analfin origin than to pelvic-fin origin (see Fig. 1, distance from anus to anal fin 36���46% of pelvic-anal distance); separated from anal-fin origin by 5 scale rows. Coloration. In preserved specimens, head, dorsum, and flank dark gray. Mouth, chest, and belly faint yellow or slightly brown. Dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal, and caudal fins gray; pectoral fin darker than other fins. Interradial membranes of all fins covered with conspicuous black pigment. Smaller individuals paler than larger ones. Distribution. Known from the Xigong River, a tributary of the lower Yarlung Tsangpo River in southeastern Tibet (Fig. 3). Ecology. This new species was caught from swift-flowing waters with numerous rocks in the Xigong River, where water is very clear (Fig. 4). Macroscopic visual examination of the gonads suggests that its spawning period occurs in May when water temperature reaches 14��C. The eggs are yellow and demersal. Examinations of intestinal contents show that this species mainly feeds on periphytic algae. Etymology. Named after its type locality, Motuo County. An adjective., Published as part of Gong, Zheng, Freyhof, J��rg, Wang, Jian, Liu, Meng, Liu, Fei, Lin, Pengcheng, Jiang, Yueliang & Liu, Huanzhang, 2018, Two new species of Garra (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the lower Yarlung Tsangpo River drainage in southeastern Tibet, China, pp. 367-384 in Zootaxa 4532 (3) on pages 371-375, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4532.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2615429

Garra yajiangensis, new species (Figs. 5–6) Holotype. IHB 20161577, 165.0 mm SL; China: Tibet Autonomous Region: Motuo County: lower Yarlung Tsangpo River, 29°19'22"N, 95°18'13"E, 708 m above sea level; collected by Zheng Gong, Jian Wang, & Huaming Hu, October 2016. Paratypes. IHB 20161578–20161592, 15 specimens, 125.8–175.1 mm SL; same data as holotype. Diagnosis. Garra yajiangensis, a member of the proboscis species group, is distinguished from the other members of this group by the following combination of characters: a quadrate and slightly bilobed proboscis covered with 2–7 middle-sized unicuspid tubercles, including two large-sized tubercles on the anterior margin of each lobe; some small unicuspid tubercles on the transverse lobe and the lateral surface of snout; anus situated substantially closer to the anal-fin origin than to the pelvic-fin origin (distance from anus to anal fin 19–24% of pelvic-anal distance); 34–36 lateral-line scales; 12 circumpeduncular scales; and morphometric features: body depth 17.4–19.5% SL, caudal-peduncle length 15.7–19.2% SL, snout length 43–49% HL, eye diameter 13–18% HL, and disc length 49–58% HL. Description. Morphometric data of 16 type specimens in Table 4. Body elongate; cylindrical anteriorly, laterally compressed posteriorly. Head moderately large; head length greater than width, head width greater than depth; interorbital region slightly convex. Snout rounded with transverse lobe covered with some small unicuspid tubercles, demarcated posteriorly by deep transverse groove; some small unicuspid tubercles on lateral surface. Proboscis quadrate, moderately prominent, and slightly bilobed, each lobe slightly protruding; anterodorsal region of proboscis covered with 2–7 middle-sized unicuspid tubercles, including two large-sized tubercles on anterior margin of each lobe; tubercles more conspicuous in larger individuals. Eyes moderately large, situated dorsolaterally behind middle of head. Barbels in two pairs; rostral barbels situated antero-laterally, shorter than eye diameter; maxillary barbels shorter than rostral barbels. Rostral cap with crenulated margin and numerous tiny papillae, separated from upper jaw by deep groove, posteriorly continuous with lower lip on each side. Edge of upper and lower jaws covered with thin horny sheath. Mental adhesive disc large, elliptical; disc length shorter than width, slightly longer than half head length; anteromedian fold densely covered by tiny papillae, separated from lower jaw by deep groove, posteriorly bordered by shallow notch from central callous-pad; lateral and posterior margins free; lateroposterior flap with densely arranged tiny papillae. Dorsal fin with 3 simple and 8½ branched rays; distal margin slightly concave; first branched ray longest, almost equal to head length; origin closer to snout tip than to caudal-fin base. Pectoral fin with 1 simple and 13 (10), or 14 (6*) branched rays; length shorter than head length; distal tip not reaching pelvic-fin origin, reaching vertically to dorsal-fin origin. Pelvic fin with 1 simple and 8 branched rays; length shorter than head length, equal to pectoral-fin length; distal tip reaching beyond anus; origin closer to caudal-fin base than to snout tip. Anal fin with 3 simple and 5½ branched rays; distal tip reaching base of caudal fin; origin closer to caudal-fin base than to pelvic-fin origin. Caudal fin forked; lower lobe slightly longer. Lateral line complete and horizontal; with 32 (3), 33 (10), or 34 (3*) scales plus 2 scales on the caudal-fin base. Transverse scale rows above lateral line 4 (8) or 4½ (8*), between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 2½ (3*) or 3 (13). Circumpeduncular scales 12. Predorsal scales 9 (7*), 10 (8), or 11 (1); smaller than flank scales. Chest and belly scaled; scales on chest smaller than on belly. One long axillary scale at base of pelvic fin. Anus situated very closer to anal-fin origin than to pelvic-fin origin (see Fig. 5, distance from anus to anal fin 19–24% of pelvic-anal distance), separated from anal-fin origin by 3 scale rows. Coloration. In preserved specimens, head, dorsum, and side of head pale brown or gray. Mouth, chest, and belly faint yellow or light brown. Dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins gray or grayish white; pectoral fin darker than other fins. A gray submarginal band on distal half of dorsal fin. Lower lobe and distal margin of upper lobe of caudal fin dark gray. Distribution. Known only from the lower Yarlung Tsangpo River drainage in Motuo County, southeastern Tibet (Fig. 3). Ecology. This new species was primarily caught in the mainstem of the Yarlung Tsangpo (occasionally found in the tributaries), where it inhabits swift-flowing waters with numerous rocks (Fig. 7). The spawning period occurs from March to May when water temperature ranges from 12–17°C according to macroscopic visual examination of the gonads. The eggs are yellow and demersal. Examinations of intestinal contents show that this species mainly feeds on periphytic algae. Etymology. Named after its type locality, Yajiang (the Chinese abbreviation of the Yarlung Tsangpo River). An adjective. Molecular phylogenetic analysis. After alignment, 1137 bps of Cyt b gene sequences belonging to 86 individuals of 40 species of Garra and two species of Labeo were used for analysis. Of all 1137 bps, 182 were variable sites and 151 were parsimony informative sites. Based on the K2P model, paired genetic divergences between these two new species and their congeners are given in Table 5. The genetic divergences between G. motuoensis and its sampled congeners known from the Brahmaputra and the adjacent river drainages ranged from 2.6% (vs. G. cf. gotyla A) to 19.8% (vs. G. poecilura); between G. yajiangensis and its congeners ranged from 6.3% (vs. G. cf. gotyla B) to 16.1% (vs. G. poecilura). Phylogenetic trees from two inference methods (BI and ML) showed identical topologies for the most part, although some shallow nodes varied. Only the Bayesian Inference tree is shown, with node support values displayed from the two inference methods (Fig. 8). Topology of the phylogenetic tree indicated that all sampled individuals of G. motuoensis grouped into a monophyletic clade with high probabilities (0.99/100), which was sister to G. cf. gotyla A. Similarly, all sampled individuals of G. yajiangensis clustered into a monophyletic clade with high probabilities (1/99), which was the closest to G. cf. gotyla B. Both G. motuoensis and G. yajiangensis were independent from their sister taxon with high probabilities (1/100 and 0.9/66, respectively).

Garra motuoensis, new species (Figs. 1–2) Holotype. IHB 20161470, 162.5 mm SL; China: Tibet Autonomous Region: Motuo County: Xigong River, a tributary of the Yarlung Tsangpo River, 29°16'44"N, 95°14'56"E, 680 m above sea level; collected by Zheng Gong, Jian Wang, & Huaming Hu, October 2016. Paratypes. IHB 20161471, 1 specimen, 120.8 mm SL, April 2016; IHB 20161472, 1 specimen, 154.1 mm SL, June 2016; IHB 20161473, 1 specimen, 154.4 mm SL, July 2016; IHB 20171474–20171475, 2 specimens, 129.8– 140.3 mm SL, November 2017; other data same as holotype. Diagnosis. Garra motuoensis, a member of the proboscis species group, is distinguished from the other members of this group by the following combination of characters: a prominent, quadrate, and slightly bilobed proboscis covered with 6–20 small to middle-sized unicuspid tubercles; some middle-sized unicuspid tubercles on the transverse lobe of the snout and several small unicuspid tubercles on the lateral surface of snout; anus slightly closer to anal-fin origin than to pelvic-fin origin (distance from anus to anal fin 36–46% of pelvic-anal distance); 36–37 lateral-line scales; 12 circumpeduncular scales; and other morphometric features: body depth 16.7–22.5% SL, caudal-peduncle length 16.8–20.3% SL, snout length 42–49% HL, eye diameter 15–18% HL, and disc length 42–51% HL. Description. Morphometric data of 6 type specimens in Table 3. Body elongate; cylindrical anteriorly, laterally compressed posteriorly. Head moderately large; head length greater than width, head width greater than depth; interorbital region slightly convex. Snout moderately rounded with transverse lobe covered with some middle-sized prominent unicuspid tubercles, demarcated posteriorly by deep transverse groove; several small unicuspid tubercles on lateral surface. Proboscis prominent, quadrate, and slightly bilobed, each lobe slightly elevated; anterodorsal region of proboscis covered with 6–20 irregularly arranged small to middle-sized unicuspid tubercles; tubercles more conspicuous in larger individuals. Eyes moderately large, situated dorsolaterally behind middle of head. Barbels in two pairs; rostral barbels situated antero-laterally, shorter than eye diameter; maxillary barbels shorter than rostral barbel. Rostral cap with crenulated margin and numerous tiny papillae, separated from upper jaw by deep groove, posteriorly continuous with lower lip on each side. Edge of upper and lower jaws covered with thin horny sheath. Mental adhesive disc large and elliptical; disc length shorter than width, slightly shorter than half of head length; anteromedian fold densely covered with tiny papillae, separated from lower jaw by deep groove and posteriorly bordered by shallow notch from central callous-pad; lateral and posterior margins free; lateroposterior flap with densely arranged tiny papillae. Dorsal fin with 3 simple and 8½ branched rays; distal margin slightly concave; first branched ray longest, nearly equal to head length; origin closer to snout tip than to caudal-fin base. Pectoral fin with 1 simple and 13 (1) or 14 (5*) branched rays; length shorter than head length; distal tip not reaching pelvic-fin origin and dorsal-fin origin. Pelvic fin with 1 simple and 8 branched rays; length nearly equal to head length; distal tip reaching beyond anus; origin closer to caudal-fin base than to snout tip. Anal fin with 3 simple and 5½ branched rays; distal tip not reaching to base of caudal fin; origin closer to caudal-fin base than to pelvic-fin origin. Caudal fin forked; lower lobe slightly longer. Lateral line complete and horizontal; with 34 (2*) or 35 (4) scales plus 2 scales on the caudal-fin base. Transverse scale rows above lateral line 3½, between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 2½ (5*) or 3 (1). Circumpeduncular scales 12. Predorsal scales 10 (2*) or 11 (4); smaller than flank scales. Chest and belly scaled; scales on chest smaller than on belly. One long axillary scale at base of each pelvic fin. Anus slightly closer to analfin origin than to pelvic-fin origin (see Fig. 1, distance from anus to anal fin 36–46% of pelvic-anal distance); separated from anal-fin origin by 5 scale rows. Coloration. In preserved specimens, head, dorsum, and flank dark gray. Mouth, chest, and belly faint yellow or slightly brown. Dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal, and caudal fins gray; pectoral fin darker than other fins. Interradial membranes of all fins covered with conspicuous black pigment. Smaller individuals paler than larger ones. Distribution. Known from the Xigong River, a tributary of the lower Yarlung Tsangpo River in southeastern Tibet (Fig. 3). Ecology. This new species was caught from swift-flowing waters with numerous rocks in the Xigong River, where water is very clear (Fig. 4). Macroscopic visual examination of the gonads suggests that its spawning period occurs in May when water temperature reaches 14°C. The eggs are yellow and demersal. Examinations of intestinal contents show that this species mainly feeds on periphytic algae. Etymology. Named after its type locality, Motuo County. An adjective.

Exostoma tibetana, new species (Figs. 1–2) Exostoma labiatum: Wu et al. 1981: 78 (Motuo County, Tibet, China); Wu & Wu 1991: 562–563 (Beibeng and Didong Village, Beibeng Town, Motuo County, Tibet, China) Holotype. IHB 20161046, 76.2 mm SL, China: Tibet Autonomous Region: Motuo County: Beibeng Town: Didong Village, a mountain stream flowing into the Yarlung Tsangpo River, 29°12’49” N, 95°15’26” E, 697 m above sea level; Pengcheng Lin et al., 31 October 2016. Paratypes. IHB 20161047–20161055, 9, 53.7 – 80.9 mm SL; same data as holotype. Diagnosis. Exostoma tibetana can be distinguished from all congeners by a combination of following characters: an adipose fin separate from the upper procurrent caudal-fin rays and incised at the posterior extremity of its base; the tip of pelvic-fin not reaching to the anus when adpressed; 10 branched pectoral-fin rays; and the following morphometric features: body depth at anus 10.4–12.3% SL, caudal-peduncle depth 6.7–8.6% SL and 33– 43% caudal-peduncle length, adipose-fin base 31.9–37.8% SL, snout length 48–58% HL, and eye diameter 8–10% HL. Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 2. Head and body broad and greatly depressed. Dorsal profile rising gently from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin, sloping gently ventrally to end of caudal peduncle. Ventral profile flat from snout to anal-fin base; sloping gently dorsally to end of caudal peduncle. Body depth at anus 10.4– 12.3% SL; caudal-peduncle depth 6.7–8.6% SL and 33–43% caudal-peduncle length. Head medium size. Snout blunt and depressed, length 48–58% HL. Rostral cap with groove in anterior edge of mouth; with papillae on surface. Nares situated almost midway between snout tip and anterior orbital margin. Eye small, rounded, subcutaneous; located dorsally in posterior half of head; diameter 8–10% HL. Barbels in four pairs. Maxillary barbels flattened, with surrounding flap of skin and rounded tip; extending beyond pectoral-fin origin and gill opening. Nasal barbels with small flap of thin skin fringing posterior margin, just reaching to anterior orbital margin. Inner mandibular barbels short and slightly flattened, originating from notch on posterior margin of lower lip; tip not reaching to vertical line through pectoral-fin origin. Outer mandibular barbels slightly flattened, situated lateral to inner mandibular barbel; reaching to anterior base of pectoral fin. Mouth inferior; opening transversely. Lips thick, fleshy, and papillate; anterolateral surfaces covered with anastomosing, rounded plaques. Post-labial fold continuous. Lower lip with prominent labial fold bearing entire posterior margin; notched at insertions of inner mandibular barbels and middle of fold. Upper and lower jaw each divided medially by fleshy medial frenum. Jaw teeth distally flattened and oar-shaped. Upper jaw tooth in two rounded triangular patches narrowly separated at midline on upper jaw; lower jaw teeth situated in two wellseparated and roughly triangular patches. Dorsal fin with i,6 rays; origin anterior to pelvic-fin origin; fin margin slightly concave. Adipose fin long and deep; posterior margin separated from upper procurrent caudal-fin base and incised at the posterior extremity of its base; adipose-fin base length 31.9–37.8% SL. Pectoral fin large, with i,10 rays; margin broadly rounded; first unbranched ray broad with regular striae on ventral surface. Pelvic fin enlarged, with i,5 rays; margin gently concave; first unbranched ray broad with regular striae on ventral surface; tip of fin not reaching to the anus when adpressed. Anal fin with i,4 (2) or i,5 (8*) rays; posterior margin slightly concave; tip of fin almost reaching midway between its origin and caudal-fin base. Caudal fin lunate; tips of lobes pointed. Skin of body smooth and naked. Lateral line complete and mid-lateral. Coloration. In 75% ethanol: dorsal and lateral surfaces of body yellow-brown; ventral region of body anterior to anal-fin origin light yellow or grey-white, with grayish spots on margin. Dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal and caudal fins yellow-brown with hyaline interradial membranes, ventral surfaces of pectoral and pelvic fin white or yellow. Adipose fin yellow-brown, with hyaline margin. Distribution. This species is known from the lower Yarlung Tsangpo River drainage in Motuo reach, southeastern Tibet, China. (Figs. 3–4) Etymology. The specific epithet was derived from its type locality: Tibet. An adjective.

Exostoma tibetana, new species (Figs. 1���2) Exostoma labiatum: Wu et al. 1981: 78 (Motuo County, Tibet, China); Wu & Wu 1991: 562���563 (Beibeng and Didong Village, Beibeng Town, Motuo County, Tibet, China) Holotype. IHB 20161046, 76.2 mm SL, China: Tibet Autonomous Region: Motuo County: Beibeng Town: Didong Village, a mountain stream flowing into the Yarlung Tsangpo River, 29��12���49��� N, 95��15���26��� E, 697 m above sea level; Pengcheng Lin et al., 31 October 2016. Paratypes. IHB 20161047���20161055, 9, 53.7 ��� 80.9 mm SL; same data as holotype. Diagnosis. Exostoma tibetana can be distinguished from all congeners by a combination of following characters: an adipose fin separate from the upper procurrent caudal-fin rays and incised at the posterior extremity of its base; the tip of pelvic-fin not reaching to the anus when adpressed; 10 branched pectoral-fin rays; and the following morphometric features: body depth at anus 10.4���12.3% SL, caudal-peduncle depth 6.7���8.6% SL and 33��� 43% caudal-peduncle length, adipose-fin base 31.9���37.8% SL, snout length 48���58% HL, and eye diameter 8���10% HL. Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 2. Head and body broad and greatly depressed. Dorsal profile rising gently from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin, sloping gently ventrally to end of caudal peduncle. Ventral profile flat from snout to anal-fin base; sloping gently dorsally to end of caudal peduncle. Body depth at anus 10.4��� 12.3% SL; caudal-peduncle depth 6.7���8.6% SL and 33���43% caudal-peduncle length. Head medium size. Snout blunt and depressed, length 48���58% HL. Rostral cap with groove in anterior edge of mouth; with papillae on surface. Nares situated almost midway between snout tip and anterior orbital margin. Eye small, rounded, subcutaneous; located dorsally in posterior half of head; diameter 8���10% HL. Barbels in four pairs. Maxillary barbels flattened, with surrounding flap of skin and rounded tip; extending beyond pectoral-fin origin and gill opening. Nasal barbels with small flap of thin skin fringing posterior margin, just reaching to anterior orbital margin. Inner mandibular barbels short and slightly flattened, originating from notch on posterior margin of lower lip; tip not reaching to vertical line through pectoral-fin origin. Outer mandibular barbels slightly flattened, situated lateral to inner mandibular barbel; reaching to anterior base of pectoral fin. Mouth inferior; opening transversely. Lips thick, fleshy, and papillate; anterolateral surfaces covered with anastomosing, rounded plaques. Post-labial fold continuous. Lower lip with prominent labial fold bearing entire posterior margin; notched at insertions of inner mandibular barbels and middle of fold. Upper and lower jaw each divided medially by fleshy medial frenum. Jaw teeth distally flattened and oar-shaped. Upper jaw tooth in two rounded triangular patches narrowly separated at midline on upper jaw; lower jaw teeth situated in two wellseparated and roughly triangular patches. Dorsal fin with i,6 rays; origin anterior to pelvic-fin origin; fin margin slightly concave. Adipose fin long and deep; posterior margin separated from upper procurrent caudal-fin base and incised at the posterior extremity of its base; adipose-fin base length 31.9���37.8% SL. Pectoral fin large, with i,10 rays; margin broadly rounded; first unbranched ray broad with regular striae on ventral surface. Pelvic fin enlarged, with i,5 rays; margin gently concave; first unbranched ray broad with regular striae on ventral surface; tip of fin not reaching to the anus when adpressed. Anal fin with i,4 (2) or i,5 (8*) rays; posterior margin slightly concave; tip of fin almost reaching midway between its origin and caudal-fin base. Caudal fin lunate; tips of lobes pointed. Skin of body smooth and naked. Lateral line complete and mid-lateral. Coloration. In 75% ethanol: dorsal and lateral surfaces of body yellow-brown; ventral region of body anterior to anal-fin origin light yellow or grey-white, with grayish spots on margin. Dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal and caudal fins yellow-brown with hyaline interradial membranes, ventral surfaces of pectoral and pelvic fin white or yellow. Adipose fin yellow-brown, with hyaline margin. Distribution. This species is known from the lower Yarlung Tsangpo River drainage in Motuo reach, southeastern Tibet, China. (Figs. 3���4) Etymology. The specific epithet was derived from its type locality: Tibet. An adjective., Published as part of Gong, Zheng, Lin, Pengcheng, Liu, Fei & Liu, Huanzhang, 2018, Exostoma tibetana, a new glyptosternine catfish from the lower Yarlung Tsangpo River drainage in southeastern Tibet, China (Siluriformes: Sisoridae), pp. 392-402 in Zootaxa 4527 (3) on pages 394-396, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4527.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2612357, {"references":["Wu, X. - F., He, M. - J. & Chu, X. - L. (1981) On the fishes of Sisoridae from the region of Xizang. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 12 (1), 74 - 79. [in Chinese]"]}

This paper presents research on separating Cl− from zinc-bearing waste lixivium by using trioctylamine as an extractant, 2-octanol as a solvent, and sulfonated kerosene as a diluent. The effects of trioctylamine concentration, organic/aqueous phase ratio, extracting stages, and waste lixivium pH were investigated, and the process of stripping was also discussed. The optimal conditions were achieved. The extraction efficiency, separation factor, and stripping efficiency were calculated with optimal values of 99.47%, 595, and 99.99%, respectively. Besides, the extractant regenerated after stripping was observed without the emulsifying phenomenon. The mechanism of extraction and stripping was also discussed.

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) has the highest biodiversity for an extreme environment worldwide, and provides an ideal natural laboratory to study adaptive evolution. In this study, we generated a draft genome sequence of cyanobacteria Trichormus sp. NMC-1 in the QTP and performed whole transcriptome sequencing under low temperature to investigate the genetic mechanism by which T. sp. NMC-1 adapted to the specific environment. Its genome sequence was 5.9 Mb with a G+C content of 39.2% and encompassed a total of 5362 CDS. A phylogenomic tree indicated that this strain belongs to the Trichormus and Anabaena cluster. Genome comparison between T. sp. NMC-1 and six relatives showed that functionally unknown genes occupied a much higher proportion (28.12%) of the T. sp. NMC-1 genome. In addition, functions of specific, significant positively selected, expanded orthogroups, and differentially expressed genes involved in signal transduction, cell wall/membrane biogenesis, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and energy production and conversion were analyzed to elucidate specific adaptation traits. Further analyses showed that the CheY-like genes, extracellular polysaccharide and mycosporine-like amino acids might play major roles in adaptation to harsh environments. Our findings indicate that sophisticated genetic mechanisms are involved in cyanobacterial adaptation to the extreme environment of the QTP.