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IntroductionPhysical activity interventions improve cognitive performance, especially visuospatial working memory (VSWM). However, evidence on the effects of these interventions in children, adolescents, and older adults remains scant. This meta-analysis aimed to identify the effects of physical activity on VSWM improvement in healthy individuals and the best exercise intervention program to improve VSWM capacity.MethodsWe searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise interventions targeting VSWM in healthy individuals from Web of Science, MEDLINE, BIOSIS Previews, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data (Chinese) databases, from inception to August 20, 2022.ResultsAmong 21 articles (1,595 healthy participants), the heterogeneity test statistic was I2 = 32.3%, p = 0.053. The mean quality scores of the included articles were 6.9 points (reaction time [RT] studies) and 7.5 points (Score studies). Moreover, 28 RCTs were included (10 RT studies and 18 Score studies), and the subgroup analysis found significant effects for elderly participants, children, interventions involving a higher level of cognitive engagement, low and moderate exercise intensity, chronic exercise, exercise duration ≥60 min, and exercise period ≥90 days. Physical activity had a small but significant positive impact on VSWM in healthy individuals. Current evidence confirms the effects of physical activity on VSWM capacity only in children and seniors but not in young adults. Other age groups, including adolescents and middle-aged adults, have not been studied. Prescription of interventions involving high-level cognitive engagement, low and moderate exercise intensity, chronic exercise, exercise for >30 min per session, and exercise for more than 3 months is recommended for children and seniors.DiscussionFuture RCTs would be to fill the gap in studies on adolescents and middle-aged adults, and report detailed exercise intervention programs about different age groups.Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022354737). INPLASY (https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0053).

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The clearance flow patterns and pressure distribution determine the clearance axial hydraulic thrust of a pump turbine, which has a substantial impact on the unit axial imbalance. However, due to the tiny size and complex shape of the clearance flow channel, there is no detailed description of the flow patterns and pressure characteristics. In this study, we conducted a model test with particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements and CFD simulation of a rotating disk flow that was a simplified model of the pump-turbine clearance flow. It is shown that a typical Batchelor flow is formed in the clearance region, demonstrating a “core region + double-boundary layers” distribution for the circumferential velocity along the clearance height direction; the core region rotates at a speed of only around 41–42% of the rotating disk speed and is independent of the clearance inlet pressure and clearance height. Driven by centrifugal force, the flow is radially outward around the rotating disk, while inward around the stationary disk in the meridian section, showing secondary flow vortices. The pressure in the clearance region has a circumferentially symmetric and radially quadratic distribution. Based on the liquid differential equilibrium equation and core region circumferential velocity, the pressure and clearance axial hydraulic thrust in the clearance region can be expressed as a function of the clearance inlet pressure and the square of the runner rotating speed. These findings can be used to investigate axial force imbalance issues of the pump-turbine unit.

In this paper, the pressure correctionfinite element method is proposed for the 2D/3D time-dependent thermomicropolarfluid equations. Thefirst-order and second-order backward difference formulas (BDF) are adopted to approximate the time derivative term, stability analysis and error estimation of the first-order semi-discrete scheme are proved. Finally, some numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method, which can be used to simulate the problem with high Rayleigh number.

After acute myocardial infarction, early restoration of myocardial perfusion by thrombolysis or percutaneous coronary intervention is the most effective way to reduce the size of myocardial infarction and improve clinical outcomes. However, recovery of blood flow to the ischemic myocardium may cause ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, a phenomenon that instead reduces the efficacy of myocardial reperfusion. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has long been used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and has shown remarkable efficacy. Many studies have shown that some TCMs and their active components can exert protective effects against myocardial I/R injury through different mechanisms. This review summarized the protective mechanisms and current research advances of TCMs in myocardial I/R injury.

Hydropower units are usually operated in non-design conditions because of power grid requirements. In a partial-load condition, an inter-blade vortex phenomenon occurs between the runner blades of a Francis turbine, causing pressure pulsation and unit vibration, which hinder the safe and stable operation of power stations. However, the mechanism through which the inter-blade vortex generation occurs is not entirely clear. In this study, a specific model of the Francis turbine was used to investigate and visually observe the generation of the blade vortex in Francis turbines in both the initial inter-blade and vortex development zones. Particle image velocimetry was used for this purpose. In addition, we determined the variation law of the inter-blade vortex in the Francis turbine. We found that the size and strength of the inter-blade vortex depend on the unit speed of the turbine. The higher the unit speed is, the stronger the inter-blade vortex becomes. We concluded that the inter-blade vortex of such turbines originates from the pressure surface or secondary flow and stall of the blade at the inlet side of the runner at high unit speeds, and also from the backflow zone of the suction surface of the blade at low unit speeds.

Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury mainly causes acute kidney injury (AKI) after renal transplantation, trauma, sepsis, and hypovolemic shock. Patients with renal I/R injury are frequently associated with a poor prognosis. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for the prevention and treatment of various diseases in China and other Asian countries for centuries. Many studies have shown the protective effect of TCM on renal I/R injury, due to its diverse bioactive components. The potential mechanisms of TCMs on renal I/R injury include anti-inflammation, antioxidative effect, anti-cell death, downregulation of adhesion molecule expression, regulation of energy metabolism by restoring Na+-K+-ATPase activity, and mitochondrial fission. This review summarizes the major developments in the effects and underlying mechanisms of TCMs on the renal I/R injury.

Owing to the need for power grid peak regulation and frequency regulation, the pumped storage unit has to undergo frequent working condition conversion, and the pump turbine runs across the four quadrants of the full characteristics during the transition. This study used the full flow numerical simulation and particle imaging velocimetry test to examine the internal flow characteristics of three guide vane openings (GVO). Consequently, the evolution law of the internal flow pattern of the pump turbine was obtained. According to our results, in the high-efficiency areas of the turbine and the pump, the runner and guide vane areas flowed steadily, whereas, under other unsteady conditions, there was a vortex structure between the runner area and the vane area. Except for the pump-braking mode, all the most unstable flow areas appeared in the vaneless space. The flow in the runner channel was most unstable in pump-braking mode. Finally, we obtained test images of different operating points in the four-quadrant operating area as well as vortex motion trends.

Draft tube vortex is one of the main causes of hydraulic instability in hydraulic reaction turbines, in particular Francis turbines. A method of cavitation calculations was proposed to predict the pressure fluctuations induced by draft tube vortices in a model Francis turbine, by solving RANS equations with RNG k-turbulence model and ZGB cavitation model, with modified turbulence viscosity. Three cases with different flow rates at high head were studied. In the study case of part load, two modes of revolutions with the same rotating direction, revolution around the axis of the draft tube cone, and revolution around the core of the vortex rope, can be recognized. The elliptical shaped vortex rope causes anisotropic characteristics of pressure fluctuations around the centerline of the draft tube cone. By analyzing the phase angles of the pressure fluctuations, the role of the vortex rope as an exciter in the oscillating case can be recognized. An analysis of Batchelor instability, i.e. instability in q-vortex like flow structure, has been carried out on the draft tube vortices in these three cases. It can be concluded that the trajectory for study case with part load lies in the region of absolute instability (AI), and it lies in the region of convective instability (CI) for study case with design flow rate. Trajectory for study case with over load lies in the AI region at the inlet of the draft tube, and enters CI region near the end of the elbow.

Demin Liu1, Chunbai He1, Andrew Z Wang2, Wenbin Lin1 1Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; 2Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Abstract: Platinum-based chemotherapy, such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and carboplatin, is one of the most widely utilized classes of cancer therapeutics. While highly effective, the clinical applications of platinum-based drugs are limited by their toxicity profiles as well as suboptimal pharmacokinetic properties. Therefore, one of the key research areas in oncology has been to develop novel platinum analog drugs and engineer new platinum drug formulations to improve the therapeutic ratio further. Such efforts have led to the development of platinum analogs including nedaplatin, heptaplatin, and lobaplatin. Moreover, reformulating platinum drugs using liposomes has resulted in the development of L-NDPP (Aroplatin™), SPI-77, Lipoplatin™, Lipoxal™, and LiPlaCis®. Liposomes possess several attractive biological activities, including biocompatibility, high drug loading, and improved pharmacokinetics, that are well suited for platinum drug delivery. In this review, we discuss the various platinum drugs and their delivery using liposome-based drug delivery vehicles. We compare and contrast the different liposome platforms as well as speculate on the future of platinum drug delivery research. Keywords: liposome, platinum analog, drug delivery, cancer

In this paper, a new algorithm based on differential geometry viewpoint to solve the 3D rotating Navier-Stokes equations with complex Boundary is proposed, which is called Bi-parallel algorithm. For xample, it can be applied to passage flow between two blades in impeller and circulation flow through aircrafts with complex geometric shape of boundary. Assume that a domain in $R^3$ can be decomposed into a series sub-domain, which is called "flow layer", by a series smooth surface $\Im_k, k=1,...,M$. Applying differential geometry method, the 3D Navier-Stokes operator can be split into two kind of operator: the "Membrane Operator" on the tangent space at the surface $\Im_k$ and the "Bending Operator" along the transverse direction. The Bending Operators are approximated by the finite different quotients and restricted the 3D Naver-Stokes equations on the interface surface $\Im_k$, a Bi-Parallel algorithm can be constructed along two directors: "Bending" direction and "Membrane" directors. The advantages of the method are that: (1) it can improve the accuracy of approximate solution caused of irregular mesh nearly the complex boundary; (2) it can overcome the numerically effects of boundary layer, whic is a good boundary layer numerical method; (3) it is sufficiency to solve a two dimensional sub-problem without solving 3D sub-problem., 44 pages, 8 figures

Objectives Introduction To explore the effect of amlodipine, atorvastatin, and their combination on the activated RANKL/RANK/OPG system, by investigating the changes of RANKL, RANK and OPG expression in SHR. Methods 36-week-old SHR were randomly allocated into four groups: a vehicle-treated control group; an amlodipine (10 mg/kg/day)-treated group; an atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day)-treated group; and a group treated with a combination of amlodipine and atorvastatin (both at 10 mg/kg/day). In addition, WKY rat was chose as control group of normal blood pressure. Drugs were administered by oral gavage every morning for a period of 12 weeks before hearts were harvested for analysis. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was assessed by morphology measurement. Western blot and RT-PCR was used to observe the protein and gene expression of RANKL, RANK and OPG. Results LVMI in SHR was higher than that in WKY, and treatment with amlodipine or atorvastatin significantly decreased LVMI (each p 0.05). Conclusions Both protein and mRNA expression of RANKL, RANK, and OPG in SHR were significantly enhanced compared with WKY, suggesting that the pathologic changes of ventricular remodelling may be associated with the activation of RANKL/RANK/OPG system. Amlodipine and atorvastatin may obviously reverse advanced cardiac hypertrophy by way of down regulation of the activated RANKL/ RANK/OPG system.