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An Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) funded National Forum Planning Grant “Envisioning Our Information Future and How to Educate for It” brought together a diverse group of stakeholders to lay the framework for re-visioning LIS education. This article describes three take-aways from the 2015 forum: encourage wide recruitment; build bridges; and adapt for the future. Actions underway to address each of these are described. The forum was the beginning of the re-visioning process. The principal investigators are currently engaged with various constituencies to obtain feedback on the actions and to gain insights into directions for curriculum redesign. LIS educators are encouraged to collaborate to make the vision a reality.

Originality/Value – The value of tangible outcomes from pilot projects informing future innovation in LIS education is augmented by the originality of their framing within design-thinking processes.

Cheney's paper was the first major article on this subject (Gleaves & Tucker, 1983, p. x). Its author, Frances Neel Cheney, had been teaching at the Peabody School of Library Science in Nashville since 1945. As a past president of the Association of American Library Schools (1956-1957) and the Reference Services Division of the American Library Association (1960-1961), she was well positioned to address three questions:1. Who is teaching reference?2. What is being taught?3. How is it being taught? (Cheney, 1963, p. 188)The paper was based on a presentation made June 21, 1962, as part of a session on the training of reference librarians at the American Library Association Annual Conference in Miami Beach (Armstrong, 1963). As such, the paper reads more like a conference talk than a formal journal article.As Richardson (1992), himself a student of Cheney, documented in a thorough analysis of the first hundred years of reference instruction from 1890-1990, reference has long been a core course in library school curricula. The questions used to frame Cheney's discussion remain relevant today. What has changed is the pervasive impact of technology that has affected who is teaching, what is taught, and how it is taught. Cheney (1963, p. 188) observed that "I am not scared of automation, I am grateful for it. For one thing, what would we do without the telephone?" Of course, in 1963 libraries were only beginning to explore the potential of computers (for example, the first Clinic on Library Applications of Data Processing was held at the University of Illinois in spring 1963). But even though Cheney continued to teach until 1975, Gleaves (1983) reports that "Most of her work came before the computer revolution and she was never enamored of technology. She neither taught, spoke, nor wrote about the more technical aspects of librarianship, and certainly she did not stray into the emerging high technology of library automation or computerbased information systems" (p. 13).So how has the teaching of reference changed in the more than 50 years since Cheney offered her assessment of the state of the field in 1963? She focused on the 32 library schools with ALA-accredited programs; that number has grown to 58, several of which also identify as Information Schools ("iSchools").Who is teaching reference?Cheney noted that those teaching reference included both full-time and part-time faculty and more men than women. She also noted the increase of doctoral degree holders among those holding full-time faculty positions. While aggregated data profiling who is currently teaching reference are not available, the teaching of courses in the traditional core has certainly been impacted by overall trends in the composition of faculty. Tenure-track positions are reserved for those holding the Ph.D. in a growing variety of disciplines; other fulltime faculty may have titles such as lecturer, clinical faculty, or professors of practice with a focus on teaching. As student enrollments have outpaced increases in full-time faculty, more part-time/adjunct faculty have been hired. With the growth in online education, those part-time faculty can be located anywhere, so efforts must be made to coordinate instruction by a distributed group of faculty teaching reference.What is being taught?Cheney focused on both the basic course, an introduction to reference materials and services, and the proliferating range of more specialized courses dealing with particular subject fields (e.g., science and technology, humanities, social sciences, law, medicine) or publication types (e.g., government publications). The basic reference course included coverage of reference materials-their content, evaluation, organization, and use. There was a consensus on types (e.g., dictionaries, encyclopedias, handbooks) but not specific titles to be taught. The course also considered the kinds of reference service and reference questions. …

Members and others attending the 2015 Association for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T) conference will be aware of a need to regularly revisit and redefine an information discipline continuously in flux. Constant change likewise demands that we consider new models and approaches to educating professionals equipped with cutting-edge skills in critical thinking and applied best practice responsive to a dynamic information environment. This proposed three-segment interactive panel session will report on action research on, and findings emerging from, a re-visioning of information education. Initial outcomes from pilot projects involving the design and testing of innovative proofs of concept will also be discussed. Attendees will engage in an activity that identifies trends, and debates issues and controversies that are at the core of the dialogue surrounding our information future and how to educate for it.

Hjorland proposes a typology of four epistemological views in analyzing professional knowledge organization systems. In this study, we identified all four views as components of personal information organization in the current hierarchical folder structures on personal computers. The typology enabled us to synthesize the varieties and commonalities within the large number of particular information organizational practices observed both within and between individuals over time. The study demonstrated that the typology is a promising analytic descriptive framework and can help illuminate problems in current folder systems.

Martha E. Williams (1934-2007) defined herself early in her career as an information scientist, joining the American Documentation Institute in 1958. This article explores her multifaceted contributions to shaping the field over more than four decades. Emphasis is on three spheres in which she had the greatest impact: her research in information retrieval, her work as editor of the Annual Review of Information Science and Technology and president of the American Society for Information Science, and her activities related to the online database industry.

Text classification methods have been evaluated on topic classification tasks. This thesis extends the empirical evaluation to emotion classification tasks in the literary domain. This study selects two literary text classification problems---the eroticism classification in Dickinson's poems and the sentimentalism classification in early American novels---as two cases for this evaluation. Both problems focus on identifying certain kinds of emotion---a document property other than topic. This study chooses two popular text classification algorithms---naive Bayes and Support Vector Machines (SVM), and three feature engineering options---stemming, stopword removal and statistical feature selection (Odds Ratio and SVM)---as the subjects of evaluation. This study aims to examine the effects of the chosen classifiers and feature engineering options on the two emotion classification problems, and the interaction between the classifiers and the feature engineering options. This thesis seeks empirical answers to the following research questions: (1) is SVM a better classifier than naive Bayes regarding classification accuracy, new literary knowledge discovery and potential for example-based retrieval? (2) is SVM a better feature selection method than Odds Ratio regarding feature reduction rate and classification accuracy improvement? (3) does stop word removal affect the classification performance? (4) does stemming affect the performance of classifiers and feature selection methods? Some of our conclusions are consistent with what are obtained in topic classification, such as Odds Ratio does not improve SVM performance and stop word removal might harm classification. Some conclusions contradict previous results, such as SVM does not beat naive Bayes in both cases. Some findings are new to this area---SVM and naive Bayes select top features in different frequency ranges; stemming might harm feature selection methods. These experiment results provide new insights to the relation between classification methods, feature engineering options and non-topic document properties. They also provide guidance for classification method selection in literary text classification applications.

SUMMARY This paper discusses the role of library and information science (LIS) educators in recruiting and retaining sci-tech librarians. Strategies include increasing access to degree programs using Web-based technologies; enriching course offerings that contribute to the preparation of sci-tech librarians; partnering with experienced sci-tech librarians who can serve as guest speakers, practicum and internship supervisors, and course instructors; and developing continuing education offerings, especially for Web-based delivery in partnership with professional associations. In the era of e-science and e-learning, LIS educators have a responsibility to contribute to recruitment and retention of sci-tech librarians ready to take on new challenges and opportunities.

Animals often cope with adverse events by releasing glucocorticoid hormones, which in turn promote increased energy assimilation. In captive animals, crowding also leads to increased glucocorticoid activity, probably because of increased levels of social competition. We investigated how group size and ectoparasite infestations affected endogenous levels of the glucocorticoid hormone, corticosterone, in colonial cliff swallows, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, in southwestern Nebraska, U.S.A. Parasites were removed from some colonies by fumigating nests. Baseline levels of corticosterone in breeding adults varied significantly with whether parasites were present, colony size (measured by total number of active nests at a site) and nesting stage. Across all analyses, birds from fumigated colonies averaged significantly lower baseline levels of corticosterone. These levels in adults increased with colony size at nonfumigated sites, especially during the period when nestlings were being fed, but no relation or the opposite one was found for birds in fumigated colonies. Baseline corticosterone levels were unrelated to sex, age, body weight or testosterone levels in adults. Corticosterone concentrations tended to increase during a bad-weather event when food was scarce. Patterns in nestling and recently fledged juveniles were consistent with those in adults. The increased baseline levels of corticosterone in birds of larger colonies appear related to the larger number of parasites there. Higher levels of corticosterone probably facilitate increased allocation of time and energy to foraging and greater energy assimilation during challenging events such as bad weather, parasitism by blood-feeding bugs in large colonies and the period when young are becoming independent of their parents.

One hypothesis to explain the extensive variation in colony size seen in most taxa is that individuals sort themselves among groups based on phenotypic characteristics that correlate with their performance in groups of different sizes. We investigated how baseline levels of the steroid hormones, corticosterone and testosterone, were associated with choice of colony size and the likelihood of moving to a different site in later years in colonially nesting Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) in southwestern Nebraska, USA, in 2000-2004. We sampled hormone levels of birds caught at colonies and, using mark-recapture, monitored their movement and choice of colony size through subsequent years in the study area. Maximum likelihood estimation and multistate model fitting (with program MARK) revealed that birds with baseline corticosterone levels above the average for the colony and time of sampling were less likely to choose a colony of the same size or larger in a later year than were birds with corticosterone levels below the average. This result held for Cliff Swallows in both fumigated (parasite-free) sites and colonies naturally infested with ectoparasites. Relative baseline corticosterone level was unrelated to the likelihood of movement between different colony sites, and corticosterone level measured after birds were held for 60 minutes was unrelated to either colony-size choice or the probability of movement. Males whose testosterone levels were above the average for the colony and time of sampling were more likely to choose a colony of the same size or larger in a later year than were ones whose testosterone levels were below the average, but the opposite pattern was found for females. The results indicate that steroid hormone level is a predictor of whether a Cliff Swallow will settle in a relatively small or large colony, and support the hypothesis that variation in colony size reflects, in part, a distribution of birds

The hormone corticosterone is an important part of animals' response to environmental stress, modulating short-term adaptive changes in behavior and physiology. The hormone testosterone is also critical, especially for males, in regulating the expression of sexual behavior and parental care. These hormones can have costly consequences, how- ever, and within populations individuals show variation in endogenous levels of both cor- ticosterone and testosterone. We studied how annual survival varied as a function of natural levels of these hormones in colonially breeding Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) in southwestern Nebraska, USA, in 2000-2003. We sampled hormone levels of birds caught at colonies and using mark-recapture, monitored their survival through subsequent years in the study area. Maximum-likelihood estimation and model fitting (with program MARK) revealed that birds sampled for corticosterone in colonies of all sizes late in the season had curvilinear survival; individuals with very low and very high levels of corticosterone had lower survival than those with intermediate levels. Annual survival of birds sampled earlier in the season, however, generally declined with increasing corticosterone level. More birds than expected, given the survival functions, had the very low corticosterone levels in nonfumigated colonies later in the year, suggesting perhaps a compensatory benefit unrelated to survival for very low corticosterone levels. In a more limited analysis, testosterone appeared to have little effect on annual survival, although some evidence suggested that females with endogenous testosterone levels below the mean for a given date might have survived better.

The "challenge hypothesis" states that increases in testosterone levels of male animals during the breeding season are directly related to the extent of intrasexual competition for resources or mates that they experience. Although often tested in territorial species, the challenge hypothesis has not been evaluated for colonial animals that live in groups of different sizes and that thus experience different intensities of intrasexual competition. We measured circulating testosterone levels of male and female cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) in southwestern Nebraska, where these birds nest in colonies of widely different sizes. Males had significantly higher testosterone levels than females, as expected. For males especially, there was a seasonal rise in testosterone levels early in the nesting cycle, corresponding to the period when birds were establishing nest ownership and egg laying, and then a fall as they switched to parental duties. Testosterone levels varied significantly with colony size; for both sexes, birds in larger colonies had higher levels of testosterone than those in smaller colonies when controlling for date. Age and body mass were not related to testosterone levels. Higher levels of testosterone for birds of both sexes in larger colonies probably reflect greater competition for matings, often extra pair, in the more social nesting situations. The results support the predictions of the challenge hypothesis.

Editor's Summary SIG/ED sponsored a panel at the 2012 ASIS&T Annual Meeting to review the Society's web educational efforts and explore promising future options. By late 2012 ASIS&T had presented nearly 40 webinars. A Webinar Task Force studied using web conferencing to raise the association's visibility and found the format to be popular and worth expanding. Considering other modalities, the Online Education Task Force concluded that ASIS&T should develop a unified online platform to support a variety of web-based events and communication forums. During the panel session, trends in online education were discussed, including the use of Learning Management Systems that support webinars as well as blogs, social networks, discussion boards and other interaction channels for an online learning community. Panel attendees offered numerous additional suggestions including member preference surveys, collaborating with other organizations and repackaging webinar content. A follow-up task force will take a holistic look at the association's web presence, and members are invited to submit their ideas.

Understanding the spacing patterns of individuals in a population of animals is important for establishing the specific functions of territorial behavior. Here, we couple a comprehensive analysis of home range with demographic information and focal behavioral observations of Sceloporus undulatus (eastern fence lizard) to investigate (1) spacing patterns, (2) the determinants of home range, and (3) the functional significance of territorial behavior and traits related to territorial behavior (body size, color). Male home-range area is an order of magnitude larger in the New Jersey population of S. undulatus described here than in other populations, whereas female home ranges are comparable in area to other populations of this species. Home-range area is positively correlated with body size in adult males, although this relationship is not found within age classes, and males share about 50% of their home range with other males. After removal of the effect of body size, residual home-range area is s...

To test functional hypotheses about home-range variation, it is necessary to compare the fitness of individuals whose home ranges are characterized by measurable differences in vital resources such as mates and food. In the present study, we compare measures of reproductive success of male lizards estimated from field observational data with results from DNA fingerprinting of the same individuals. Observational data included both male and female home-range overlap and proximity of actual sightings. Because home ranges can function for access to mates, and males with larger home ranges can overlap a greater number of females, we tested the hypothesis that males with larger home ranges have higher reproductive success. We also tested to see whether females were most likely to mate with males that overlapped their own home range. We found a positive correlation between male home-range area and the number of females overlapped by a male. Male reproductive success was not significantly correlated with home-range area but was positively associated with the number of females overlapped by a male home range, even after the effect of body size had been statistically removed. Despite this relationship, only about 40% of our observational estimates of reproductive success were confirmed by DNA fingerprinting in this population. Thus, many females had mates whose home ranges did not overlap their own, and proximity of a male to a particular female did not accurately predict paternity.

This panel provides an update for ASIS&T members on the activities of the Webinar Task Force and the Online Education Task Force to increase online communication and education efforts within the Society. Both task forces were formed by presidential appointment in 2011 with the goal of expanding the involvement of ASIS&T in the provision of online educational offerings. In addition to expanding webinar offerings, an organizational emphasis on online communication and education drives increased networking opportunities and ensures that members remain connected to the Society between annual meetings. Panel presentations include comments on the context of online education generally, insight into the background and context of the ASIS&T online education initiative, updates on the results and ongoing efforts of the task forces, and a perspective on the future and potential of online education within ASIS&T. Sponsors SIG/ED and the ASIS&T Online Education Task Force Conference Track TRACK 3, Innovation

Flock-forming passerines often use plumage characteristics to signal their social dominance. While the benefits to signal dominance seem obvious, costs associated with status signalling are ambiguous. The social control hypothesis predicts that individuals of high social status - with large badges - are involved in more social interactions with individuals of similar badge size. Cheaters are therefore exposed to increased risk of fighting with high quality individuals and the costs associated with enhanced fights with dominant males are supposed to outweigh the benefits of cheating. We tested the social control hypothesis in male house sparrows (Passer domesticus), by observing social interactions in captive flocks and determining dominance relationships. Two low status individuals within each flock had the size of their badge experimentally increased and the interactions involving experimental and control birds were recorded. We also assessed the potential physiological cost of cheating in terms of enhanced levels of the stress hormone, corticosterone. Dominance was significantly positively correlated with badge size, but not with other morphological traits. We found little support for the social control hypothesis. Birds did not have significantly more interactions with individuals of similar badge size, before the manipulation. Similarly, after the experimental increase in badge size, experimental birds did not tend to have more encounters with large-badged males. Experimental birds with enlarged badges won more fights compared with prior to the manipulation, suggesting that badge size is used as a signal of social dominance even in small and stable flocks. Finally, corticosterone levels in the blood did not increase significantly after the manipulation of badge size, suggesting that there is no measurable cost, resulting from stress, in cheaters.

Female preference for mates with elaborated ornaments has often been explained on the basis that exaggerated secondary sexual traits might reflect individual quality and females might gather direct and indirect benefits in mating with such males. Sexual signals must however also entail costs to be reliable indicators of male quality. Androgens have been suggested as a physiological link between sexual signals and individual quality for several reasons, including their immunosuppressive effect. In this study, we tested two hypotheses linked to the hormonal basis of sexual signal expression. First, we investigated whether testosterone is correlated with the size of the black feather bib on the throat of male house sparrows (Passer domesticus) – a trait involved in intra- and inter-sexual selection. Second, we tested whether testosterone affects the seasonal exposure of the trait. Observational work conducted in 1998 showed that the testosterone level was positively correlated with badge size both in spring and in the subsequent fall, after molt. In 1999, we experimentally reduced spring testosterone levels using silastic implants filled with cyproterone acetate, an antiandrogen. Male house sparrows implanted with cyproterone acetate showed reduced exposure of the badge, because the white tips of the black feathers of the badge wore off later than in control males implanted with empty silastic tubes. This result suggests that testosterone can be causally involved in the expression of a secondary sexual trait in house sparrows, at least in terms of its seasonal exposure.

This study reports the gender and seasonal specificity of hormonal, behavioral, and coloration responses displayed by "resident" male lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) exposed to male or female "intruders" during staged encounters in outdoor enclosures. Resident males were engaged in staged encounters with males or females for 1 h per day on 9 consecutive days during the breeding and postbreeding seasons. Male-specific responses occurred during the breeding but not the postbreeding season. These included (1) a transient increase in plasma testosterone (T) that was evident on Day 4 and had subsided by Day 10, (2) behavioral displays of aggression (full shows and chases), and (3) a lightening of dorsal integumental color. Female-specific behavioral responses (nod sets) were displayed in both seasons. Season-specific responses consisted only of a transient increase in plasma corticosterone (B) during the breeding season that was evident on Day 4 and had subsided by Day 10. Pushups were displayed in response to both genders during both seasons, although the frequency of pushups was significantly higher in response to females than to males during the postbreeding season. The coloration of residents did not change in response to male intruders during the postbreeding season or to females during either season. These results define the gender and seasonal specificity of hormonal, behavioral, and coloration responses of resident male S. undulatus in social interactions with conspecifics. Thus, our results clarify the biological significance of these responses in terms of potentially aggressive versus courtship interactions and breeding versus postbreeding contexts.

Outlines new database products appearing in the Gale Directory of Databases, a two‐volume work published twice a year. Provides figures for the distribution and percentage of new and newly implemented science technology and medicine databases, together with a lits of the databases including name, vendor and medium. Briefly discusses these by each medium.

This paper explores how the Journal of the American Society for Information Science (JASIS) has developed and what it might become. Topics covered include JASIS versus other ASIS publications, types of papers in JASIS, authors, competing journals, content scope, electronic enhancements, and how information scientists might shape the future of JASIS.

Summary Important organizations in the education of health sciences librarians include graduate schools of library and information science (LIS), the Medical Library Association (MLA), and the National Library of Medicine (NLM). This paper provides an overview of education for health sciences librarianship by considering its development, current status, and possible future evolution. Because health sciences librarians place a strong emphasis on lifelong learning, sections of the paper are devoted to post-master's programs and continuing education as well as to the master's degree program in library and information science. Another distinguishing characteristic of health sciences librarianship is the role of the professional association in providing a credentialing program for its members, now embodied in MLA's Academy of Health Information Professionals (AHIP). Resources useful to the student of health sciences librarian-ship, many of them published by MLA, are listed in an appendix to this paper.

This is the twelfth article on science, technology, and medicine (STM) databases in a continuing series of articles summarizing and commenting on new database products. Two companion articles, onecovering social sciences, humanities, news, and general (SSH) (Online & CD‐ROM Review, vol. 22, no. 5) and the other covering business and law (BSL) (Online & CD‐ROM Review, vol. 22, no. 6) will appear in the next issues of this journal. These articles are based on the newly appearing database products in the Gale Directory of Databases. The Gale Directory of Databases (GDD) was created in January 1993 by merging Computer‐Readable Databases: A Directory and Data Sourcebook (CRD) together with the Directory of Online Databases (DOD) and the Directory of Portable Databases (DPD).

This is the eleventh article on science, technology, and medicine (STM) databases in a continuing series of articles summarizing and commenting on new database products. Two companion articles, one covering social sciences, humanities, news, and general (SSH) (Online & CDROM Review, vol. 22, no.3) and the other covering business and law (BSL) (Online & CDROM Review, vol. 22, no. 3) will appear in the next issue of this journal. These articles are based on the newly appearing database products in the Gale Directory of Databases. The Gale Directory of Databases (GDD) was created in January 1993 by merging Computer‐Readable Databases: A Directory and Data Sourcebook (CRD) together with the Directory of Online Databases (DOD) and the Directory of Portable Databases (DPD).

This is the tenth article on science, technology and medicine (STM) databases in a continuing series of articles summarising and commenting on new database products. Two companion articles will appear in the next two issues of this journal, one covering social sciences, humanities, news and general (SSH) (Online & CDROM Review, vol. 21, no. 5) and the other covering business and law (BSL) (Online & CDROM Review, vol. 21, no. 6). These articles are based on the newly appearing database products in the Gale Directory of Databases. The Gale Directory of Databases (GDD) was created in January 1993 by merging Computer‐Readable Databases: A Directory and Data Sourcebook (CRD) together with the Directory of Online Databases (DOD) and the Directory of Portable Databases (DPD).

This is the ninth article on science, technology and medicine (STM) databases in a continuing series of articles summarising and commenting on new database products. Two companion articles will appear in the next two issues of this journal — one covering social sciences, humanities, news and general (SSH) (Online & CDROM Review, vol. 21, no. 2) and the other covering business and law (BSL) (Online & CDROM Review, vol. 21, no. 3). These articles are based on the newly appearing database products in the Gale Directory of Databases. The Gale Directory of Databases (GDD) was created in January 1993 by merging Computer‐Readable Databases: A Directory and Data Sourcebook (CRD) together with the Directory of Online Databases (DOD) and the Directory of Portable Databases (DPD).

This is the eighth article on science, technology and medicine (STM) databases in a continuing series of articles summarising and commenting on new database products. Two companion articles will appear in the next two issues of this journal, one covering social sciences, humanities, news and general (SSH) (Online & CDROM Review, vol. 20, no. 5) and the other covering business and law (BSL) (Online & CDROM Review, vol. 20, no. 6). These articles are based on the newly appearing database products in the Gale Directory of Databases. The Gale Directory of Databases (GDD) was created in January 1993 by merging Computer‐Readable Databases: A Directory and Data Sourcebook (CRD) together with the Directory of Online Databases (DOD) and the Directory of Portable Databases (DPD).

An overview of levels and approaches in the evaluation of knowledge-based systems is presented. There is a need for empirical studies using objective criteria in advance of completing the technical evaluation of such systems. A methodology for this type of evaluation developed for a particular knowledge-based indexing system is presented. It is suggested that the proposed study may serve as a model for the design of any evaluation in which the results of existing intellectual procedures are compared with results achieved when these procedures are aided by use of an appropriate expert system. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A significant minority of patients who have sustained a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) may exhibit persistent disability. There have been few attempts to describe and evaluate the effectiveness of neurorehabilitation for these patients. We conducted a retrospective analysis of the results of a neuropsychological rehabilitation programme for 20 patients with MTBI. Based upon the ability to resume productive functioning after treatment, 10 patients were determined to exhibit a good outcome and 10 patients were considered to exhibit a poor outcome. Patients with good outcome exhibited significant pre-post-treatment improvements on both neuropsychological measures of cognitive functioning and self-reported post-concussive symptoms. Patients with poor outcome demonstrated little improvement in either area, and in some cases showed a decline in functioning. The results are consistent with the view that there may be significant variability in recovery and response to treatment after MTBI. There is a continued need to identify which patients may benefit from neurorehabilitation, develop specially tailored interventions, and conduct controlled, prospective studies in this area.

This is the seventh article on science, technology and medicine databases in a continuing series of articles summarising and commenting on new database products. Two companion articles, one covering social sciences and humanities, news and general (SSH) (Online & CDROMReview, vol. 20, no. 2) and the other covering business and law (BSL) (Online & CDROM Review, vol. 20, no. 3) will appear in the next two issues of this journal. The articles are based on the newly appearing database products in the Gale Directory of Databases. The Gale Directory of Databases (GDD) was created in January 1993 by merging Computer‐Readable Databases: A Directory and Data Sourcebook (CRD) together with the Directory of Online Databases (DOD) and the Directory of Portable Databases (DPD).

This update concerns various recent developments which make it much more affordable and easier than before to access digital audio and video. Typically all that you require are a standard modem, an Internet connection and low‐cost or even free‐of‐charge software.

This is the sixth article on science, technology and medicine (STM) databases in a continuing series of articles summarising and commenting on new database products. Two companion articles, one covering social science, humanities, news and general (SSH) (Online & CDROM Review, vol. 19, no. 5), and the other covering business and law (BSL) (Online & CDROM Review, vol. 19, no. 6) will appear in the next two issues of this journal. The articles are based on the newly appearing database products in the Gale Directory of Databases. The Gale Directory of Databases (GDD) was created in January 1993 by merging Computer‐Readable Databases: A Directory and Data Sourcebook (CRD) together with the Directory of Online Databases (DOD) and the Directory of Portable Databases (DPD).

This is the fifth article on Science, Technology and Medicine (STM) databases in a continuing series of articles summarising and commenting on new database products. Two companion articles, one covering Social Science, Humanities, News and General (SSH) (Online & CDROM Review, vol. 19 issue 2), and the other covering Business and Law (BSL) (Online & CDROM Review, vol. 19 issue 3) will appear in the next two issues of this journal. The articles are based on the newly appearing database products in the Gale Directory of Databases. The Gale Directory of Databases (GDD) was created in January 1993 by merging Computer‐Readable Databases: A Directory and Data Sourcebook (CRD) together with the Directory of Online Databases (DOD) and the Directory of Portable Databases (DPD).

This is the fourth article on Science, Technology and Medicine (STM) Databases in a continuing series of articles summarizing and commenting on new database products. Two companion articles, one covering social science, humanities, news and general (SSH) (Online & CDROM Review vol. 18 issue 5), and the other covering business and law (BSL) (Online & CDROM Review vol. 18 issue 6) will appear in the next two issues of this journal. The articles are based on the newly appearing database products in the Gale Directory of Databases. The Gale Directory of Databases (GDD) was created in January 1993 by merging Computer‐Readable Databases: A Directory and Data Sourcebook (CRD) together with the Directory of Online Databases (DOD) and the Directory of Portable Databases (DPD).

This is the third article on Science, Technology and Medicine (STM) databases in a continuing series of articles summarizing and commenting on new database products. Two companion articles, one covering social science, humanities, news and general (SSH) (Online & CDROM Review vol. 18 issue 2) and the other covering business and law (BSL) (Online & CDROM Review vol. 18 issue 3) will appear in the next two issues of this journal. The articles are based on the newly appearing database products in the Gale Directory of Databases. The Gale Directory of Databases (GDD) was created in January 1993 by merging Computer‐Readable Databases: A Directory and Data Sourcebook (CRD) together with the Directory of Online Databases (DOD) and the Directory of Portable Databases (DPD).

Web-based Information Science Education (WISE) is a collaborative distance education model that increases the quality, access and diversity of online education opportunities. The WISE Consortium is a group of graduate Library and Information Science (LIS) programs founded on three pillars: quality, pedagogy, and collaborations (Montague & Pluzhenskaia, 2007). This chapter outlines the approach to achieving these three pillars and the assessment mechanisms used to measure the consortium’s success. Highlights include WISE Pedagogy, the administrative division of WISE dedicated to providing faculty development resources for online education, and WISE+, an initiative that supports partnerships enabling WISE schools and LIS associations to develop courses together suitable for graduate credit and continuing education. While the WISE consortium is specific to LIS education, the model could be applied more broadly to other disciplines.

We used the "morphology-performance-fitness" paradigm (Arnold, 1983) as our framework to investigate endocrine control of performance and fitness in Sceloporus undulatus (Eastern Fence Lizard). Focusing on males, we used the "natural experiments" of seasonal, sexual, and developmental variation in growth and in exercise endurance to identify testosterone and corticosterone as potential modulators of performance and related traits of interest. We followed with experimental manipulations of testosterone to investigate functional relationships, both in the laboratory and in the field. Further, we used focal observations and demographic studies, coupled with genetic determination of paternity, to test associations between performance and fitness, measured as reproductive success. We found that in males, endurance and plasma concentrations of testosterone and corticosterone are at their peaks in the spring breeding season, when lizards are most actively engaged in patrolling home ranges and in reproductive behavior. At that time, plasma concentrations of testosterone are correlated with body size; plasma concentrations of corticosterone and parameters of home range, including area and the number of overlapped females, are correlated with home-range overlap between males and females. During prereproductive development, males (but not females) experience a maturational increase in plasma testosterone. At about the same time, they become more active, expand their home ranges, and grow less quickly than do females, suggesting a trade-off in the allocation of energy, mediated by testosterone. Experimentally, testosterone has positive effects on fitness by stimulating endurance and reproductive activity and increasing home-range area, but it exacts costs in fitness by increasing ectoparasitism, decreasing growth, and decreasing survivorship. We found evidence of selection on body size, endurance, and home-range size (and thus access to potential mates). Despite having positive effects on performance traits, plasma concentrations of testosterone were not correlated with number of offspring sired by males. However, we found a strong correlation between the level of plasma corticosterone and the number of offspring sired. We also found evidence of size-assortative mating, indicating that for males, both the number and the size (and thus, fecundity) of their mates increase with body size. Our studies exemplify the power of natural history combined with experimental endocrine manipulations to identify hormonal regulators of performance and linkages to fitness. Furthermore, our results illustrate ecological and evolutionary significance of individual variation in endocrine traits.

Through case study, this chapter lends insight to ways online assessment can facilitate a holistic approach to the evaluation of distance education programs. In 2001, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign transitioned from program evaluation methods that relied heavily on data gathering by postal mail to online instruments. While the transition was spurred by the need to evaluate the campus’ first online degree program, online assessment methods are now used to review all off-campus degree programs. Results of this new assessment strategy have proven beneficial for continuous quality improvement across all modes of delivery.

This is the second article on Science, Technology and Medicine (STM) databases in a continuing series of articles summarizing and commenting on new database products. Two companion articles covering social sciences, humanities, general, multidisciplinary and news (SSH) and business and law (BSL),will appear in the next two issues of Online & CDROMReview, issues 5 and 6. The articles are based on the newly appearing database products in the Gale Directory of Databases. The Gale Directory of Databases (GDD) was created in January 1993 by merging Computer‐Readable Databases: A Directory and Data Sourcebook (CRD) with the Directory of Online Databases (DOD) and the Directory of Portable Databases (DPD).