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The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an almost immediate need to limit social contact, including access to full-time education. Teaching in the 2020/2021 academic year relied almost entirely on remote education. Medical students felt the problem of the lack of student-patient contact in particular. Internships and apprenticeships were kept to a minimum, and in many universities there were no apprenticeships, which also translated into the lack of acquisition of practical knowledge, which is very important in the work of a future medic. The study covered students from all voivodeships. The nationwide character of the study made it possible to obtain objective results. The objective of the study was to examine the level of satisfaction and acquired skills of students of the medical faculty, i.e. physiotherapy within remote education. The results of the study and the literature review show that the preferred form of education in medical faculties is a mixed form of education, and student satisfaction with the remote form is rather low. It has been shown that this method of education does not lower the level of satisfaction, and at the same time has a positive effect on the economic aspect of studying.

The aim of this paper is to present and encourage the use of activation methods in conducting classes with students. The article describes one activation technique – Mind Mapping. The author also describes the course of summary classes in the subject of ‘Economic Security’, during which this technique was used. The main objectives of conducting the above mentioned classes using Mind mapping were: 1. To include all students from a given group in the process of summarizing the knowledge of a given subject; 2. To motivate students to independently systematize the content learned during the classes. The author also asked herself the questions: 1. Is it worth combining the so-called traditional forms of teaching with activating methods? Do students like classes with the use of active methods? On the basis of literature review and students’ answers to a survey conducted at the end of classes, it can be definitely confirmed that it is worthwhile incorporating activation methods during classes as they actively engage students in the learning process. The use of activation methods leads to a significant increase in efficiency and improvement of the entire didactic process. The following research methods are used in this paper: a literature review on the presented topic and a survey questionnaire. The purpose of the literature review is to introduce the reader to the activation methods, their division and the individual steps of creating mind mapping. The purpose of the questionnaire survey among students was to obtain feedback on how to conduct classes with the use of the mind mapping activation method. The article presents a map made by students of the National Security major, as part of the final classes of the course ‘Economic Security’ implemented in the academic year 2018/2019, who prepared a summary of the acquired knowledge using the discussed activation technique., Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie i zachęcenie do stosowania metod aktywizacyjnych w prowadzeniu zajęć ze studentami. Artykuł opisuje jedną technikę aktywacji – Mind Mapping. Autorka pisze również o przebiegu zajęć podsumowujących z przedmiotu „Bezpieczeństwo ekonomiczne”, podczas których zastosowano tę technikę. Głównymi celami prowadzenia w/w zajęć z wykorzystaniem Mind Mapping były: 1. Włączenie wszystkich studentów z danej grupy w proces podsumowania wiedzy z danego przedmiotu; 2. Zmotywowanie studentów do samodzielnego usystematyzowania treści poznanych na zajęciach. Autorka zadała sobie również pytania. 1. Czy warto łączyć tzw. tradycyjne formy nauczania z metodami aktywizującymi? Czy uczniowie lubią zajęcia z wykorzystaniem metod aktywnych? Na podstawie przeglądu literatury oraz odpowiedzi studentów na ankietę przeprowadzoną na zakończenie zajęć można z całą pewnością stwierdzić, że warto na zajęciach stosować metody aktywizujące, które aktywnie angażują studentów w proces uczenia się. Stosowanie metod aktywizacyjnych prowadzi do znacznego wzrostu efektywności i usprawnienia całego procesu dydaktycznego. W pracy wykorzystano następujące metody badawcze: przegląd literatury przedmiotu oraz kwestionariusz ankiety. Celem przeglądu literatury jest zapoznanie czytelnika z metodami aktywizacji, ich podziałem oraz poszczególnymi etapami tworzenia map myśli. Celem badania ankietowego wśród uczniów było uzyskanie informacji zwrotnej na temat prowadzenia zajęć z wykorzystaniem aktywizacyjnej metody mapowania umysłu. W artykule przedstawiono mapę wykonaną przez studentów kierunku Bezpieczeństwo Narodowe w ramach zajęć końcowych realizowanych w roku akademickim 2018/2019 kursu „Bezpieczeństwo ekonomiczne”, którzy przygotowali podsumowanie zdobytej wiedzy z wykorzystaniem omawianej techniki aktywizacyjnej., Nr 6 (2021): Studia nad Bezpieczeństwem, 39–55, Nr 6 (2021): The study of Security, 39–55

Security is an important concept. A sense of security ensures the proper functioning of human beings and the possibility of development. It is one of the basic human needs. Insecurity causes anxiety. The modern concept of "security" is increasingly complex. Currently, security is not restricted to the political, military, economic, technical, environmental, or social spheres. The paper presents a model of human security functioning in turbulent environments., Bezpieczeństwo to pewien stan, który gwarantuje istnienie jednostki oraz możliwość jej rozwoju. Jest to jedna z podstawowych potrzeb człowieka, której niezaspokojenie wywołuje niepokój i poczucie zagrożenia. Współczesne pojęcie bezpieczeństwa ma coraz większy wymiar. Obecnie bezpieczeństwo to nie tylko aspekty polityczne, wojskowe, gospodarcze, techniczne, ekologiczne czy społeczne. W artykule przedstawiony został model ukazujący bezpieczeństwo jednostki (człowieka) funkcjonującej w danym otoczeniu., Nr 2 (2017): Studia nad Bezpieczeństwem, 33-44

In recent years a number of European countries have shifted their tax structure more strongly towards indirect taxes, motivated, inter alia, by the intention to foster competitiveness. Against this background, this paper develops a tractable two-country model of a monetary union, characterised by national fiscal and supranational monetary policy, with price-setting firms and endogenously determined terms of trade. The paper discusses a number of monetary and fiscal policy questions which emerge if one of the countries shifts its tax structure more strongly towards indirect taxes. Qualitatively, it is shown that the long-run effects of such a unilateral policy shift on output and consumption within and between the two countries depend sensitively on whether indirect tax revenues are used to lower direct taxes or to finance additional government expenditures. Moreover, short-run dynamics are shown to depend significantly on the speed at which fiscal adjustments take place, on the choice of the inflation index stabilised by the central bank, and on whether the tax shift is anticipated or not. Quantitatively, the calibrated model version indicates that only if the additional indirect tax revenues are used to finance a cut in direct taxes there is some, though limited scope for non-negligible spillovers between countries.

The EMU accession countries are obliged to fulfill the Maastricht convergence criteria prior to entering the EMU. This paper uses a DSGE model of a two-sector small open economy, to address the following question: How do the Maastricht convergence criteria modify optimal monetary policy in an economy facing domestic and external shocks? First, we derive the micro founded loss function that represents the objective function of the optimal monetary policy not constrained to satisfy the criteria. We find that the optimal monetary policy should not only target inflation rates in the domestic sectors and aggregate output fluctuations but also domestic and international terms of trade. Second, we show how the loss function changes when the monetary policy is constrained to satisfy the Maastricht criteria. The loss function of such a constrained policy is characterized by additional elements penalizing fluctuations of the CPI inflation rate, the nominal interest rate and the nominal exchange rate around the new targets which are potentially different from the steady state of the unconstrained optimal monetary policy. Under the chosen parameterization, the unconstrained optimal monetary policy violates two criteria: concerning the CPI inflation rate and the nominal interest rate. The constrained optimal policy results in targeting the CPI inflation rate and the nominal interest rate that are 0.7% lower (in annual terms) than the CPI inflation rate and the nominal interest rate in the countries taken as a reference. The welfare costs associated with these constraints need to be offset against credibility gains and other benefits related to the compliance with the Maastricht criteria that are not modelled.

Badano glikoproteiny matriks jądrowej wątroby chomika, kury i żaby. Nasze wyniki wykazują podobieństwo wykresów glikoprotein rozpoznawanych przez konkanawalinę A (ConA) matriks jądrowej wątroby badanych gatunków zwierząt w przeciwieństwie do wykresów glikoprotein otrzymanych po zastosowaniu lektyny z Galanthus nivalis (GNA). Może to odzwierciedlać różnice w strukturze łańcucha oligosacharydowego pewnych glikoprotein matriks jądrowej wątroby chomika, kury i żaby. Zadanie pt. „Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki” nr 885/P-DUN/2014 dofinansowane zostało ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej naukę.

The unifying theme of this dissertation is economic growth in a broad sense. On one hand, economic growth is influenced by productivity growth that has economic consequences for converging economies, which gradually catchup to those that are more advanced. On the other hand, economic growth is influenced by fiscal policy, more specifically by government decisions about taxes and government expenditure. This dissertation consists of three separate chapters. In the first chapter, I focus on the Balassa-Samuelson (henceforth B-S) effect in the context of the convergence of the Czech Republic to the Euro Area. The B-S effect implies that highly productive countries have higher inflation and appreciating real exchange rates because of larger productivity growth differentials between tradable and nontradable sectors relative to advanced economies. The B-S effect may pose a threat to converging European countries that would like to adopt the Euro because of the limits imposed on inflation and nominal exchange rate movements by the Maastricht criteria. Thus, the main goal of this study is to determine whether the B-S effect is a relevant issue for the Czech Republic in complying with selected Maastricht criteria before adopting the Euro. For this purpose, I build and estimate a two-sector DSGE model of a small open...