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Additional file 1. Table S1 showing the parameters of measured climatic variables of each FIT plot among three sample regions.

Li-Jun Chen,1,2 Wang Xu,1 Ya-Ping Li,3 Li-Ting Ma,1 Hui-Fang Zhang,1 Xiao-Bo Huang,1 Geng-Geng Yu,1 Xiu-Qin Ma,1 Chao Chen,1 Yan-Hong Liu,1 Jie Wu,4 Li-Jun Wang,4 Yuan Xu4 1Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan City, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Respiratory Medicine, Weihai Municipal Hospital of Shandong Province, Weihai, Shandong, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Clinical Institute, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Li-Jun ChenDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 2, Liqun West Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-13895016600Fax +86-951-6192235Email ycchenlj@163.comBackground: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic airway inflammatory disease characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction. Pathogenic mechanisms underlying COPD remain largely unknown.Objective: The current study was designed to explore serum concentration of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in stable COPD patients and the potential effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) on HIF-1α protein expression.Methods: Serum HIF-1α was quantified by ELISA in 102 stable COPD patients before and after 2-week orally taken LBP (100 mL/time, twice daily, 5– 15 mg/mL). Correlation of serum LBP and lung function (FEV1%) or blood gas (PO2 and PCO2) was also analyzed. As a control, 105 healthy subjects were also enrolled into this study.Results: Serum concentration of HIF-1α was significantly higher in the stable COPD patients (37.34 ± 7.20 pg/mL) than that in the healthy subjects (29.55 ± 9.66 pg/mL, P< 0.001). Oral administration of LBP (5 mg/mL, 100 mL, twice daily for 2 weeks) not only relieved COPD symptoms but also significantly reduced serum HIF-1α concentration (36.94 ± 9.23 vs 30.49 ± 6.42 pg/mL, P< 0.05). In addition, level of serum HIF-1α concentration was significantly correlated with PCO2 (r = 0.283, P< 0.001), but negatively and significantly correlated with PO2 (r = − 0.490, P=0.005) or FEV1%(r = − 0.420, P=0.018).Conclusion: These findings suggested that activation of HIF-1 signaling pathway may be involved in the pathophysiology of COPD and that stabilization of serum HIF-1α concentration by LBP might benefit the stable COPD patients.Keywords: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD, hypoxia-induced factor 1, HIF-1, Lycium barbarum polysaccharides, LBP

Metal pollution may pose a high risk to the ecosystem stability. To evaluate the impact of the metal pollution on the biodiversity, metals concentrations in sediments, water, and molluscan shells were analyzed at sixteen sites in the Manzala lagoon, which is the largest in the Nile–Delta. The samples were collected along a gradient from the main agricultural drain, which brings mixed industrial, domestic, and agricultural wastes. An exponential trend of increasing metals concentration towards the main agricultural drain was observed. For sediment and faunal samples this trend was statistically significant in most cases, however, this trend was not found for all metals in water samples except for Zn. Partial Least Square (PLS) model confirmed that the distance to the drain is a second major predictor of the observed metal concentrations after sediment grain–size, while other physicochemical parameters have minor effects. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between most metals in the fauna and their respective sediments. In contrast, neither sediment nor faunal metal concentrations did correlate with water samples. Collectively, all pollution indices (enrichment factor, contamination factor, and geo–accumulation index) indicate high pollution by Cd and Pb and moderate pollution by Zn. UPGMA clustering and non–metric Multidimensional scaling (nMDS) classified the sites in the lagoon into three main categories: 1) highly polluted southeast corner around the drain, 2) moderately polluted northeastern corner, where the newly widened and deepened sea–outlet occur, 3) unpolluted northwestern part, which located away from the drain. Multiple regression analysis showed that the distance to the pollution source, salinity, and water depth are significantly predict the faunal diversity. Furthermore, the Pollution Load index (PLI) was significantly correlated with the diversity indices. Lower diversity and dominance of opportunistic taxa in the polluted sites are interpreted to be negative consequences of the metal pollution.

Additional file 1. Biodistribution of micelles estimated using in vivo imaging.

To establish a recombinase-aided isothermal amplification (RAA) assay for detection ofBased onA fluorescent RAA assay was successfully established, which was effective to amplify the specific 18S RNA gene fragments ofA novel fluorescent RAA assay is successfully established, which is simple, rapid, sensitive and specific to detect genomic DNA of[

如何划分宪法赋予公民的言论自由权利与网络时代言论型犯罪的界限，是当下司 法实务面临的重要问题。在言论型犯罪的构造中，应纳入事实与观点二分法、公事 与私事二分法、客观真实与主观真实二分法，将合理确信规则下的”主观真实”作为 踲法阻却事由；基于网络媒介的科技特点与社会属性，网络服务提供者只具备中立义 务，对之不应简单地以共犯理论或不作为犯罪理论予以入罪。在言论型犯罪的诉讼 中，原则上须根据实际或...

To develop a florescent recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) assay for rapid detection ofSnail samples were divided into 3 groups, and each group consisted of 7 subgroups. There were 50 uninfected snails mixed with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10 infected snails in the 6 subgroups, respectively, and the remaining subgroup contained 100 uninfected snails mixed with 1 infected snails. DNA was extracted from snails in the three groups using a genomic DNA extraction kit following snail crushing and snail shells removal, crude nucleic acid extraction assay following snail crushing and snail shells removal, and crude nucleic acid extraction assay following direct snail crushing with snail shells preserved, and subjected to florescent RAA and PCR as says. The detection results were compared between the two assays.A florescent RAA assay was developed, which completed the detection ofA fluorescent RAA assay that is rapid to detect

To establish a novel method for the detection ofThe gene fragment SjG28 ofThe specific gene fragment was amplified from genomic DNA of adult worms and eggs ofA novel method for the detection of[

The internal enterprise's innovation network is one of the important drivers of the drive organization's innovation performance. Based on the theory of social network, this paper analyzes the patent data of Chinese ICT listed companies from 2005 to 2014 with the help of negative binomial regression. We systematically and comprehensively analyze the effects of Chinese ICT listed company internal inventor cooperation network characteristics on innovation performance from three dimensions: network location, small world and cooperation intensity. The empirical results show that the relationship between betweenness centrality and innovation performance is inverted U-shaped, the same as the relationship between clustering coefficient and innovation performance; and the intensity of network cooperation has a positive effect on the innovation performance of enterprises. The structure hole has no a significant influence on the company innovation performance in the network location. The results of this article are of reference meaning for improving the innovation performance of ICT industry in China.

Purpose: To investigate the anti-depressant activity of kaempferol, quercetin, kaempferol-3-O-β-Dglucose and quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucose isolated from Apocynum venetum Linn. (Apocynaceae) leaf and their mechanisms of action.Methods: The four flavonoids were isolated from Apocynum venetum leaf by chromatography. Mice were divided into vehicle, fluoxetine, kaempferol, quercetin, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucose and quercetin- 3-O-β-D-glucose groups (n = 10). Forced swimming (FST), tail suspension (TST) and locomotor activity (LAT) tests were used to evaluate the effects of the four flavonoids (0.35 mM/kg) on immobility time, monoamine neurotransmitters, viz, norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5- HT), as well as on the metabolite (5-HIAA) in mice brain and central nervous system (CNS) with the aid of video camera, HPLC-ECD and activity-monitoring system.Results: The four flavonoids significantly (p < 0.05) reduced mice immobility time (72.58 - 90.24; 52.58 - 70.24 s), 5-HIAA levels (940.8 - 1244.7; 880.8 - 1164.1 ng/g) and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio (1.77 - 4.76; 1.83 - 4.16), but increased NE, DA and 5-HT levels (238.7 - 405.7, 308.4 - 528.1, 261.4 - 531.9; 243.9 - 423.6, 296.7 - 534.9, 279.8 - 481.4 ng/g) in FST and TST, compared with control group (146.18, 126.18 s; 1363.4, 1240.9 ng/g; 7.43, 6.16; 138.4, 235.4, 183.4 and 143.7, 218.6, 201.4 ng/g). The effects of the four flavonoids on the above indices were significant (p < 0.05) and positively related to their polarity. They had no CNS-stimulating effects in LAT.Conclusion: The anti-depressant activities of the four flavonoids are positively related to their polarity, and the mechanisms may be due to increased NE, DA and 5-HT and reduced 5-HT metabolism.Keywords: Kaempferol, Quercetin, Forced swimming test, Tail suspension test, Locomotor activity test, Neurotransmitters

The objectives of this study are to explore whether separate sources of trans fatty acids (TFA) have different effects on ECV304 cell line and to further elucidate the oxidation mechanism induced by TFA. ECV304 cells are used in the study because they display many endothelial features. Cell apoptosis rates increased in a dose-dependent manner following 24-h treatment with TFA from separate sources. Additionally, TFA stimulated human alpha-defensin 1 (HNP-1) expression and resulted in a significant increase in both malondialdehyde (MDA) and ROS levels. MDA levels reach their peak at 18 h. HNP-1 expression levels increase at 2 h and then reach their peak at 10 h. At the same time, the protein carbonyl (PCO) value declines slightly. After 10 h of TFA co-culture, the cells were washed and fresh low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was added. MDA generation significantly increased after 6 h and it could be inhibited by 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide (ABAH) or sodium ferulate. However, after the TFA co-culture for 2 h, adding LDL for 6 h just caused slight MDA generation change and the MDA generation could be inhibited by verapamil or sodium ferulate. TFA from different sources did not have different effects on ECV304. HNP-1 mediates the oxidation induced by TFA by activating ROS. Furthermore, TFA can stimulate the oxidation of LDL in ECV304 cells through both passive and active pathway. In the oxidation induced by linoelaidic acid, ABAH can decrease the MDA generation in active oxidation pathway and verapamil can decrease the MDA generation in passive oxidation pathway.

Plasma polymerized fluorocarbon (FC) films have been deposited on silicon substrates from dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma of C4F8 at room temperature under a pressure of 25~125 Pa. The effects of the discharge pressure and frequency of power supply on the films have been systematically investigated. FC films with a less cross linked structure may be formed at a relatively high pressure. Increase in the frequency of power supply leads to a significant increase in the deposition rate. Static contact angle measurements show that deposited FC films have a stable, hydrophobic surface property. All deposited films show smooth surfaces with an atomic surface roughness. The relationship between plasma parameters and the properties of the deposited FC films are discussed.

Here we presented a simple approach to fabricate the microstructures of InP by electrochemical etching. Microrods were formed while InP etched in 7 M HCl solutions for 30 s, and microtips were obtained while InP etched for 120 s. In addition, with increasing applied potential the surface of the microrods became smoother. The formation mechanism was also discussed in this article.

Vortex patterns of dust particles have been observed in a magnetized dusty plasma system. The formation mechanism of two-dimensional (2D) vortex patterns has been investigated by analysing the forces acting on dust particles and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in a 2D confined magnetized dusty plasma. It has been found that with a weak confining electric field and a strong magnetic field, the particles' trajectories will form a vortex shape. The simulation results agree with our experimental observations. In our experiments, vortex patterns can be induced via circular rotation of particles by changing the rf (radio-frequency) power in a magnetized dusty plasma.

Pulmonary hypertension is characterized by extensive vascular remodelling, leading to increased pulmonary vascular resistance and eventual death due to right heart failure. The pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension involves vascular endothelial dysfunction and disordered vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration, but the exact processes remain unknown. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lysophospholipid involved in a wide spectrum of biological processes. S1P has been shown to regulate VSMC proliferation and migration and vascular tension via a family of five S1P G-protein-coupled receptors (S1P1-SIP5). S1P has been shown to have both a vasoconstrictive and vasodilating effect. The S1P receptors S1P1 and S1P3 promote, while S1P2 inhibits VSMC proliferation and migration in vitro in response to S1P. Moreover, it has been reported recently that sphingosine kinase 1 and S1P2 inhibitors might be useful therapeutic agents in the treatment of empirical pulmonary hypertension. The sphingosine kinase 1/S1P signalling pathways may play a role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. Modulation of this pathway may offer novel therapeutic strategies.

Technology aided instruction and intervention (TAII) is an evidence based practice intervention method for autistic individuals. With three dimensional display and body awareness, somatic games are video games operated through body movements. It achie ves human computer interaction in an effective way, and has great potential to support autistic individuals to obtain target skills. This study reviews research literature on the studies of intervention in autistic children by using somatic games, sums up the strength and problems of the study, and then gives enlightenment on related research and practice in future.

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and non verbal communication and restricted and repetitive behavior. Wi th increasing number of school age children with autism in China, regular schools refuse to accept them due to the lack of professional services and resources. This caused some children with autism drop out of school, some even commit suicide. As a result, where to place them and how to provide appropriate education becomes one of the focus points of special education academe in China. Chinese government has put forward Special Education Promotion Plan (2014 2016) in 2014, which clearly encourages to establ ish specific special schools (departments) for children and adolescents with autism. This paper reviews the development of educational placement for children with autism internationally, then draws a conclusion that developed countries are trying to provid e diverse educational placement options (including special schools, regular schools, special classrooms in regular schools, as well as providing home services) to meet the complex educational needs of children with autism. This paper also discusses the fea sibility to establish special schools for children with autism and explicitly point out that as one of the diverse educational placement, the purpose of special schools of children with autism is to satisfy the diverse educational needs of severe and moder ate children with autism with low functioning. In the end, this study provides suggestions in improving diverse educational placement for children with autism in China.

In this paper, the structural and single-particle motive properties of a two-dimensional dusty plasmas are investigated numerically by molecular dynamics simulation within the framework of a dissipative Yukawa model. The pair correlation function, the mean square displacement, the static structure factor, and the bond angle correlation function characterizing the structural properties, and the velocity autocorrelation function with Fourier spectrum function characterizing the single-particle motion have been calculated for different values of coupling constant Gamma and viscous damping constant v(f). The results show that the system will coagulate quickly with increasing viscous damping constant and coupling constant, and the critical value of friction parameter decreases with increasing the coupling constant in the system.

Atomic force microscopy is used to estimate and compare the surface morphology of hydrogenated and hydrogen-free diamond-like carbon (DLC) films. The films were prepared by using DC magnetron sputtering of a graphite target, pulsed cathodic carbon arcs, electron cyclotron resonance (ECR), plasma source ion implantation and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). The difference in the surface structure is presented for each method of deposition. The influences of various discharge parameters on the film surface properties are discussed based upon the experimental results. The coalescence process via the diffusion of adsorbed carbon species is responsible for the formation of hydrogen-free DLC films with rough surfaces. The films with surface roughness at an atomic level can be deposited by energetic ion impacts in a highly ionized carbon plasma. The dangling bonds created by atomic hydrogen lead to the uniform growth of hydrocarbon species at the a-C:H film surfaces of the ECR or DBD plasmas.

The behaviour of defect particles in a two-dimensional (2D) confined dusty plasma system is investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The mean square displacement (MSD) and the pair correlation function g(r) are used to characterize the structural and dynamical properties of the system. The influences of the number and the charge (mass) of the defect particles on the system configurations are simulated. All the defect particles with charges (masses) larger than the normal particles have the trend to move towards the system centre. The moving speed of the defect particles towards the centre increases with the increasing number and charge (mass) of defect particles and with the system temperature.

Multi-species charged-particles interacting with each other by a competing short-range attraction and long-range repulsion potential confined in a quadratic trap are studied with molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that particles with similar mass-to-charge ratio tend to populate a common shell, whose location depends on the particle mass-to-charge ratio, and that the greater the latter is, the closer the particles to the centre of the trap are. This rule for the ground-state configuration is independent of the total particle and species numbers in the system.

In this paper we elected to nitrate p-xylene because this compound has only one mononitro- and trinitro- isomer. Trinitro-p-xylene was used as a starting material for the synthesis of other compounds in subsequent work. The mononitration of p-xylene can be easily carried out at 30°C. Nitro-p-xylene is easily nitrated to dinitro-p-xylene at a temperature of 80°C. The trinitro-p-xylene can be obtained at 120°C. Single crystals of 2,3-dinitro-p-xylene and 2,3,5-trinitro-p-xylene were grown using the slow cooling method and we report the X-ray structure of the former. The thermal decomposition of the compounds was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry-derivative thermogravimetry (TG-DTG) techniques and FT-IR. The target compounds were also characterized by 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and MS. Keywords : p -Xylene, Nitration, Thermal Analysis Introduction The nitration of p -xylene to give the corresponding mononitro- p -xylene, dinitro- p -xylene (DPX) and trinitro

The structure and single-particle motion of a two-dimensional dusty plasma have been investigated. Pair correlation function, mean square displacement, velocity autocorrelation function, and the corresponding spectrum function have been computed by molecular dynamical simulation. The results show that the coagulation of a two-dimensional dusty plasma system is strongly affected by particle density and temperature, which are discussed in details.

We present a simple three-neuron Hopfield neural network as a tentative model to illustrate the perspective alternation of Necker cube. This neural network has a chaotic attractor with two "leaves", each leaf can be regarded as a dynamic process corresponding a feature of the Necker cube. This tentative model suggests another manifestation of the role of chaos in information processing.

The structure and phase transition of a two-dimensional (2D) dusty plasma have been investigated in detail by molecular dynamics simulation. Pair correlation function, static structure factor, mean square displacement and bond angle correlation function have been calculated to characterize the structural properties. The variation of internal energy, shear modulus, particle trajectories and structural properties with temperature has been monitored to study the phase transition of the 2D dusty plasma system. The simulation results are in favour of a two-step continuous transition for this kind of plasma.

Collective motion modes existing in a two-dimensional Yukawa system are investigated by molecular dynamics simulation. The dispersion relations of transverse and longitudinal lattice waves obtained for hexagonal lattice are in agreement with the theoretical results. The negative dispersion of the parallel longitudinal wave is demonstrated by the simulation, and is explained by a physical model.

Like the spin in spintronics, the valley index in graphene can be viewed as a new carrier of information, which is useful for designing modern electronic devices. Recently, we have applied the concept of valleytronics to photonic graphene, revealed valley-dependent beam splitting effect and realized pseudomagnetic field. The pseudomagnetic field enables a novel manipulation of photons. In this paper, the photonic analogy of valley Hall effect in uniaxially distorted photonic graphene is investigated. It is found that photons in two valleys are subjected to pseudomagnetic fields that are equal in strength but opposite in sign. With the increasing of distortion, the valley Hall effect becomes stronger. In addition, it is found that the photonic valley Hall effect can still be maintained under the influence of loss, although the beam intensity decreases. The photonic analogy of valley Hall effect induced by pseudomagnetic field in uniaxially distorted photonic graphene may be very useful for controlling the flow of light in future valley-polarized devices.

The typical forest communities under four different succession stages in Changbai Mountains were selected to study the stoichiometric traits of stems and leaves of dominant species in different layers, and the relationships between these stoichiometric traits and terrain factors. The results showed that leaf nitrogen content (LNC) was significantly positively correlated with leaf phosphorus content (LPC) and stem nitrogen content (SNC), and positively with stem phosphorus content (SPC). The LPC was positively correlated with SPC and negatively with leaf N/P, stem N/P. The leaf N/P was positively correlated with stem N/P. SNC was positively correlated with SPC. There were significant differences in the stoichiometric traits of the plant species at tree layers among the different succession forest communities, while no obvious difference in shrub layers except for leaf N/P. Based on RDA analysis, it indicated that the plant communities in the Changbai Mountains is N-affected in the primary stage of succession, while N- and P-affected in the mid and later stages with a stronger impact from P.

The behaviors of electrons as they move under the influence of mirror magnetic field and non-uniform electric field in a positive column of helium radio frequency gas discharge are studied by Monte Carlo simulation. Some types of collisions (elastic, excitation and ionization collisions) are considered. Graphs showing how the electron density, electron energy, electron current density, collision rate and the electron-scattering angular distribution are affected by the mirror magnetic field are presented. The results indicate that the mirror magnetic field can control the electron transport behavior in the positive column. In the presence of the mirror magnetic field, the electrons are restricted in the middle part of the positive column, and the electron density is greatly increased. The electron collision rate and the electron current density are enhanced in the middle region, and the electron-scattering angles are extended by the mirror magnetic fields. These results are in good agreement with experimental results.

A Monte Carlo simulation technique has been used to model the electron transport behavior, especially the electron density and energy distributions under the influence of a mirror magnetic field and a uniform electric field in a positive column of helium direct current (DC) gas discharge. Graphs showing the electron density and energy distributions, and the percentage of electrons that reach the wall and the end of the positive column are presented. The results indicate that the mirror magnetic field can control the electron transport behavior in the positive column which are in good agreement with experimental results.

Influences of the carrier concentration and mobility of heavily doped n-type Si80 Ge20 alloys on the thermoelectrical power factor are investigated. The experimental results indicate that thermoelectrical power factors of 32–36μW cm−1 K−2 could be consistently achieved with carrier concentrations of 2.1–2.9 × 1020 cm−3 and carrier mobilities of 36–40 cm2 V−1 s−1. However, many samples with suitable carrier concentrations do not always have high mobilities and high power factors. Some possible explanations for this behaviour are discussed.

A two-dimensional dusty plasma lattice in an rf discharge was observed. The structural and dynamical properties were analysed by computing pair correlation function, static structure factor, bond-orientational correlation function and mean square displacement. The bond-orientational correlation function was found to fit into the law of r-0.25, and the mean square displacement experienced ``ballistic'', ``subdiffusive'' and ``diffusive'' regimes, both of which together with the other parameters indicate that the two-dimensional dusty plasma stayed at a state between liquid and solid.

Recently, Chan and his collaborators reported that a crossing point of bands can be achieved at the Brillouin zone center in two-dimensional (2D) dielectric photonic crystals (PhCs) by accidental degeneracy of modes. At the crossing point, the accidental threefold degeneracy of modes generates a Dirac cone and an additional flat band (longitudinal mode) intersecting the Dirac cone. This is different from that of the Dirac point at the corner of the hexagonal Brillouin zone in which only Dirac cone exists. As a result, the crossing point at the Brillouin zone center is called a Dirac-like point. If the accidental degeneracy occurs by a monopole mode and two dipolar modes, the dielectric PhCs can be mapped to a zero-refractive-index system in which the effective permittivity and permeability are zero at the Dirac-like point from the effective medium theory. According to the Maxwell equations, if the permittivity and permeability are zero, the optical longitudinal modes can exist, in additional to the well-known transverse modes. The additional flat band at the Dirac-like point is closely connected with the longitudinal mode. For a homogeneous zero-index material (ZIM), the flat band is dispersionless and the longitudinal mode cannot couple with the external light. But in a finite-sized PhC, there is always some spatial dispersion, so the flat band is not perfectly dispersionless when it is away from the zone center. Therefore, if the wave source is a Gaussian beam with non-zero k-parallel components, the longitudinal mode can be excited. And the effective wavelength of ZIM is extremely large, leading to many scattering properties. However, in a PhC which behaves as if it had a zero refractive index, it is very interesting to show how the longitudinal mode influences the wave propagations in the PhC when the longitudinal mode is excited. In this paper, the effect of longitudinal mode on the transmission properties near the Dirac-like point of PhCs is investigated by numerical simulation. The alumina dielectric rods can be moved randomly in the structure to result in the disorder of the structure. Our results show that the transmission properties at the Dirac-like point are very different from those near the Dirac-like point, when the longitudinal mode is excited. At the Dirac-like point, the transmittance decreases with increasing disorder, as a result of the influence of the longitudinal mode, which is similar to the one in the pass band. Above the Dirac-like point without the disturbance of longitudinal mode, the transmittance is insensitive to the disorder in the structure, so that the structure may mimic a near-zero index materials and have a large effective wavelength. These results may further improve the understanding about the optical longitudinal mode and the zero refractive material.

WebGIS is the application of Web technology to GIS (Geographic Information System). We examine the basic mechanism of implementing a WebGIS. Solutions to some key technical problems are discussed, such as simultaneous multi-user access, improvement in the access speed, and ActiveX DLL.

According to the technology of LC-load transmission lines photonic quantum well structures are fabricated. Two kinds of structures are act as quantum well. While the left-handed materials works as well, the number of resonance modes increase with the thickness of left-handed materials. Compared with the condition of photonic crystals work as well, the left-handed materials act as well has the advantage of smaller size and adjusting. Experimental results are consistent with theory.

Left-handed metamaterial has been designed based on transmission line technology. A left-handed and a normal materials are studied alternately to form a one-dimensional photonic crystal with an average refractive index of zero but a special band-gap emerges. The two band-edge frequencies of this gap are insensitive to the incident angle and lattice constant. These characteristics can be used in the miniaturization of filters and high-quality coupling. Studies show that we can regulate the mode frequency by controlling the thickness of the defect layer, which can provide a method for the adjusting frequency in applications. The experimental results are consistent with numerical simulation.

Structures and dynamics of two-dimensional dust lattices with and without Coulomb molecules in plasmas are investigated. The experimental results show that the lattices have the crystal-like hexagonal structures, i.e. most particles have six nearest-neighboring particles. However, the lattice points can be occupied by the individual particles or by a pair of particles called Coulomb molecules. The pair correlation function is used to compare the structures between the lattices with or without the Coulomb molecules. In the experiments, the Coulomb molecules can also decompose and recombine with another individual particle to form a new molecule.

This paper computes the rotational energy levels of the HCO 2A'-X2A' transition, especially, the higher values of the rotational quantum numbers NKaKc and Ka, with the rotational constants which are obtained via B3LYP method with 6–311G basis set, and the results show that the calculated frequencies using the computed vibration-rotation energy levels are in reasonable agreement with the data from the experiment. Meanwhile, the line intensities of HCO are first reported, the results are of significance for the studying HCO.

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were deposited by dielectric barrier discharge ( DBD) from CH 4 or CH 4 +Ar at pressure of several hundred Pa . The dependence of the film hardness on the product of p and d (p is the gas pr essure and the d is the discharge space) and Ar volume concentration (R Ar ) was investigated experimentally. The kinetic energies of CH + 4 and Ar + ions were analyzed theoretically based on the two-t emperature model for high reduced field E/n (the ratio of electric field strengt h to the gas number density), in which ions were assigned a temperature much hig her than the gas temperature, on the Langevin equation in other gas and on the B lanc law in mixed gases. The results showed that, 1) for CH 4 DBD, whe n decreasing pd from 1.862×10 3 Pa mm to 2.66×10 2 Pa mm, th e kinetic energy of CH + 4 increases from 5.4 to 163eV, whil e the hardness of deposited DLC films increases from 2.1 to 17.6 GPa. 2) For CH + 4 Ar DBD, when increasing Ar volume concentration from 20% to 83%, the kinetic energy of CH + 4 increases from 69 to 92 eV, whereas the kinetic energy of Ar + decreases from 93 to 72eV. The increase of film hardness with increasing Ar volume concentration up to 67% can be attributed to the increase of CH + 4 kinetic energy. Howe ver, the impinging of energetic Ar + on the film surface reduces the f ilm hardness owing to graphitization. For verification of the theoretical model on ion energy analysis, the kinetic energy of ions in H 2 DBD were mea sured and compared with that from theoretical analysis.

In this article, using the retarding grid energy analyzer, we have measured the ion energy distributions in a low temperature radio fruquency plasma under the condition of different magnetic mirror parameters. At the centre of discharge cell, the ion energy distributions displace in the direction of low energy with the increase of the magnetic density without evident variation in the ion energy distribution width. With the increase of the magnetic mirror ratio, the ion energy distribution displaces in the direction of high energy, and the width of ion energy distribution became wider. So the magnetic mirror parameters have significant effect on the ion energy distributions.